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A command neuron is an interneuron whose excitation is both necessary and sufficient to evoke a behavior. These criteria are often tested by: Recording
Command_neuron
Innate escape mechanism by crustaceans
then proposed the term "command neuron" in their 1964 publication, and applied it to the giant interneuron's ability to command the expression of the escape
Caridoid_escape_reaction
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Nervous_system
Study of the form or morphology of fishes
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Fish_anatomy
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
A motor neuron (or motoneuron), also known as efferent neuron is a neuron that allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements of the body through
Motor_neuron
Cable-like bundle of axons
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Nerve
A descending neuron is a neuron that conveys signals from the brain to neural circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates)
Descending_neuron
Experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle
The Dassault nEUROn is an experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) being developed with international cooperation, led by the French company
Dassault_nEUROn
Type of neuron in fish and amphibians
associated ones. Although the M-cell is often considered the prototype of a command neuron in vertebrates, this designation may not be fully warranted. Although
Mauthner_cell
Heitler, William J.; Krasne, Franklin B. (April 1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish". Trends in Neurosciences
Lateral_giant_interneuron
Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event
Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M (27 October 1995). "Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response"
Fight-or-flight_response
Biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium
Edwards, D. H.; Heitler, W. J.; Krasne, F. B. (1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish" (PDF). Trends
Aquatic_locomotion
individual neurons networks of neurons neuronal systems The GENESIS system is complicated, but relatively easy to use. An individual can input commands through
GENESIS_(software)
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations
Neural_oscillation
Interneuron relaying signals between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons. Different classes of spinal interneurons are involved in
Spinal_interneuron
Danish-Swedish neuroscientist (born 1958)
Kira; Fuchs, Andrea; Kiehn, Ole (November 19, 2015). "Descending Command Neurons in the Brainstem that Halt Locomotion". Cell. 163 (5): 1191–1203. doi:10
Ole_Kiehn
Cell type in crayfish
William J. Heitler & Franklin B. Krasne (1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish" (PDF). Trends
Medial_giant_interneuron
Biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input
and in some invertebrates. CPG neurons can have different intrinsic membrane properties (see schematic). Some neurons fire bursts of action potentials
Central_pattern_generator
Animal reflex to escape or avoid echolocating predators
response to ultrasound. Due to this, int-1 has been proposed to be a command neuron of sorts; in the cricket, int-1 is a bat detector when the cricket is
Ultrasound_avoidance
in a logical sense, but at the same time, citing the example of how command neurons are formally defined, that applying the idea of "necessary and sufficient"
Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency
Biological_tests_of_necessity_and_sufficiency
Concept in cognitive psychology
Ratio, Human Nature Review 2004. 2: 68. Arthur S.P. Jansen: Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response
Cognitive_module
Body part used by insects to fly
229-253. Zhang, N. and Simpson, J.H., 2022. A pair of commissural command neurons induces Drosophila wing grooming. Iscience, 25(2), p.103792. Chapman
Insect_wing
American biologist
underlying a behavioral event. Kennedy showed that some single neurons, which he termed "command" neurons, could produce a complex, fixed-action pattern of locomotory
Donald_Kennedy
Perception that only seems real
sensory processing. Cortical inputs to thalamic neurons enable attentional modulation of sensory neurons. Dysfunction in sensory afferents, and abnormal
Hallucination
Electrical properties of biological cells
In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale
Electrophysiology
Nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system
Afferent nerve fibers leave the sensory neuron from the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, and motor commands carried by the efferent fibers leave the
Sensory_nerve
Interdisciplinary field
This latency is controlled both by motor neurons and inhibitory motor neurons with particular command neurons that drive co-contraction in antagonistic
Neuromechanics
connectivity between neurons following a scenario in which a neuron directly contributes to production of an action potential in another neuron. Neuroethological
Anti-Hebbian_learning
Human-based computation game
It is a human-based computation game that uses players to map retinal neurons. Eyewire launched on December 10, 2012. The game utilizes data generated
Eyewire
Upcoming American sixth-generation fighter aircraft
"early design concept" by a spokesperson of the Air Force's Air Combat Command (ACC). Based on this concept, the potential name for the F-47 would be
Boeing_F-47
Nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are the principal neurons of the striatum. They are GABAergic and, thus, are classified as inhibitory neurons. Medium spiny
Striatum
2019 video game
return to Neuron. However, they are ambushed by the Ravens, who reveal themselves to be clones of Akira, who they quickly kill at Yoseph's command. As with
Astral_Chain
Chinese sixth generation fighter aircraft
multiple mission set, including air superiority, strike, interception and command and control of aircraft teaming operations. On 26 December 2024, an aircraft
Chengdu_J-36
(model cell, artificial neuron) within the speech sound map can be activated and subsequently activates a forward motor command towards the motor map,
Neurocomputational speech processing
Neurocomputational_speech_processing
Structure in nervous systems
or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network
Neural_network_(biology)
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of the midbrain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of neural networks in
Reticular_formation
Intelligence of machines
based on a collection of nodes also known as artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns;
Artificial_intelligence
American stealth air superiority fighter
Capability (FOC) in December 2007, when General John Corley of Air Combat Command (ACC) officially declared the F-22s of the integrated active duty 1st Fighter
Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor
stimulated in neonatal rats. Several different command pathways play a role in the initiation of locomotion. Neurons involved in each of these include glutamatergic
Neural substrate of locomotor central pattern generators in mammals
Neural_substrate_of_locomotor_central_pattern_generators_in_mammals
Sounds birds use to communicate
LMAN neurons will be sensitive to changes in auditory feedback. Efference copy model of error correction An efference copy of the motor command for song
Bird_vocalization
Region of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
contains large pyramidal neurons including Betz cells in M1. Neuron classes include corticospinal and corticobulbar projection neurons, corticocortical pyramidal
Motor_cortex
Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
sensory neurons (type Ia sensory fiber) and another type encode static muscle length (group II neurons). These two types of sensory neurons compose muscle
Proprioception
Psychophysiological response to rewarding auditory or visual stimuli
Kringelbach ML (May 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron. 86 (3): 646–664. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633. In the prefrontal
Frisson
of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and stereotactic surgery; John Sinden of ReNeuron; Ann Tsukamoto of CytoTherapeutics. Narrated by David Malone, made by Boa
List_of_Equinox_episodes
Artificial intelligence field of study
research is to identify what the internal neuron activations represent. For example, researchers identified a neuron in the CLIP artificial intelligence system
AI_safety
(1963–2014). Nicholas Dimbleby, 77, British sculptor, complications from motor neuron disease. Yoram Dinstein, 88, Israeli scholar. Bob Edwards, 76, American
Deaths_in_February_2024
Integration of the sensory and motor systems
This desensitization is caused by the hyperpolarization of the Omega 1 neuron (ON1), an auditory interneuron, due to activation by auditory stimulation
Sensory-motor_coupling
Hypothesis in neuroscience
(2012). "Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding". Neuron. 76 (4): 695–711. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.038. PMC 3777738. PMID 23177956. Adams, Rick
Free_energy_principle
the existence of mirror neurons in 1992. They found that when a monkey watches another monkey doing something, specialised neurons in the first monkey's
History_of_autism
Behaviour in which an individual observes and replicates another's behaviour
discovering a mirror neuron system. This neuron system allows a person to observe and then recreate the actions of others. Mirror neurons are premotor and
Imitation
French jet fighter aircraft
associated signal processing system in the nose for detecting hostile missile-command data links, and can be interfaced to a new programmable mission-planning
Dassault_Mirage_2000
literature refers to neuronal modulations that alter the rate at which neurons fire before a subject produces movement. Through experimentation with multiple
Premovement_neuronal_activity
Connection between brain and spinal cord
innervating motor neurons. The extrapyramidal tracts include parts of the following: rubrospinal tract: Conflicts between the motor commands sent by the cerebrum
Extrapyramidal_system
Theory of brain function
least) two types of neurons: “prediction neurons”, which aim to predict the bottom-up inputs to the current level, and "error neurons", which signal the
Predictive_coding
American sportswriter (born 1993)
sportswriter and podcaster. She currently writes for MLB.com and is known for her command of baseball history and statistics. She co-hosts the podcast Ballpark Dimensions
Sarah_Langs
Chinese fighter aircraft project
States Air Force (USAF) General Mark D. Kelly, head of the Air Combat Command (ACC) suggested China was on track with its six-generation fighter program
Shenyang_J-50
Relationship between language and human evolution
MRI studies have reported finding areas homologous to the monkey mirror neuron system in the inferior frontal cortex, close to Broca's area, one of the
Origin_of_language
Branch of machine learning
inspiration from biological neuroscience and revolves around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data. The adjective "deep" refers
Deep_learning
American military officer and Minnesota state official (1963–2024)
State University, Mankato). He also graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College. Herke served more than 30 years in the United
Larry_Herke
Nervous system stimuli filtration process
irrelevant background or noise. Feature detectors are individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli
Feature detection (nervous system)
Feature_detection_(nervous_system)
Intelligence and awareness in elephants
terrestrial animal. It has about 257 billion neurons, which is about three times the number of neurons as a human brain. However, the cerebral cortex
Elephant_cognition
Turkish fighter aircraft
video showing a Kaan jet taking off and then returning to Mürted Airfield Command in the north Ankara. During this flight, Kaan remained in the air for 13
TAI_TF_Kaan
Ability of the brain to continuously change
of the brain, even into adulthood. These changes range from individual neuron pathways making new connections, to systematic adjustments like cortical
Neuroplasticity
United States Navy aviator (born 1925)
dictated his life story to author W. Craig Reed for his book, The 7 Secrets of Neuron Leadership, the only book in print with Royce’s full biographical life story
Royce_Williams
American stealth multirole fighter aircraft
sensor fusion are designed to improve the pilot's situational awareness and command-and-control capabilities and facilitate network-centric warfare. Key sensors
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
Multi-role combat aircraft family by Dassault
computer selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control. For displaying information gathered from a range of sensors
Dassault_Rafale
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
water pipes and do all the "neuron firings" in his imagination. What if we ask each citizen of China to simulate one neuron, using the telephone system
Chinese_room
American neurophysiologist and cybernetician (1898–1969)
noticed in 1929 that these may correspond to the all-or-nothing firings of neurons in the brain. In the 1943 paper, they described how memories can be formed
Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch
Mental process of relating a perceived word to other words of similar meaning
hemisphere of the brain commands divergent semantic processing through its coarse grained, large windows of temporal integration. Neurons in the right hemisphere
Semantic_processing
Statistical hypothesis test for forecasting
best predict the future of a neuron: using either the entire ensemble or the entire ensemble except a certain target neuron. If the prediction is made worse
Granger_causality
Mathematical model of memory
of neuron is as follows: a neuron has a cell body with two kinds of branches: dendrites and an axon. It receives input signals from other neurons via
Sparse_distributed_memory
Domesticated species of canid
children's social-cognitive skills. Dogs have about twice the number of neurons in their cerebral cortexes than what cats have, which suggests they could
Dog
American stealth bomber aircraft
Unlike previous bombers, the B-21 is designed primarily for Indo-Pacific Command operations in a potential conflict with China. It is to carry the AGM-181
Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider
English gangster (1937–2007)
Sandhurst during his National Service, and joined the army's Southern Command Team. He was kicked out of Sandhurst following his theft of a brigadier's
Joey_Pyle
Collaboration of autonomous and human systems
French aerospace manufacturer Dassault Aviation led the development of the nEUROn European unmanned aircraft in the 2010s, resulting in a functional prototype
Manned-unmanned_teaming
British actor (born 1943)
played Alfred Maxwell in BBC's Casualty, a terminally ill man with motor neuron disease and his friendship with clinical lead Connie Beauchamp. He plays
Michael_Byrne_(actor)
Part of the peripheral nervous system
motor commands out of the spinal cord. The spinal nerves serve as a bridge between the environment and the central nervous system (CNS). These neurons work
Somatic_nervous_system
Fictional comic book character
because Butcher had information about how to guide missiles towards the neurons in superhuman brains; that and the Compound V made Mother's Milk suspect
Billy_Butcher
American stealth ground-attack aircraft
Robert J. Dixon, a four-star USAF general who was the head of Tactical Air Command, felt that the top-notch USAF fighter pilots required to fly the new aircraft
Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk
Country in South America
early-onset Alzheimer's, Rodolfo Llinás known for his study of the intrinsic neurons properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding
Colombia
One of three major types of muscle
cerebellum, and other neuron groups in the midbrain and brain stem. Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the
Skeletal_muscle
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
Kringelbach ML (May 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron. 86 (3): 646–664. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633. An important
Operant_conditioning
free multimedia adventure ENA: Dream BBQ is out now, has activated all my neurons and opened my third eye". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 27, 2025. Romano, Sal
List of video games released in 2025
List_of_video_games_released_in_2025
directly with the neurons of other sentients, though this often requires direct contact. The sometimes unsettling sensation of direct neuron communication
List of Star Wars species (U–Z)
List_of_Star_Wars_species_(U–Z)
Hypothesized risk to human existence
many advantages over the human brain: Speed of computation: biological neurons operate at a maximum frequency of around 200 Hz, compared to potentially
Existential risk from artificial intelligence
Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
Physiological response that varies the size of the pupil
the Locus Coeruleus, Colliculi, and Cingulate Cortex". Neuron. 89 (1): 221–34. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.028. PMC 4707070. PMID 26711118. Murphy PR, O'Connell
Pupillary_response
Mammalian structure involved in higher-order brain functions
contains both excitatory (~80%) and inhibitory (~20%) neurons, named for their effect on other neurons. The human neocortex consists of hundreds of different
Neocortex
German field marshal (1890–1957)
helped plan the invasion of the Soviet Union. In 1942, Paulus was given command of the 6th Army. He led the drive to Stalingrad but was cut off and surrounded
Friedrich_Paulus
Area of the brain
receptors in the CTZ. Neurons in the CTZ, and area postrema in general, actually have two types of receptors: those at the surface of the neuron and those that
Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone
Chinese stealth fighter aircraft
in each of the five theater commands before 2026. By 2022, J-20s were deployed in combat units in all five theater commands; this was officially confirmed
Chengdu_J-20
American nuclear archaeologist (1946–2021)
the shelf of books about the Manhattan Project. Schlosser, Eric (2013). Command and control : nuclear weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the illusion
John_Coster-Mullen
Psychological concepts by Sigmund Freud
technology has made it possible to observe the bioelectrical activity of neurons in the living brain. This led to the realisation in which area of the brain
Id,_ego_and_superego
Neural tract in the central nervous system
stabilization. When the vestibular sensory neurons detect small movements of the body, the vestibulospinal tract commands motor signals to specific muscles to
Vestibulospinal_tract
Video game series
belonging to this type is in front of the creature ('within eyesight'), the neuron becomes active and the creature can 'see' the object. The Norns possess
Creatures_(video_game_series)
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
the facial bones of the related Daspletosaurus that contained sensory neurons. The study speculated that tyrannosaurs might have used their sensitive
Tyrannosaurus
Chief of the Army Staff (India) from 1986 to 1988
last former British Indian Army officer to command the Indian Army. During his army career, he had commanded the Operation Blue Star under orders from
Krishnaswamy_Sundarji
American heavy strategic bomber
Reorganizes Nuclear Commands." Archived 2 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine armscontrol.org, December 2012. "US plans separate nuclear command." Archived 2
Northrop_B-2_Spirit
Biotechnology company
2020-10-16. Kaiser, Kaiser (1 November 2017). "Gene therapy's new hope: A neuron-targeting virus is saving infant lives". Science. Retrieved 10 January 2018
Novartis_Gene_Therapies
it was discovered that these neurons began firing before the eye even moved. They only fired, however, if the motor command would result in a visual saccade
Emulation theory of representation
Emulation_theory_of_representation
Awareness of internal and external existence
contributions to the state and contents of consciousness". Neuron. 112 (10): 1611–1625. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.019. PMC 11537458. PMID 38754373. Koch, The
Consciousness
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin)
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin) : variant of Cumming.
Male
English
English form of Norwegian Normund, NORMAND means "north protection."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a cottager (see Cotter 2), or a topographic name for someone who lived in a relatively humble dwelling, from Middle English cote, cott + man (see Coates).Respelling of German Kothmann, Kottmann (see Kottman), or Kathmann (see Kathman).
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Gaelic, German, Irish
Red; Spear-man; Mountain of Bears; Ship Protector
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Direction, Command
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Beautiful
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Boy/Male
Irish English
Dove.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Direction, Command
Boy/Male
French American English German
From the north.
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, Irish, Scandinavian
Charcoal Burner; Follower of Nicholas; Little; Dove; Saint; Austria
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English comander, comando(u)r ‘leader’, ‘ruler’, probably applied as a nickname, although Reaney suggests that the term, derived from Old French comandeor, also denoted the officer in charge of a commandery, for example of the Knights Templars, and in this sense it would have been an occupational or status name.Americanized spelling of German Kommander, a name of uncertain origin. Brechenmacher suggests that it may be a Classicized form of Hoffmann.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Command
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Boy/Male
Muslim
Command, Mandate
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Mandate
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
To Command; Prince; Home Ruler; Friend; Commander
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German
Surname; North Protection; From the North
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Beacon Hill; Broom Covered Hill
Male
Yiddish
 Yiddish altered form of Hebrew Hyam, HYMAN means "life." Compare with another form of Hyman.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Di-speller of Darkness
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ajeenkya | அஜீநà¯à®•à¯à®¯à®¾
Supreme, One who cannot be defeated, Invincible
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wife of a King
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of Bounds.
Male
Egyptian
, an uncertain Egyptian officer.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Raft, Boat, Compelent person, The ocean
Female
Egyptian
, a form of Isis.
Boy/Male
British, English
Friend of the Deer
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
n.
Control; power over something; sway; influence; as, to have command over one's temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge.
n.
A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer.
n.
An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company.
n.
A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men.
n. pl.
A common; public pasture ground.
n.
The commonalty; the common people.
n.
The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company.
v. t.
To comment on.
n.
Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine.
v. t.
To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to receive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as, justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price.
n. pl.
A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.
v. t.
To mention with approbation; to praise; as, to commend a person or an act.
imp. & p. p.
of Command
v. i.
To board together; to eat at a table in common.
v. i.
To have a joint right with others in common ground.
n.
Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey.
n. pl.
Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities.
imp. & p. p.
of Commune
v.
Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.
n.
Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as, the forces under his command.