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Orbit with a fixed distance from the barycenter
A circular orbit is an orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter; that is, in the shape of a circle. In this case, not only the distance, but also
Circular_orbit
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
shielding. A medium Earth orbit is sometimes called mid Earth orbit or intermediate circular orbit (ICO). Two medium Earth orbits are particularly significant
Medium_Earth_orbit
Smallest stable circular orbit of a particle
innermost stable circular orbit (often called the ISCO) is the smallest marginally stable circular orbit in which a test particle can stably orbit a massive
Innermost stable circular orbit
Innermost_stable_circular_orbit
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
the same area. For orbits with small eccentricity, the length of the orbit is close to that of a circular one, and the mean orbital speed can be approximated
Orbital_speed
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case, the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar.
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
A value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic (escape orbit or capture orbit), and greater than 1
Orbital_eccentricity
orbits can be either open or closed. Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle. Elliptic orbit: An orbit with
List_of_orbits
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
Higher orbits include medium Earth orbit (MEO), sometimes called intermediate circular orbit (ICO), and further above, geostationary orbit (GEO). Orbits higher
Low_Earth_orbit
Curved path of an object around a point
elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the Sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one
Orbit
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
resultant orbit will be less than that of the original circular orbit. Thrust applied in the direction of the satellite's motion creates an elliptical orbit with
Orbital_mechanics
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
masses orbiting each other in a circular or elliptic orbit is: T = 2 π a 3 G M {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}} where: a is the orbit's semi-major
Orbital_period
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
orbit, the most significant effect is atmospheric drag. Due to atmospheric drag, the lowest altitude above the Earth at which an object in a circular
Orbital_decay
Parameters that define a specific orbit
given the symbol q. For perfectly circular orbits, there is no distinct apoapsis or periapsis, as all points of the orbit have the same distance from the
Orbital_elements
Object movement along a circular path
axis of rotation. More examples of circular motion include special satellite orbits around the Earth (circular orbits), a ceiling fan's blades rotating
Circular_motion
Orbit of an object around the Moon
a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular. When farthest
Lunar_orbit
Type of orbital maneuver
r_{1}} is the radius of the initial circular orbit, r 2 {\displaystyle r_{2}} is the radius of the final circular orbit, r b {\displaystyle r_{b}} is the
Bi-elliptic_transfer
Type of geocentric orbit
the orbit, and μ is the standard gravitational parameter of the planet (398600.440 km3/s2 for Earth); as p ≈ a for a circular or almost circular orbit, it
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Orbit around Earth
same on every pass. Circular orbit An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle. Elliptic orbit An orbit with an eccentricity
Geocentric_orbit
Compact astronomical body
move to a stable orbit further from the black hole, or escape to infinity. This orbit is called the innermost stable circular orbit, or ISCO. In the case
Black_hole
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42
Geostationary_orbit
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1;[citation needed] this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with
Elliptic_orbit
Region around a black hole at which light orbits
circular orbit, thus forming a photon circle and hence in aggregation a photon sphere. The circular photon orbit is said to be the last photon orbit.
Photon_sphere
First planet from the Sun
to complete an orbit. The diagram illustrates the effects of the eccentricity, showing Mercury's orbit overlaid with a circular orbit having the same
Mercury_(planet)
Parameter of Keplerian orbits
(segment FP in the figure) of the orbiting body. For circular orbits the true anomaly is undefined, because circular orbits do not have a uniquely determined
True_anomaly
phasing burn complete. Dragon and the @inspiration4x crew have reached a circular orbit of 585km – a new Dragon altitude record" (Tweet). Archived from the
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020–2022)
Concept in celestial mechanics
gravitational influence of the primary. If an object is in a circular or elliptical orbit, its speed is always less than the escape speed at its current
Escape_velocity
Celestial orbit whose trajectory is a conic section in the orbital plane
In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit (or Keplerian orbit, named after the German astronomer Johannes Kepler) is the motion of one body relative to another
Kepler_orbit
Astrodynamic equation
of the distance (such as gravity), has an orbit that is a conic section (i.e. circular orbit, elliptic orbit, parabolic trajectory, hyperbolic trajectory
Orbit_equation
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
satellite's orbit is the same as the Earth's equatorial plane, and the satellite's orbital inclination is 0°. The general case for a circular orbit is that
Orbital_inclination
Elliptical orbit used to move a spacecraft from one circular orbit to another
In orbital mechanics, a transfer orbit is an intermediate elliptical orbit that is used to move a spacecraft in an orbital maneuver from one circular, or
Transfer_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
Spaceflight maneuver
Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital
Orbital_inclination_change
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
solutions, the collinear and the equilateral, for any three masses, with circular orbits. The five Lagrange points are labeled and defined as follows: The L1
Lagrange_point
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
special case of geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit (often abbreviated GSO), which is a circular geosynchronous orbit in Earth's equatorial plane
Geosynchronous_orbit
General-relativistic effect
In the Schwarzschild metric, free-falling objects can be in circular orbits if the orbital radius is larger than 3 2 r s {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}r_{s}}
Gravitational_time_dilation
Group of artificial satellites working together as a system
in an orbital plane maintains sufficient separation to avoid collisions or interference at orbit plane intersections. A class of circular orbit geometries
Satellite_constellation
Laws describing planetary orbits
replaced the circular orbits and epicycles of Copernicus's heliostatic model of the planets with a heliocentric model that described elliptical orbits with planetary
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Research apparatus for particle physics
path into a circular orbit. It is a characteristic property of charged particles in a uniform and constant magnetic field B that they orbit with a constant
Particle_accelerator
Type of orbit
closely related to the orbital velocity of a body in a circular orbit of the radius equal to the radial position of orbiting body on the parabolic trajectory:
Parabolic_trajectory
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
trajectory In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that
Lissajous_orbit
Simplified model of orbital relative motion
model of orbital relative motion, in which the target is in a circular orbit, and the chaser spacecraft is in an elliptical or circular orbit. This model
Clohessy–Wiltshire_equations
Seventh planet from the Sun
working in Russia, was the first to compute the orbit of the new object. Its nearly circular orbit suggested that it was a planet rather than a comet
Uranus
Movement during spaceflight
orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different altitudes, in the same plane. The orbital maneuver to perform the
Orbital_maneuver
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
in a circular orbit can complete at least one full revolution without propulsion is approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi). The expression "orbital spaceflight"
Orbital_spaceflight
Net potential energy encountered in orbital mechanics
. A circular orbit may be either stable or unstable. If it is unstable, a small perturbation could destabilize the orbit, but a stable orbit would return
Effective_potential
Variant of the Delta IV space launch vehicle
200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at 28.7° inclination 407 km (253 mi) circular orbit at 51.6° inclination 200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at 90° inclination
Delta_IV_Heavy
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
the orbit. In the case of circular orbits, this rate is one half of the gravitation at the orbit. This corresponds to the fact that for such orbits the
Specific_orbital_energy
Precession of satellite orbits due to a celestial body's presence affecting spacetime
angular velocity ω {\displaystyle \omega } , such that a satellite in a circular orbit in the θ = π/2 plane remains at rest. This gives us d ϕ = d ϕ ′ − ω
Geodetic_effect
Theorem in classical mechanics
arbitrary central forces by assuming that the particle moved in nearly circular orbit. This theorem remained largely unknown and undeveloped for over three
Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
Newton's_theorem_of_revolving_orbits
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit". Nature. 268 (5618): 301. Bibcode:1977Natur.268..301B. doi:10.1038/268301a0
Time_dilation
Concept in gravitational orbital mechanics
{GM}{r_{a}}}-{\frac {GM}{r_{p}}}} Recalling that for an elliptical orbit (and hence also a circular orbit) the velocity and radius vectors are perpendicular at apoapsis
Vis-viva_equation
Application of mechanical dynamics to model the flight of space vehicles
craft into the elliptical transfer orbit, and a second to circularize the target orbit. To raise a circular orbit at v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} , the first
Spacecraft_flight_dynamics
Term in geometry; longest and shortest semidiameters of an ellipse
orbit, is 384,400 km. (Given the lunar orbit's eccentricity e = 0.0549, its semi-minor axis is 383,800 km. Thus the Moon's orbit is almost circular.)
Semi-major and semi-minor axes
Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes
Astronomic function
inclination of 90° corresponds to an orbit seen edge-on). For a circular orbit (orbital eccentricity = 0) it is given by K = v 1 sin i = ω orb a 1 sin
Binary_mass_function
Paths of particles in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations
Samuil Kaplan in 1949 has shown that there is a minimum radius for the circular orbit to be stable in Schwarzschild metric. An exact solution to the Einstein
Schwarzschild_geodesics
Aspect of relativity in physics
compared to the speed of light in circular orbits. Assume that these two masses orbit each other in a circular orbit in the x–y plane. To a good approximation
Gravitational_wave
Largest type of black hole
hole to coalesce into stars that orbit it. A study concluded that the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) for SMBH masses above this
Supermassive_black_hole
Specifies the orbit of an object in space
have if it moved in a circular orbit, with constant speed, in the same orbital period as the actual body in its elliptical orbit. Define T as the time
Mean_anomaly
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
increases the spacecraft's velocity, changing its orbit from a circular low Earth orbit to a highly eccentric orbit. The mission phase following TLI – while the
Trans-lunar_injection
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
mesons. Calculation of the orbits requires two assumptions. Classical mechanics The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction
Bohr_model
there is a circular orbit for photons at rinner = 3 / 2 rs . The sphere of this radius is sometimes known as the photon sphere. The orbital precession
Two-body problem in general relativity
Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity
Specifies the orbit of an object in space
the x- and y-components of the eccentricity vector e. In the case of circular orbits it is often assumed that the periapsis is placed at the ascending node
Argument_of_periapsis
Solution to the Einstein field equations
Flamm's paraboloid. A particle orbiting in the Schwarzschild metric can have a stable circular orbit with r > 3rs. Circular orbits with r between 1.5rs and
Schwarzschild_metric
Spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program
which had been earlier launched into a 161-nautical-mile (298 km) circular orbit. This was to be the first space docking in U.S. history. Four separate
Gemini_8
Diagrammatic representation of Sun's position over a period of time
northward equinox and the periapsis. Viewed from an object with a perfectly circular orbit and no axial tilt, the Sun would always appear at the same point in
Analemma
Spaceflight operation
In spaceflight an orbit insertion is an orbital maneuver which adjusts a spacecraft’s trajectory, allowing entry into an orbit around a planet, moon, or
Orbit_insertion
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body. The line of apsides (also called apse line, or major axis of the orbit) is the line connecting
Apsis
Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
February 2075. Because Quaoar has a nearly circular orbit, it does not approach close to Neptune such that its orbit can become significantly perturbed under
Quaoar
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
Hohmann transfer, which moves from one circular orbit to another coplanar circular orbit via an elliptical transfer orbit. In some cases a bi-elliptic transfer
Delta-v_budget
Relativistic correction
particle has to move in a curve, say an arc, spiral, helix, or a circular orbit or elliptical orbit, for its frame to precess. The angular velocity of the precession
Thomas_precession
2014 book by Kip Thorne
of gravitational waves. Thorne then explores the development of planets orbiting a supermassive black hole and how the planets depicted in the film could
The_Science_of_Interstellar
Hypothetical Solar System planet
similarities in the orbits of Sedna and 2012 VP113 and several other ETNOs. They proposed that an unknown planet in a circular orbit between 200 and 300 AU
Planet_Nine
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
_{0}\hbar c}}.} The ratio of the velocity of the electron in the first circular orbit of the Bohr model of the atom, which is 1/4πε0e2/ħ, to the speed
Fine-structure_constant
Concept in geometry and physics
Solar System is usually considered to be Earth's orbital plane, which defines the ecliptic, the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun appears
Orbital_plane
Conventional definition of the edge of space
maintaining altitude. This is the virtual force that keeps satellites in circular orbit without any aerodynamic lift. As altitude increases and air density
Kármán_line
Largest dwarf planet
ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the Sun. It is the largest
Pluto
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
Polar regions. The transfer orbit was proposed by the German scientist Walter Hohmann in 1925, it connects two circular orbits, a lower one and a higher
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Concept in celestial mechanics
while orbits, at least in the solar system, can be measured with great precision and used to determine μ with similar precision. For a circular orbit around
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Inner moon of Uranus
402 days). Like the other inner moons of Uranus, it follows a nearly circular orbit along Uranus's equatorial plane. Due to its small size, it appears extremely
Uranus_XXVIII
International astronomical organization
(such as asteroids), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars. Under the auspices of the International
Minor_Planet_Center
Natural satellites of the planet Neptune
often retrograde orbits far from Neptune; the only exception is Triton, which orbits close to the planet following a circular orbit, though retrograde
Moons_of_Neptune
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
massless particles will orbit about these points as they orbit around the larger primary (Sun). The five equilibrium points of the circular problem are known
N-body_problem
Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
surface. Orbital rings use a different mechanism. In the orbital ring version, a kinetic ring is moving around the world at a higher speed than circular orbital
Orbital_ring
Vector in celestial mechanics
eccentricity. For Kepler orbits the eccentricity vector is a constant of motion. Its main use is in the analysis of almost circular orbits, as perturbing (non-Keplerian)
Eccentricity_vector
Orbit in which natural drifting has been minimized
shifting of the orbit plane (called "precession") can be used for the benefit of the mission. For these missions, a near-circular orbit with an altitude
Frozen_orbit
Event wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon
perfectly circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is
Solar_eclipse
NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1989–1994)
Aerobraking to circular orbit and global gravity measurements. May 24, 1993 – August 29, 1994 At the end of the fourth cycle in May 1993, the orbit of Magellan
Magellan_(spacecraft)
Region of space gravitationally dominated by a given body
gravitational influence on an orbiting object. This is usually used to describe the areas in the Solar System where planets dominate the orbits of surrounding objects
Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)
System consisting of two black holes in close orbit around each other
to shrink rapidly. The last stable orbit or innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) is the innermost complete orbit before the transition from inspiral
Binary_black_hole
This article lists orbital and suborbital launches during the first quarter of the year 2026. For all other spaceflight activities, see 2026 in spaceflight
List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2026
List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_April–June_2026
Orbital and friction heating on a planet or moon oceans, or interior
elliptical orbit decays into a circular orbit (tidal circularization) and the rotational periods of the two bodies adjust towards matching the orbital period
Tidal_heating
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
is the point of interest, the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area with a 5 km radius at sea level) around an observer on Earth's surface
Azimuth
Classical approach to the many-body problem of astronomy
Venus currently has the orbit with the least eccentricity, i.e. it is the closest to circular, of all the planetary orbits. In 25,000 years' time, Earth
Perturbation_(astronomy)
Point where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined
An orbital node is either of the two points where an orbiting object intersects a plane of reference inclined with respect to the orbital plane. A non-inclined
Orbital_node
examining the dynamics of particles in circular orbits about the Earth. A key advantage in examining circular orbits is that it is possible to know the solution
Theoretical motivation for general relativity
Theoretical_motivation_for_general_relativity
Planetary motions in archaic models of the Solar System
compensating for the elliptical orbit of the Moon, moving faster at perigee and slower at apogee than circular orbits would, using four gears, two of
Deferent_and_epicycle
Failed NASA mission to Mars (1998–1999)
entering into orbit around Mars, the solar array was to be utilized in the aerobraking maneuver, to slow the spacecraft until a circular orbit was achieved
Mars_Climate_Orbiter
Orbit of an astronomical body equal to that body's average rotational period
it takes the object it is orbiting to rotate once. A satellite in a synchronous orbit that is both equatorial and circular will appear to be suspended
Synchronous_orbit
Apparent oscillation of a minor body seen from the major body it orbits
perspective because of the non-circular inclined orbit of the Moon around earth as well as the Moon's own orientation in orbit and secondly, physical librations
Libration
Rocket motor used to circularise a satellite's orbit after launch
impulse to change the trajectory from the transfer orbit into its final orbit (most commonly circular). For a satellite launched from the Earth, the rocket
Apogee_kick_motor
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
One who Argues a Lot; Orbit; Eye Socket; Orgument; Debate
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire)
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire) : possibly a variant of Trendall, a topographic name for someone who lived by a well, earhwork, stone circle, or other circular feature, from Middle English trendel, trandle ‘circle’ (Old English trendel).Possibly an altered spelling of South German Tröndle, a variant of Trendle, a nickname for a tearful person, from Träne ‘tear’ + the diminutive suffix -l.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Orbit eye socket, Orgument, debate
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Boy/Male
Indian
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Turnham in East Yorkshire or Turnham Green in West London, both of which are so named from an Old English trun ‘circular’, probably denoting a U-shaped bend in a river, + hamm ‘water meadow’ or hÄm ‘homestead’.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
Boy/Male
Muslim
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Circumference of the Orbit; Limit; Realm
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
Male
Dutch
, resolute helmet.
Female
Scottish
Older form of Scottish Diorbhail, DIORBHORGUIL means "true testimony."
Boy/Male
French
From the crossroads.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Yatnik | யாதà¯à®¨à¯€à®•
Making efforts
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Singing as a Bird; Sweet Voice
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Country
Boy/Male
Biblical Hebrew
The Lord is my secret.
Boy/Male
French
Brave.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sarvendyna | ஸரà¯à®µà¯‡à®¨à¯à®¤à¯à®¯à®¨à®¾Â
Girl/Female
Spanish American Latin
Manly.
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
CIRCULAR ORBIT
a.
repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.
n.
A circular projecting portion.
a.
Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular.
a.
Circular; suitable to rotation.
a.
Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.
a.
Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter.
a.
Nearly circular.
adv.
In a circular manner.
n.
A small circular saw.
n.
The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.
a.
Round; circular; spherical.
a.
A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.
n.
A circular dance.
a.
Circular; illogical.
a.
A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.
a.
In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.
v. i.
To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate.
a.
Perfect; complete.
v. t.
To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit.
n.
Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.