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Revolutionary period in Italy, 1919–1920
The Biennio Rosso (English: "Red Biennium" or "Two Red Years") was a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy, following
Biennio_Rosso
International. Italian anarchism and Italian anarchists participated in the biennio rosso and survived Italian Fascism, with Italian anarchists significantly
Anarchism_in_Italy
Series of demands aiming to achieve socialism
self-management – early ferment of council socialism – later known as the Biennio Rosso, culminating and ending with the factory occupations of September 1920
Maximum_programme
Political party in Italy
to the principles of the Italian Anarchist Union. Anarchism in Italy Biennio Rosso Dadà 1984, p. 3. La Torre 2006. Masini 1981, p. 67. Berti 2003, pp. 607–615
Italian Anarchist Communist Union
Italian_Anarchist_Communist_Union
willingly engage with, understand, and accept the core spirit of socialism. Biennio Rosso was a two-year period between 1919 and 1920. After the First World War
Socialism_in_Italy
intense social conflict following the First World War known as the Biennio Rosso (Red Biennium). The revolutionary period was followed by the violent
1921_Italian_general_election
proportional representation system. The elections took place in the middle of Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense
1919_Italian_general_election
Form of strike action
They have been used in many strike actions, including: the 1919–20 Biennio Rosso (in particular the Turin factory occupation of 1920) 1936 French general
Occupation_of_factories
Sicilian socialist leader
leaseholders. Social tension began to rise across the country, known as the biennio rosso (red biennium – 1919–1920), and the government feared that the Soviet
Nicola_Alongi
Series of political upheavals in the aftermath of World War I
Bavarian Soviet Republic, the neighbouring Hungarian Revolution and the Biennio Rosso in Italy in addition to various smaller uprisings, protests and strikes
Revolutions_of_1917–1923
Form of revolutionary organisation
USI and the UIL grew significantly during the biennio rosso. The first factory occupation of the biennio was carried out by the UIL at a steel plant in
Syndicalism
Interwar Italian political movement of Mussolini
oppose the Italian Socialist Party, who he accused of launching the Biennio Rosso, which he called an assault on the country. There followed a short speech
Sansepolcrismo
Italian statesman (1842–1928)
in the agricultural sector. The election took place in the middle of Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense
Giovanni_Giolitti
Far-right authoritarian political ideology
institutions. In Italy, this crisis reached its highest during the Biennio Rosso of 1919–1920, the peak of the socialist workers' activities which led
Fascism
Political party that existed in Italy from 1892 to 1994
success, becoming Italy's first party in 1919 and during the country's Biennio Rosso in 1921, when it was the target of violent paramilitary activities from
Italian_Socialist_Party
Italian political movement
several newspapers and magazines which were circulated nationally, including Rosso in Milan, I Volsci in Rome, Autonomia in Padua and A/traverso in Bologna
Autonomia_Operaia
1920 conflict between Italy and Albania
Bersaglieri of Ancona refused to be sent to Albania, in the context of the Biennio Rosso agitations. Italian prime minister Giovanni Giolitti, considering the
Vlora_War
Political party in Italy
Negrello (2000). A pugno chiuso: il Partito comunista padovano dal biennio rosso alla stagione dei movimenti (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. p. 173. ISBN 9788846421463
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist–Leninist)_Red_Line
Political philosophy and movement
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anarchism
Political action meant to catalyse revolution
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Propaganda_of_the_deed
Italian trade union
insurrection against the Italian entry into World War I. During the Biennio Rosso, the USI was at the forefront of the occupation of factories, which
Italian_Syndicalist_Union
American linguist and activist (born 1928)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Noam_Chomsky
Italian paramilitary organization
del Popolo gli Arditi, Arivista L’Occupazione delle fabbriche e il biennio rosso verso la fine, l'Avanti Pelz, Against Capitalism, pp. 126-28 Bellamy
Red_Guards_(Italy)
American philosopher (1817–1862)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Henry_David_Thoreau
Red Brigade leader (1945–1975)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Margherita_Cagol
Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)
nations, and those revolutions of 1917–1923, such as in Germany or the Biennio Rosso in Italy, had failed. As capitalism seemed more entrenched than ever
Antonio_Gramsci
Italian lawyer and politician (1870–1950)
2021). "Le peculiarità di un paradigma: il biennio rosso in Toscana". In Sandro Rogari (ed.). Il biennio rosso in Toscana 1919-1920. Florence: Regione Toscana
Gino_Sarrocchi
That conflagration of viewpoints can be exemplified by the so-called Biennio Rosso (Two Red Years). The Mussolini regime enacted substantial government
Economy_of_fascist_Italy
Rebellion in modern day Croatia
context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released. Biennio Rosso Krnica Labin Republic Red Republic of Caulonia Josipović, Nikolina (2021-09-17)
Proština_rebellion
possible Bolshevik revolution. This came in the wake of the so-called biennio rosso, and was often not countered by the police, who often sided with the
History_of_Calabria
Capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Marco Minghetti. After World War I, Bologna was heavily involved in the Biennio Rosso socialist uprisings. As a consequence, the traditionally moderate elites
Bologna
Anarchist tendency during the Russian Revolution
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Soviet_anarchism
state of anarchy. Derived from the Ancient Greek άρχων, pl. άρχοντες. Biennio rosso The "two red years" of political agitation, strikes and land occupation
Glossary_of_anarchism
1936–1939 civil war in Spain
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Spanish_Civil_War
Manifesto of dissent among Italian communists to the Soviet invasion of Hungary
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Manifesto_of_the_101
1910 assassination plot on Emperor Meiji
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
High_Treason_Incident
Typical symbols expressing anarchist ideology
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anarchist_symbolism
Short-lived communist state in Italy
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Red_Republic_of_Caulonia
Anarchist group during the Qing dynasty
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Chinese_Assassination_Corps
Mafia member
Cuccia. Social tension began to rise across the country, known as the Biennio Rosso (Red Biennium – 1919–1920). In Piana dei Greci the socialists won the
Francesco_Cuccia
Weekly children's magazine in Italy (1950–1970)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Il_Pioniere
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
List of films dealing with anarchism
List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism
Political and cultural magazine in Italy (1962–1984)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Quaderni_piacentini
Unauthorized occupation of property
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Squatting
1991 book by Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Temporary_Autonomous_Zone
Italian Marxist–Leninist terrorist group
Fabrizio Giai, Sergio Segio, Susanna Ronconi, Diego Forastieri, Roberto Rosso, Maurice Bignami, Bruno La Ronga, Giulia Borelli, and Silviera Russo. The
Prima_Linea
Political organization in Italy
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Italian Communist Youth Federation
Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation
Russian anarcho-communist (1886–1937)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Peter_Arshinov
Period of civil unrest in France in 1968
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
May_68
Spanish anarchist and forger (1931–2020)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Lucio_Urtubia
Dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943
members. It was squadrismo, the militarization of fascism during the Biennio Rosso, that enabled Mussolini—whose prospects had seemed minimal in 1920—to
Benito_Mussolini
Italian politician (1921–1964)
Ferrero P. (ed.), Raniero Panzieri: un uomo di frontiera, Editions Punto Rosso, 330 p. Steve Wright Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in
Raniero_Panzieri
Branch of anarchism emphasizing social solidarity
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Social_anarchism
Italian Red Brigade leader (born 1941)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Renato_Curcio
Country in Southern Europe (1861–1946)
censorship, militarism and dictatorship. At the same time, the so-called Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium" or "Two Red Years") took place in the two years following
Kingdom_of_Italy
Italian scholar and translator
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Alberto_Toscano
Ukrainian anarchist movement
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Makhnovshchina
American activist (1936–1989)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Abbie_Hoffman
Belief that relationships should be unbound by rules except those with a mutual agreement
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Relationship_anarchy
Italian professor of philosophy
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Galvano_Della_Volpe
Opposition to state intervention
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anti-statism
Ukrainian anarchist
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Petro_Havrylenko
Kapp Putsch 1920: Ruhr Uprising 1920: Slutsk Defence Action 1920–1924: Biennio Rosso 1921: Uprising in West Hungary 1921: February Uprising 1921: Charles
List_of_conflicts_in_Europe
Aragonese anarchist assassin (1880–1912)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Manuel_Pardiñas
American anthropologist and activist (1961–2020)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
David_Graeber
Political party in Italy
Dolores (2000). A pugno chiuso. Il Partito comunista padovano dal biennio rosso alla stagione dei movimenti (in Italian). Milan: FrancoAngeli. ISBN 88-464-2146-9
Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
Italian_Marxist–Leninist_Party
Events after the end of the war in 1918
Combattimento attacked the offices of Avanti!. At the same time, the so-called Biennio Rosso (red biennium) took place in the two years following the first world
Aftermath_of_World_War_I
Italian combatant organizations opposed to Nazi-Fascism
especially those of communist and socialist inspiration, the memory of the Biennio Rosso and of the violent struggles against the fascist squads in the period
Italian_resistance_movement
Political party in Italy
"revolutionary Italians" and "revolutionary Bolsheviks," particularly during the Biennio Rosso period. Following the March on Rome, several intransigent Futurist leaders
Futurist_Political_Party
Region of Italy
First world war, Emilia-Romagna was at the centre of the so-called Biennio Rosso, a period of left-wing agitations that paved the way for Benito Mussolini's
Emilia-Romagna
French translator, journalist, and anarchist
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Jacques_Reclus_(anarchist)
Italian politician
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Ruggero_Grieco
Subgenre of punk rock
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anarcho-punk
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
List of anarchist movements by region
List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region
Anarchist bookshop in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Wooden_Shoe_Books_and_Records
Political party in Italy
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
CARC_Party
Italian writer and politician
English texts. In 1937 she married Ettore Marchesini. She helped the Biennio Rosso, kickstarted in Giustizia e Libertà and co-founded the Partito d'Azione
Ada_Gobetti
Italian communist cultural magazine (1945-1961)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Società
International left-wing anthem
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
The_Internationale
Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Freethought
Years-long change in political order, in Gramscian discourse
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Passive_revolution
French bank robber (1889–1912)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Octave_Garnier
Concept from critical theory and post-colonial studies
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Subaltern_(postcolonialism)
Italian politician and communist revolutionary
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Bruno_Fortichiari
German philosopher (1806–1856)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Max_Stirner
Doctrine of anarchism without any qualifying labels
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anarchism_without_adjectives
Italian socialist song
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Bandiera_Rossa
American trade unionist (1896–1965)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Rose_Pesotta
Series of clashes in Fiume, Italy in 1920
Giovanni Giolitti to the Italian government in June 1920, during the Biennio Rosso, the official attitude towards the Kingdom of Italy's regency of Carnaro
Bloody_Christmas_(1920)
million members. It played a prominent role in events known as the Biennio Rosso ("Two Red Years") and Settimana Rossa ("Red Week"). In the latter, the
History_of_anarchism
1886 bombing aftermath in Chicago, US
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Haymarket_affair
American Underground personality (1947–2016)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Coca_Crystal
International organization of social revolutionaries (1957–72)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Situationist_International
Italian writer, filmmaker, poet, and intellectual (1922–1975)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Pier_Paolo_Pasolini
Secret police during the 1936 Spanish Revolution
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Checa_(Spanish_Civil_War)
Russian-born anarchist (1869–1940)
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Emma_Goldman
Italian trade unionist and politician (1921–1996)
Screpanti Spinelli Togliatti Toscano Tronti Vattimo Vendola Virno History Biennio Rosso XVII Congress of the PSI I Congress of the PCd'I Proština rebellion
Luciano_Lama
Anti-establishment subculture
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Punk_subculture
Decentralized housing projects
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
Anarchist_architecture
Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection
List_of_political_ideologies
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