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Type of rocket engine
A cold gas thruster (or a cold gas propulsion system) is a type of rocket engine which uses the expansion of a (typically inert) pressurized gas to generate
Cold_gas_thruster
Spacecraft propulsion device
as thrusters are: Cold gas thruster Electrohydrodynamic thruster, using ionized air (only for use in an atmosphere) Electrodeless plasma thruster, electric
Thrusters_(spacecraft)
Method of spacecraft propulsion
heated by 900 °C, specific impulse could be doubled in comparison to a cold gas thruster using the same propellant. In other words, a quadrupling of the temperature
Resistojet_rocket
Type of electric propulsion system
propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET, sometimes referred to as a Hall thruster or Hall-current thruster) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant
Hall-effect_thruster
Miniature satellite in 10 cm cube modules
slow orbital decay. A cold gas thruster typically stores inert gas, such as nitrogen, in a pressurized tank and releases the gas through a nozzle to produce
CubeSat
Rocket engine
has gone into a variety of types. However, aside from the simple cold gas thruster and steam rocket, none have proceeded past the testing stage. For
Thermal_rocket
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
neutral gas by ionizing it to extract some electrons from its atoms. The ions are then accelerated using electricity to create thrust. Ion thrusters are categorized
Ion_thruster
Form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
A magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster (MPDT) is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion which uses the Lorentz force (the force on a charged
Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster
Type of propulsion for spacecraft
A pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) or as a plasma jet engine (PJE), is a form of electric spacecraft propulsion. PPTs are generally considered the simplest
Pulsed_plasma_thruster
Upcoming electric sports car from Tesla
adding rocket thruster option". In February 2025, Tesla engineering VP Lars Moravy confirmed that work on the Roadster and cold-gas thrusters was ongoing
Tesla Roadster (second generation)
Tesla_Roadster_(second_generation)
Rocket engines for maneuvering
attain an orbit between 180.5 and 190.0 nmi (334.3 and 351.9 km). Cold gas thruster Space propulsion Vernier throttle "Rocket Control: Examples of Controls"
Vernier_thruster
Type of electric propulsion
cathodes (which are sensitive to all but noble gases), allows the possibility of using this thruster on a variety of propellants, from argon to carbon
Plasma_propulsion_engine
Space propulsion system, a gridded electrostatic ion thruster
The NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) project at Glenn Research Center is a gridded electrostatic ion thruster about three times as powerful as the
NEXT_(ion_thruster)
Rocket engine operation method
The gas-generator cycle, also referred to as the GG cycle, is one of the most commonly used engine cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines. Propellant
Gas-generator_cycle
Space propulsion system
The gridded ion thruster is a common design for ion thrusters, a highly efficient low-thrust spacecraft propulsion method running on electrical power
Gridded_ion_thruster
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
thrusters such as the EmDrive and Cannae drive, the helical engine, Mach-effect or MEGA drives, quantum drive claims, and the quantum vacuum thruster
Reactionless_drive
Type of spacecraft plasma propulsion system
A pulsed inductive thruster (PIT) is a form of ion thruster, used in spacecraft propulsion. It is a plasma propulsion engine using perpendicular electric
Pulsed_inductive_thruster
affordable. The company builds gridded ion thrusters (NPT30) and cold gas thrusters (I2T5). ThrustMe was founded in 2017 by Ane Aanesland and Dmytro Rafalskyi
ThrustMe
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
high-temperature gas produced by the combustion of rocket propellant stored inside the rocket. However, non-combusting forms such as cold gas thrusters, nuclear
Rocket_engine
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
transferring thermal energy from the reactor directly to the interstellar gas) which is supplied power from a reactor. One of the best ways to understand
Bussard_ramjet
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
electrostatic accelerator patent, with the first laboratory thruster built by Valentin Glushko at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in 1933. The first electric engine
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
Prototype spacecraft propulsion engine
double-layer thruster (HDLT) is a type of plasma thruster, which ejects ionized gas at high velocity to provide thrust to a spacecraft. In this thruster design
Helicon_double-layer_thruster
The electrodeless plasma thruster is a spacecraft propulsion engine commercialized under the acronym "E-IMPAcT" for "Electrodeless-Ionization Magnetized
Electrodeless_plasma_thruster
Ion thruster subtype
A colloid thruster (or electrospray thruster) is a type of low thrust electric propulsion rocket engine that uses electrostatic acceleration of charged
Colloid_thruster
Type of space propulsion using microwaves
Microwave electrothermal thruster, also known as MET, is a propulsion device that converts microwave energy (a type of electromagnetic radiation) into
Microwave electrothermal thruster
Microwave_electrothermal_thruster
Chemical substance used for propulsion
a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small changes in velocity to spacecraft by the use of cold gas thrusters, usually
Propellant
A vacuum arc thruster (VAT) is a form of electric spacecraft propulsion. It uses a vacuum arc discharge, across an insulator, between two electrodes to
Vacuum_arc_thruster
Device claimed to be a propellantless spacecraft thruster
physics. The concept has at times been referred to as a resonant cavity thruster. Physicists and engineers generally regard the EmDrive concept as pseudoscience
EmDrive
On-orbit satellite servicing mission
of the vehicle's three reaction wheels were not operable, and its cold gas thruster system was also degraded. The spacecraft remained able to generate
Swift_boost_mission
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
reactor is converted to electrical energy, which is used to drive an ion thruster or other electrical spacecraft propulsion technology. The nuclear electric
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Spacecraft propulsion technology
in March 2018. An ABEP is composed by an intake and an electric thruster: rarefied gases which are responsible for drag in low Earth orbit (LEO) and very
Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
Atmosphere-breathing_electric_propulsion
Proposed nuclear pulse propulsion through antimatter-catalyzed nuclear chain reactions
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Electrothermal thruster in development
the electrodeless plasma thruster, the microwave arcjet rocket, and the pulsed inductive thruster. The propellant, a neutral gas such as argon or xenon
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket
Proposed spacelaunch method
reach orbit. Well under a tenth of orbital velocity from a small rocket thruster is enough to raise perigee if a design prioritizes minimizing such, but
Mass_driver
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Tripropellant_rocket
Physical and science fiction concept
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Anti-gravity
Falcon 9 first stage booster
and only flight, B1050 was scrapped for parts. It is believed its cold gas thrusters, as well as some of its electronics, were used for SpaceX's Starhopper
Falcon_9_B1050
Type of spacecraft electric propulsion system
An arcjet rocket or arcjet thruster is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, in which an electrical discharge (arc) is created in a flow
Arcjet_rocket
Type of rocket engine fuel
and reaction control thrusters: Apollo command and service module RCS, Space Shuttle OMS and RCS; Ariane 5 EPS; Draco thrusters used by the SpaceX Dragon
Hypergolic_propellant
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
fusion instead of direct thrust. Spacecraft propulsion methods such as ion thrusters require electric power to run but are highly efficient. In some cases
Fusion_rocket
Conceptual rocket engine
expand through the magnetic nozzle and beyond, and thus, function as an ion thruster. The construction of the experimental research device and most of its early
Direct_Fusion_Drive
Land vehicle propelled by a rocket engine
was announced in 2018. This optioned-up Roadster package would add cold gas thrusters powered by compressed air to improve performance. Alexandru Ciurcu
Rocket_car
Spacecraft propulsion system by NASA. 50kW Hall-effect thrusters, now for Lunar Gateway
electric power for its Hall-effect thrusters for maneuverability, which can be supported by chemical monopropellant thrusters for high-thrust attitude control
Advanced Electric Propulsion System
Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_System
Space propulsion system, electrostatic gridded ion thruster
Application Readiness (NSTAR) is a type of spacecraft ion thruster called electrostatic ion thruster. It is a highly efficient low-thrust spacecraft propulsion
NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
NASA_Solar_Technology_Application_Readiness
Chemical compound
Christine; Boswell, Rod (2020-09-23). "Naphthalene as a Cubesat Cold Gas Thruster Propellant". Frontiers in Physics. 8 389. Bibcode:2020FrP.....8..389T
Naphthalene
Space navigation technique
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Gravity_assist
Rocket engine operation method
of flow driving the turbopumps that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely
Staged_combustion_cycle
Class of liquid rocket propellants
major classes of rocket fuels are: A common fuel in small maneuvering thrusters is hydrazine. It is liquid at room temperature and, having a positive
Nitrous_oxide_fuel_blend
perhaps 1.3 to 1.5 N (0.29 to 0.34 lbf), making them useful only for thrusters. In order to increase the power for medium-duration missions, engines
Radioisotope_rocket
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or liquid. The hybrid rocket concept can be traced back to the early 1930s
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Rocket engines developed by SpaceX
and attitude control during the coast phase – is provided by helium cold gas thrusters. In November 2012, methalox engines came on the scene when SpaceX
SpaceX_rocket_engines
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
commissioned a consortium of companies to conduct a study on electric thrusters powered by nuclear energy, known as nuclear electric propulsion. The study
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
Type of rocket engine which uses liquid fuel stored at very low temperatures
a cryogenic fuel and oxidizer; that is, both its fuel and oxidizer are gases which have been liquefied and are stored at very low temperatures. These
Cryogenic_rocket_engine
Hypothetical method of spacecraft propulsion
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Fission_sail
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines and Reaction control system (RCS) thrusters. SpaceX's Draco and SuperDraco engines for the Dragon spacecraft. For
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Subsidiary of Roscosmos
Fobos-Grunt Spacecraft Thruster Modules Thrusters MD5 (a.k.a. RDMT-5): Cold gas thruster. MD08 (a.k.a. RDMT-8): Cold gas thrusters used on the Ekspress
Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering
Research_and_Development_Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineering
Medium-range ballistic missile
achieved. At the sustainer phase the roll axis would be controlled by cold gas thruster systems located in the reentry vehicle. After the Gulf War UNSCOM
Badr-2000
US-Canada ballistics research project famous for its extremely large gun
to be processed by the logic module, which provided commands to a cold gas thruster system which in turn adjusted the vehicle's orientation. The components
Project_HARP
Liquid form of rocket propellants
Anflo, K.; Moore, S.; King, P. Expanding the ADN-based Monopropellant Thruster Family. 23rd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. SSC09-II-4
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Type of solar sail
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Diffractive_solar_sail
Rocket engine operation method
long burns, to avoid excessive cooling of the pressurizing gas due to adiabatic expansion. Cold helium won't liquify, but it could freeze a propellant, decrease
Pressure-fed_engine
Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
Gas core reactor rockets are a conceptual type of rocket that is propelled by the exhausted coolant of a gaseous fission reactor. The nuclear fission
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
solid-propellant rocket tube that was filled with gunpowder. One open end allowed the gas to escape and was attached to a long stick that acted as a guidance system
Solid-propellant_rocket
Rocket that uses a single propellant with a catalyst
for the thruster comes from the high pressure gas created during the decomposition reaction that allows a rocket nozzle to speed up the gas to create
Monopropellant_rocket
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
pulse propulsion Antimatter rocket Spacecraft electric propulsion Ion thruster Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear power in space Nuclear propulsion Nuclear
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
solar sail has also been proposed to be addressed with a solar photon thruster. This also uses a reflective membrane, but unlike a conventional solar
Solar_sail
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
Chemical rockets use heat energy produced by a chemical reaction to heat the gas products. The hot products exit through a propulsion nozzle at a very high
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
Reusable superheavy-lift general-purpose launch vehicle
orbit, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed with residual ullage gas. Four such thrusters are located just below the payload bay, and
SpaceX_Starship
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
although a few have used electric propulsion such as ion thrusters and Hall-effect thrusters. Various technologies need to support everything from small
Spacecraft_propulsion
Propulsion concepts and technologies
electrostatic propulsion, the first laboratory electric thruster was electrothermal and the first electric thruster to ever fly in space was of the pulsed (mostly
Field_propulsion
Theoretical spacecraft propulsion system
inbound to receive fuel from the depot. Solar-thermal monoprop hydrogen thrusters are also integral to the design of the next-generation cryogenic upper
Solar_thermal_rocket
Periodic contact binary comet
a cold gas thruster, harpoons, landing-leg-mounted ice screws, and a flywheel to keep it oriented during its descent. During the event, the thruster and
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
creating a plasma in low density gases. Previously the electrons required were provided by a hollow cathode. The thruster itself is in the 20-50 kW class
High Power Electric Propulsion
High_Power_Electric_Propulsion
David; Benavides, Gabriel (2010). "Advances in Microcavity Discharge Thruster Technology". 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit
List of spacecraft manufacturers
List_of_spacecraft_manufacturers
of the NIAC. MagBeam is different from a traditional electrostatic ion thruster in several ways, the primary one being that instead of the fuel and propulsion
MagBeam
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
temperature of the exhausted working fluid, and in the case of the most advanced gas-core engines, it corresponds to a specific impulse of about 7000 s. The temperature
Fission-fragment_rocket
Mechanism where confined high-speed particles confer energy to a vehicle
to thermal rockets, photonic thrusters, and light sails. In contrast, a pulsed beam lends itself to ablative thrusters and pulse detonation engines.
Beam-powered_propulsion
State of matter
= T gas {\displaystyle T_{e}=T_{i}=T_{\text{gas}}} ), non-thermal or "cold" plasma ( T e ≫ T i = T gas {\displaystyle T_{e}\gg T_{i}=T_{\text{gas}}} )[citation
Plasma_(physics)
Family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1 launch vehicles
(and attitude control during coast phases) is provided by helium cold gas thrusters. A TEA-TEB pyrophoric ignition system is used to provide restart capability
SpaceX_Kestrel
Load bearing cable connecting objects in space
are currently tracked on radar and have predictable orbits. Although thrusters could be used to change the orbit of the system, a tether could also be
Space_tether
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
altitudes, the extremely large engine bells tend to expand the exhaust gases down to near vacuum pressures. As a result, these engine bells are
Single-stage-to-orbit
Free-flying robotic system
self-contained units can operate semi-autonomously, using CO2-based cold-gas thrusters for movement and a series of ultrasonic beacons for orientation. The
SPHERES
Iran's governmental space agency
resolution of 500 meters. It is the first Iranian satellite to use "cold gas thruster" and has solar panels. Originally, it was to be launched in 2012.
Iranian_Space_Agency
Type of electric spacecraft propulsion system
(FEEP) is an advanced electrostatic space propulsion concept, a form of ion thruster, that uses a liquid metal as a propellant – usually either caesium, indium
Field-emission electric propulsion
Field-emission_electric_propulsion
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Plasma_magnet
Rocket engine that uses photons to propel a spacecraft
to overcome the inherent inefficiency in producing thrust of the photon thruster by amplifying the momentum transfer of photons by recycling photons between
Nuclear_photonic_rocket
Reusable spacecraft under development by SpaceX
orbit, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed with residual ullage gas. Four such thrusters are located just below the payload bay, and
SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)
ESA ARTA program. The test stand P6 is an altitude test stand for cold gas thrusters. In the frame of a German-French cooperation arose the idea to build
Institute_of_Space_Propulsion
Geoscientific space mission
Denmark and attitude control is provided by three magnetorquers and cold gas thrusters. Mounted on the boom, the satellite has an Magnetometer Instrument
CHAMP_(satellite)
Low-Density Gases
surface. An example of rarefied gas dynamics that combines both low density and small length scales involve thrusters on spacecraft used for maneuvering
Rarefied_gas_dynamics
Type of nuclear thermal rocket
Staging Rocket equation Propellantless propulsion Physical propulsion Cold gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric
Pulsed_nuclear_thermal_rocket
Technology development overview
Propulsion system Cold gas thruster – Type of rocket engine Hall-effect thruster – Type of electric propulsion system Ion thruster – Form of electric
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Rocket engine operation method
In comparison to turbo-pumped rocket cycles such as staged combustion and gas generator, an electric cycle engine has potentially worse performance due
Electric-pump-fed_engine
Proposed spacecraft propulsion device
panels and reels to hold the wires; the main body, including chemical thrusters for adjusting trajectory en route and at destination and communications
Electric_sail
just like Prospero (spacecraft) and Ariel 1. Miranda used propane cold gas thrusters for attitude control. It contained a Canopus star sensor to determine
Miranda_(spacecraft)
Rocket engine power cycle
exhaust gas from the rocket engine's combustion chamber and routes it through turbopump turbines to pump fuel before being exhausted (similar to the gas-generator
Combustion_tap-off_cycle
Reusable first-stage rocket developed by SpaceX
upper atmosphere, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed with residual ullage gas. Four perpendicular vents are located within the interstage
SpaceX_Super_Heavy
American Aerospace Company
(51 cm) diameter, and is 36 feet (11 m) tall. Pressurized helium cold gas thrusters provide attitude control for pitch-roll-yaw and pointing capability
Exos_Aerospace
Spacecraft propulsion using steam as propellant
causing water and other volatiles to turn into a gas. This gas is contained in the system and flows into a cold trap, where it condenses into a solid and can
World Is Not Enough (spacecraft propulsion)
World_Is_Not_Enough_(spacecraft_propulsion)
Rocket engine operation method
Conventional gas-generators are in practice miniature rocket engines, with all the complexity that implies. Blocking even a small part of a gas generator
Expander_cycle
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