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Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a DNA cutting endonuclease that is part of the CRISPR immune system in bacteria and archaea. It has been adapted
Cas9
Gene editing method
on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA)
CRISPR_gene_editing
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes
CRISPR
Type of CRISPR tool
the CRISPR-Cas9 system to enhance the expression of specific genes without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Unlike traditional CRISPR-Cas9, which introduces
CRISPR_activation
Research tool in genomics
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens aim to elucidate the relationship between genotype and phenotype by ablating gene expression on a genome-wide
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens
Genome-wide_CRISPR-Cas9_knockout_screens
American biochemist and Nobel laureate (born 1964)
Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR-Cas9 (enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity) could be used for
Jennifer_Doudna
Process of editing the human genome so that the changes are inherited
of Europe. In November 2015, a group of Chinese researchers used CRISPR/Cas9 to edit single-celled, non-viable embryos to assess its effectiveness. This
Human_germline_engineering
Gene editing system
involved structural mining for domains similar to the RNA binding domain of Cas9, which identified new RNA-guided DNA-targeting systems in certain bacteriophages
TIGR-Tas
Type of base-pair DNA sequence
CRISPR-associated nuclease such as Cas9 attaches to a tracrRNA–crRNA complex, which guides Cas9 to the invading protospacer sequence. But Cas9 will not cleave the protospacer
Protospacer_adjacent_motif
Genome manipulation method
donor DNA integration while Cas9 cleaves double-stranded DNA to counter-select against wild-type cells. Although λ-Red and Cas9 genome editing are widely
No-SCAR_genome_editing
proteins, Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) and nuclease deficient Cas9 fusions (CRISPR). Comparing genome-wide epigenetic maps with gene expression
Epigenome_editing
Type of unintended effects of genetic modification techniques
as: clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), meganucleases,
Off-target_genome_editing
Technologies to genetically improve human bodies
endless. For example, because it can be applied directly in the embryo, CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time required to modify target genes compared to gene targeting
Human_genetic_enhancement
DNA-editing technology
(typically 5'-NGG-3') favored by Cas9; and it requires only a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) for effective targeting, whereas Cas9 necessitates both a crRNA and a
Cas12a
Species of fungus
knowledge on essential genes can be used to discover novel antifungals. CRISPR/Cas9 has been adapted to be used in C. albicans. Several studies have been performed
Candida_albicans
RNA molecule that specifies a target sequence
breakthrough occurred in 2012 when it was discovered that gRNA could guide the Cas9 endonuclease to introduce target-specific cuts in double-stranded DNA. This
Guide_RNA
Way to propagate genes throughout a population
along with the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery. When the modified organism mates and its DNA mixes with that of its mate, the CRISPR-Cas9 tool cuts the partner's
Gene_drive
Gene editing technique
methodologies similar to precursor genome editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9 and Base editing. Prime editing has been used on some animal models of genetic
Prime_editing
Genetically modified human embryo
for gene correction. The CRISPR/Cas9 system (CRISPR – Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, Cas9 – CRISPR-associated protein 9) is
Designer_baby
American biochemist
Demonstrating the mechanism of RNA-guided DNA targeting by CRISPR–Cas9, elucidating how Cas9 interrogates and cleaves DNA with high specificity. Contributing
Samuel_H._Sternberg
Chemical and systems biology researcher
Qi led the development of the first catalytically dead Cas9 lacking endonuclease activity (dCas9), which is the basis for CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)
Lei_Stanley_Qi
French microbiologist, biochemist and Nobel laureate (born 1968)
laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in any DNA sequence desired. The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created
Emmanuelle_Charpentier
Modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing
modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system for genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short guide
CRISPR-Display
Species of fungus
also been used as a model organism in molecular biology, and the CRISPR–Cas9 genome-editing system has been demonstrated to function effectively in this
Saccharomyces_boulardii
Inherited genetic variation
protein Cas9 to break the DNA backbones at specific target sequences. This system has shown a higher specificity than TALENs or ZFNs due to the Cas9 protein
Germline_mutation
Lack of hair or fur
marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. In varying degrees most mammals have some skin areas without natural hair
Glabrousness
Group of proteins found in phages
CRISPR–Cas9, the type of mechanism used in the genetic edition of human cells). A year later, a study confirmed the presence of type II-A CRISPR–Cas9 inhibitors
Anti-CRISPR
Country in Northern Europe
Šikšnys is known for his discoveries in CRISPR, namely with respect to CRISPR-Cas9. Lithuania has launched three satellites to space: LitSat-1, Lituanica SAT-1
Lithuania
Genetic technique
through a variety of methods, including homologous recombination, CRISPR-Cas9, and TALENs. One of the main advantages of gene knockouts is that they allow
Gene_knockout
American bioengineer and molecular biologist
gene-editing technologies, including one of the first demonstrations of Cas9 human genome engineering. After completing his doctorate at age 21, Hsu led
Patrick_Hsu
Gene therapy
autotemcel is the first cell-based gene therapy treatment utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration
Exagamglogene_autotemcel
Medical condition
S, et al. (December 2015). "Generation of gene-target dogs using CRISPR/Cas9 system". Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (6): 580–3. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjv061
Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy
Myostatin-related_muscle_hypertrophy
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
nations and increase accessibility to individual researchers. Likewise, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing experiments can now be conceived and implemented by individuals
Molecular_biology
Method for lineage tracing using CRISPR-Cas9-edited barcodes
contains regularly spaced CRISPR/Cas9 target sites into the genomes of progenitor cells. Alongside the barcode, Cas9 and sgRNA are introduced into the
GESTALT
Gene found in the plant Theobroma cacao
Agrobacterium. It can be mutated within the plant's genome using CRISPR-Cas9, allowing more effective immune response. Shi, Zi; Zhang, Yufan; Maximova
TcNPR3_(gene)
Type of genetic engineering
repeats associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) are a new tool, further increasing the range of methods available. In particular CRISPR/Cas9 engineered endonucleases
Genome_editing
Medical technology
moratorium on inheritable human genome edits, including those related to CRISPR-Cas9 technologies but that basic research including embryo gene editing should
Gene_therapy
based on Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas9 is an enzyme that uses the gene sequences to help control, cleave, and separate
Insert_(molecular_biology)
Study of genes and heredity in plants
the Cas9 protein, forming the complete complex. Cas9 is a nuclease that performs the actual cutting of the DNA. Genome editing via the CRISPR-Cas9 complex
Plant_genetics
Family of flies
Machine. BBC. Kyrou, Kyros Kyrou; et al. (24 September 2018). "A CRISPR–Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in
Mosquito
Spanish microbiologist (born 1963)
were later developed into the first widespread genome editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9. Mojica was born in Elche, Spain, on 5 October 1963. He attended Los Andes
Francisco_Mojica
Chinese–American biochemist (born 1981)
for use in human cells and established features of the guide necessary for Cas9 function in mammalian cells that are dispensable in biochemical assays. Zhang
Feng_Zhang
American biologist
Kevin Michael Esvelt is an American biologist. He is currently an associate professor at the MIT Media Lab and leads the Sculpting Evolution group. After
Kevin_M._Esvelt
Genus of mosquito
resistance and switch to other means if resistance is detected. In 2016, a CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system was proposed to eradicate Anopheles gambiae, by deleting
Anopheles
to biochemistry and genetics, and is most famous for her work on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were awarded
List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna
List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jennifer_Doudna
Popular model for studying Duchenne muscular dystrophy
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing research for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In 2014, the first successful correction of the dystrophin mutation using CRISPR-Cas9 was
Mdx_mouse
coronavirus and determines whether it belongs to the omicron strain. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was discovered by molecular biologists Jennifer Doudna (United
Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
Institute_of_Chemical_Biology_and_Fundamental_Medicine
new CRISPR gene editing/repair tool alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported – Cas9-derived nickases mediated homologous chromosome-templated repair
Timeline_of_biotechnology
Computer software that aids design of guide RNAs for CRISPR gene editing
(January 2017). "Enhanced CRISPR/Cas9-mediated precise genome editing by improved design and delivery of gRNA, Cas9 nuclease, and donor DNA". Journal
CRISPR/Cas_tools
American evolutionary biologist
evolutionary biologist known for her research on the biology of CRISPR and Cas9. She is a staff scientist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
Kira_Makarova
Type of DNA cutting enzyme that uses RNA to target genes of interest
editor in terms of human genome editing applications. In a CRISPR/Cas9 system, Cas9 proteins are guided by the guide RNA (gRNA) and protospacer adjacent
Fanzor
Starchy tuber used as a staple food
to diploid potatoes (including a special line of S. tuberosum) by CRISPR-Cas9. Plants having a 'Sli' gene produce pollen which is compatible to its own
Potato
Technique in molecular biology
mutagenesis continue to be developed. For example, the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, based on a prokaryotic viral defense system, has allowed for
Site-directed_mutagenesis
Chinese scientist (born 1984)
received his doctorate, He went to Stanford University to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoctoral fellow with Stephen Quake, a position
He_Jiankui
Short length polypeptides
Micropeptides (also referred to as microproteins) are polypeptides with a length of less than 100-150 amino acids that are encoded by short open reading
Micropeptide
Class of small RNA molecules
that direct RNA editing in trypanosomes or the guide RNAs (gRNAs) used by Cas9 for CRISPR gene editing. After transcription, nascent rRNA molecules (termed
Small_nucleolar_RNA
Elimination of mRNA with premature stop codons in eukaryotes
are significant when designing CRISPR-Cas9 experiments, particularly those aimed at gene inactivation. CRISPR-Cas9 introduces double-strand breaks that
Nonsense-mediated_decay
Protein used in CRISPR
genome. This ability is superior to that achieved with the more common CRISPR-Cas9 systems. CONAN, a CRISPR based diagnostic approach was developed utilising
Cas3
Manipulation of an organism's genome
Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier collaborated to develop the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a technique that can be used to easily and specifically alter the
Genetic_engineering
Swiss-American bioengineer and neuroscientist
2015). "Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex". Nature. 517 (7536): 583–8. doi:10.1038/nature14136. PMC 4420636
Silvana_Konermann
Rare neurodegenerative disease
human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies coupled with CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, and human post-mortem spinal cord tissue examination. Excitotoxicity
ALS
Type of molecule that may be able to induce death of senescent cells
Narimani M, Sharifi M, Jalili A (2019-11-27). "Knockout Of BIRC5 Gene By CRISPR/Cas9 Induces Apoptosis And Inhibits Cell Proliferation In Leukemic Cell Lines
Senolytic
Artificial enzymes
used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. It was
Zinc-finger_nuclease
Swiss-American biotechnology company
a strategic research collaboration in 2015 focused on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to discover and develop potential new treatments aimed at the underlying
CRISPR_Therapeutics
Fine hair-like growth on plants
marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern
Trichome
Capital and largest city of Lithuania
used in astronomy. Kavli Prize laureate Virginijus Šikšnys invented CRISPR-Cas9 genetic editing. Vilnius is attractive for foreign companies because of its
Vilnius
Genetic perturbation technique
Francisco in early 2013. The technology uses a catalytically dead Cas9 (usually denoted as dCas9) protein that lacks endonuclease activity to regulate genes
CRISPR_interference
Mammalian and avian protein
over-represented in the top racing classes. In 2015 scientist used CRISPR/Cas9 to have the same homozygous deletion in Beagles that appears in "bully whippets"
Myostatin
American pathologist and molecular biologist
effector, TALENs, and the RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 system. In addition to demonstrating the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vivo through the zebrafish model
J._Keith_Joung
Novel by Robin Cook
novel by Robin Cook. The book centers around the molecule called CRISPR/Cas9, which can be custom-tailored to find and alter genes in living organisms
Pandemic_(Cook_novel)
American physician-scientist
therapeutic targeting. More recently, his laboratory has adapted the CRISPR‑Cas9 gene editing tool to selectively kill cancer cells by targeting somatic mutations
James_R._Eshleman
situations that random mutagenesis is not. Since 2013, development of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, based on a prokaryotic viral defense system, has allowed for
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)
Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
RNA transcript from the CRISPR locus
Type-II CRISPR systems are characterized by the single signature nuclease Cas9. In type-II CRISPR systems crRNA and tracrRNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA)
CRISPR_RNA
American biotechnology company
specific to the disease-causing gene and messenger RNA that encodes the Cas9 enzyme, which carries out the precision editing. Intellia also has a number
Intellia_Therapeutics
Concept of extending human lifespan
mutations, has been proposed as a future strategy to prevent aging. CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by precisely cutting DNA and then harnessing natural DNA repair
Life_extension
CRISPR-Cas9 IP licensed to GE Dharmacon™ Edit-R™ Gene Engineering System | The Scientist Magazine® GE Healthcare Dharmacon Advances CRISPR Cas9 Gene Engineering
Dharmacon
Chinese-American bioengineer
cell mechanics, and genome editing, including the development of CRISPR/Cas9-based tools for treating single-gene disorders such as sickle cell disease
Gang_Bao
2018 scientific and bioethical controversy
fertilisation services and in addition, use of CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR/Cas9), a technology for modifying DNA. The embryos' genomes were edited to inactivate
He_Jiankui_affair
Effort to improve purported human genetic quality
Alex; Hornblower, Breton; Robb, Brett; Tzertzinis, George (2014). "CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing: A New Era in Molecular Biology". NEB Expressions
Eugenics
Medical university in Portland, Oregon, United States
Northwest opened in Lebanon, Oregon. The world's first in-vivo use of the Crispr-Cas9 DNA editing tool was conducted in 2020 at the Casey Eye Institute at OHSU
Oregon Health and Science University
Oregon_Health_and_Science_University
Chinese neuroscientist
that he developed in 2015, in vivo genome editing system, called HDR-based Cas9/RecA system developed in 2019 and was used to correct Pde6b mutation (the
Qiu_Zilong
Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
invading viruses. The system, known as CRISPR-Cas9, consists of (a) an enzyme that destroys DNA (the nuclease Cas9) and (b) the DNA sequences of previously
Antibiotic
Genetics research practice
uses a modified Cas9 that nicks one DNA strand but is attached to reverse transcriptase. A prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) directs Cas9 to the correct
Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect
Multiplexed_Assays_of_Variant_Effect
Species of bacterium
based on the instability of the vector plasmid combined with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. By manipulating the conditions to be optimal for curing, P. putida
Pseudomonas_putida
German chemical company
to this work, BASF has licensed many gene editing tools including CRISPR Cas9 and CRISPR Cas12a (Cpf1). The BASF Plant Science subsidiary produces the
BASF
Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
Components from Neisseria meningitidis are being harnessed in biotechnology. Its Cas9 enzyme is a useful tool in CRISPR gene editing because the enzyme is small
Neisseria_meningitidis
Swiss biologist
molecule profiling, transcriptomics and epigenomics, gene annotation, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, lineage tracing by genomic barcode editing and reconstruction
Alexander_F._Schier
American biotechnology company
such as CasΦ and Cas14, which measure down to a third or less the size of Cas9, and which could allow for easier delivery in vivo through commonly used
Mammoth_Biosciences
French American probiotics researcher
Advisory Board of Intellia Therapeutics. His research focuses on CRISPR-Cas9 in bacteria. In 2017, Barrangou was named Editor-in-Chief of The CRISPR Journal
Rodolphe_Barrangou
Lithuanian biochemist
and was among the first to demonstrate programmable DNA cleavage by the Cas9 protein. According to Šikšnys, his article was not even considered as serious
Virginijus_Šikšnys
RNA-targeting CRISPR effector
family of orthologous CRISPR-associated endonucleases that target RNA (unlike Cas9 and Cas12, which target DNA). Cas13 employs a single endonuclease to bind
Cas13
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
Scott DA, Zhang F (November 2013). "Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system". Nature Protocols. 8 (11): 2281–2308. doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.143
Gene
American nonprofit scientific research institute
joined the IGI in 2020. The first paper demonstrating the use of CRISPR-Cas9 as a programmable genome editing tool was published in 2012 by Doudna, Emmanuelle
Innovative_Genomics_Institute
Process of re-creating an extinct organism
advancing with the help of the CRISPR/Cas systems, particularly CRISPR/Cas9. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was originally discovered as part of the bacterial immune
De-extinction
Medical researcher
Xu, Chenyu; Morizono, Hiroki (March 2016). "A dual AAV system enables the Cas9-mediated correction of a metabolic liver disease in newborn mice". Nature
James_Wilson_(scientist)
Introduction of foreign genetic material into a host
Calarco JA (August 2013). "Heritable genome editing in C. elegans via a CRISPR-Cas9 system". Nat. Methods. 10 (8): 741–3. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2532. PMC 3822328
Transgenesis
Biological molecule
crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid. This hybrid acts as a guide for the endonuclease Cas9, which cleaves the invading nucleic acid. CRISPR Deltcheva E, Chylinski K
Trans-activating_crRNA
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
non-homologous end joining. However, since its introduction, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has been extensively used, for example: To intentionally damage three
Wheat
from the Mydd88 complex. Using in vivo liposome-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid expressing IRAK3 gRNA, IRAK3 was shown to be responsible for endotoxin-induced
IRAK3
Small-scale cultivation of plants
Chunling; Wang, Xiaofei; Li, Xiuming; You, Chunxiang (2022-07-01). "CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application in horticultural crops". Horticultural Plant
Horticulture
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