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Preference of known risks to unknown risks
and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks. An ambiguity-averse individual
Ambiguity_aversion
Cognitive tendency where lack of information affects decision making
and ambiguity neutrality in which individuals show no preference between either . Most people favour ambiguity-aversion (47% favoured ambiguity avoidance
Ambiguity_effect
Paradox in decision theory
paradox in his 1961 paper, "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms". It is generally taken to be evidence of ambiguity aversion, in which a person tends to
Ellsberg_paradox
Topics referred to by the same term
Ambiguity aversion Brand aversion Dissent aversion in the United States of America Endowment effect, also known as divestiture aversion Food aversion
Aversion
Type of foreign policy
context of global politics, a policy of deliberate ambiguity (also known as a policy of strategic ambiguity or strategic uncertainty) is the practice by a
Policy of deliberate ambiguity
Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity
Economics theory
In economics and finance, risk aversion is the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high uncertainty, even
Risk_aversion
Topics referred to by the same term
"better the devil you know than the devil you don't", describing ambiguity aversion. The Devil You Know may refer to: The Devil You Know (film), a 2013
The_Devil_You_Know
Topics referred to by the same term
inexactness. Ambiguity may also refer to: Ambiguity (album) Ambiguity (horse), 20th-century racer Ambiguity (law), contract law situation Ambiguous name, botanical
Ambiguity_(disambiguation)
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
Kahneman (1995) addressed ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous gambles or choices with ambiguity, with the comparative ignorance
Amos_Tversky
Possibility of something bad happening
this effect. Other biases that affect the perception of risk include ambiguity aversion. Paul Slovic's "psychometric paradigm" assumes that risk is subjectively
Risk
Focusing on what is irrelevant but easy to understand
and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However
Law_of_triviality
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
problem in itself. Ellsberg paradox: People exhibit ambiguity aversion (as distinct from risk aversion), in contradiction with expected utility theory. Fenno's
List_of_paradoxes
Concept in economics
psychologically richer theory of the determinants Allais paradox Ambiguity aversion Bayesian probability Behavioral economics Decision theory Generalized
Expected_utility_hypothesis
Indian-American academic
arguments in non-comparative settings, he demonstrated the persistence of ambiguity aversion and showed that comparative ignorance widened valuation gaps. With
Rakesh_Sarin
State of being simple
at the beginning of the film A Serious Man (2009), Coen Brothers Ambiguity aversion Concision Complexity Degree of difficulty Elegance KISS principle
Simplicity
Lack of quantifiable knowledge in economics
knowledge the same. This difference in treatment is also termed "ambiguity aversion". A black swan event, as defined by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, is an important
Knightian_uncertainty
Israeli economist
Decision Sciences at Bocconi University. His most influential work is on ambiguity aversion, an area in which he has published multiple papers with over 1000
Massimo_Marinacci
Societal concept
and low uncertainty avoidance or the opposite. Ambiguity aversion also known as uncertainty aversion Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership
Uncertainty_avoidance
Application of economics in a business
; Meijers, Huub (April 2009). "Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Ambiguity Aversion" (PDF). Journal of the European Economic Association. 7 (2–3):
Managerial_economics
taxpayers must calculate and pay the greater of the AMT or regular tax. ambiguity aversion Any preference for known risks over unknown risks. American school
Glossary_of_economics
Phenomenon in consumer behavior studies
individuals try to avoid ambiguity and prefer precise over vague information. However, concrete evidence of vagueness aversion has only been proven in
Blissful_ignorance_effect
9th episode of the 4th season of Person of Interest
"better the devil you know than the devil you don't", describing ambiguity aversion. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated
The Devil You Know (Person of Interest)
The_Devil_You_Know_(Person_of_Interest)
mirror neurons. 1996 – Amos Tversky defined ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous choices, relating it to comparative ignorance
Timeline_of_psychology
Italian-born American economist
1049–1074. Maccheroni, F., Marinacci, M., & Rustichini, A. (2006). Ambiguity aversion, robustness, and the variational representation of preferences. Econometrica
Aldo_Rustichini
Academic Award
Strzalecki for "Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Recursive Models of Ambiguity Aversion". Econometrica. 81 (3): 1039–1074. 2013. doi:10.3982/ECTA9619. 2013:
Exeter_Prize
Desire to fully understand a situation
for cognition, and low, rather than high, need for structure and aversion ambiguity, correlate positively with many indicators of creativity. Thus, groups
Epistemic_motivation
Deliberate action to guide decisions to achieve beneficial outcome
conflict between other, opposing parties. Ellsberg paradox or also ambiguity aversion: The negotiator uses the human bias toward the option they know most
Delaying_tactic
Condition of human breasts
cancer. However, the authors noted that women with a high level of ambiguity aversion were less likely to desire future mammograms; this was especially
Dense_breast_tissue
Probability theory for low quality data
Hurwicz decision rule. Other approaches appear in the literature. Ambiguity aversion Robust decision making Imprecise Dirichlet process Kolmogorov, A.
Imprecise_probability
Professor at the University of Iowa
preferences. Another line of his current research focuses on the ambiguity aversion in economies and games. He has shown that there is no conflict between
Nicholas_C._Yannelis
Theory of behavioral economics
assess their loss and gain perspectives in an asymmetric manner (see loss aversion). For example, for some individuals, the pain from losing $1,000 could
Prospect_theory
American economist (born 1953)
Roy Kouwenberg, Olivia S. Mitchell and Kim Peijnenburg. (2016). “Ambiguity Aversion and Household Portfolio Choice Puzzles: Empirical Evidence.” Journal
Olivia_S._Mitchell
Interdisciplinary field
cortex. One aspect of human decision-making is a strong aversion to potential loss. Under loss aversion, the perceived cost of loss is experienced more intensely
Neuroeconomics
Euphemism for homosexuality of the deceased
England and Wales was illegal until 1967, so few men were openly gay. The ambiguity of the phrase has been commented on, however, by a number of sources.
He_never_married
Origin of Optimism, Loss Aversion and Disappointment Aversion". SSRN 3108432. Dawson C, Johnson SG (8 April 2021). "Dread Aversion and Economic Preferences"
List_of_cognitive_biases
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
examples from history and culture that evidence an aversion to hybrid entities, such as the aversion to genetically modified organisms ("Frankenfoods")
Uncanny_valley
Canadian economist
the same year. Epstein, L. G. & S. E. Zin (1989). "Substitution, risk aversion, and the temporal behavior of consumption and asset returns: A theoretical
Larry_G._Epstein
Paradox in expected-utility theory
Theory: For Risk and Ambiguity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–241. ISBN 9780511779329. Schechter, Laura (2007). "Risk aversion and expected-utility
Rabin's_calibration_theorem
1997 (1997-04-22) 1512 Richard Rhodes looks at how the general public's aversion toward nuclear power has derailed its progress as a vital energy source
List of Frontline (American TV program) episodes
List_of_Frontline_(American_TV_program)_episodes
Sanskrit term for heterodox practices
proclivities and identifies it as principally cutting through attachments and aversion in order to foreground inner primordiality, a perspective influenced by
Vamachara
Economics concept
of relative risk aversion which are not required to be inversely related - a restriction imposed by the constant relative risk aversion utility function
Equity_premium_puzzle
Framework for cross-cultural communication
dominated by high levels of acceptance of inequalities, with uncertainty aversion influencing their choices. With regard to individualism, Mediterranean
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory
Hofstede's_cultural_dimensions_theory
American psychologist
Michael P. Feldman. "Aversion therapy in management of 43 homosexuals." British medical journal 2.5552 (1967): 594. Bancroft, John. "Aversion therapy of homosexuality:
Mildred_Newman
Internet slang term used as a pejorative
quirks of Israeli culture, with examples including love of cucumbers, aversion to rain, and wearing casual clothes to formal events. Mira Fox, writing
Spiritually_Israeli
Dutch economist (born 1956)
related to understanding our attitudes towards uncertainty, risk and ambiguity. He has also done research in axiomatic decision theory, in particular
Peter_Wakker
century male vampires came to dominate, typically depicted as exhibiting an aversion to sunlight, having a gaunt and pale immortal complexion, with dark swept-back
List_of_stock_characters
2012 film directed by Thomas Vinterberg
happens upon her when she is alone and helps her out. He accommodates her aversion to stepping on cracks and says she can walk his dog, Fanny, whenever she
The_Hunt_(2012_film)
British-born Canadian Anglican bishop
(Hereford) assisting. His predecessor, James Kelly, had resigned in 1877 due an aversion to sailing. Jones arrived at St. John's on 4 June.[when?] He was installed
Llewellyn_Jones_(bishop)
British Chinese actress (born 1982)
"cool" and "elegant". Chan said of the experience "There is a lot of ambiguity with [my] character and in [Pinter's] text, but as you work on it you
Gemma_Chan
Tendency to give more importance to negative experiences than positive ones
domain of decision-making, specifically as it relates to risk aversion or loss aversion. When presented with a situation in which a person stands to either
Negativity_bias
Platforms for betting on events
accuracy of prediction markets: Steven Gjerstad (Purdue), in his paper "Risk Aversion, Beliefs, and Prediction Market Equilibrium", has shown that prediction
Prediction_market
Underemployed young adult in Japan
of new graduates Slacker Twixter Tang ping ("lying flat") Waithood Work aversion Japanese asset price bubble Stereotype Stigmatization Employment Ice Age
Freeter
Tendency to base judgments on an irrelevant anchor
individuals toward the anchor, biasing consequent judgments. Extremeness aversion is a robust phenomenon where people try to avoid the extremes during decision-making
Anchoring_effect
Analyses of the A Song of Ice and Fire series
sex scenes, on grounds that only a strong double standard explains the aversion to coitus in people undisturbed by descriptions of war. He also argued
Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire
Themes_in_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire
Unrecoverable cost that has been incurred
excessive optimism, an unwillingness to admit failure, groupthink, and aversion to loss of sunk costs. Evidence from behavioral economics suggests that
Sunk_cost
Attraction between people of the same sex or gender
relationships are the norm and therefore superior. Homophobia is a fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexual people. It manifests in different
Homosexuality
Psychology concept
Cohen argued that even in structured situations, people high in NFC see ambiguity and strive for higher standards of cognitive clarity. Cohen and colleagues
Need_for_cognition
Type of color vision
or 20/200), have total color blindness, photo-aversion and nystagmus. The nystagmus and photo-aversion usually are present during the first months of
Monochromacy
granting rights to some Australians that are not held by others and an aversion to constitutional change. On 21 May 2022, the Australian Labor Party won
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum
1971 film directed by Stanley Kubrick
the Minister of the Interior's new Ludovico technique, an experimental aversion therapy for rehabilitating criminals within two weeks. Alex is strapped
A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)
Tendency to favor inaction over action
benefits from commissions. Loss aversion. The comparison between omission and commission interacts with loss aversion, the principle that gains are weighed
Omission_bias
2014 Japanese manga series
killing, but as the series progresses, he is shown to have less and less aversion, and his fear is replaced by a dull lack of interest. He is shown to be
Dead_Tube
Austrian composer and conductor (1883–1945)
Webern later wrote Schoenberg that he felt "a sense of the most vehement aversion" against German-speaking people who were. After meeting with Webern, Berg
Anton_Webern
Animal self-awareness test
captive gorillas with extensive human contact. Such gorillas show less aversion to direct eye contact than wild gorillas. In wild gorillas, as in many
Mirror_test
Scientific test for laboratory mice
arms. The behavioral model is based on the general aversion of rodents to open spaces. This aversion leads to thigmotaxis: a preference for remaining in
Elevated_plus_maze
Hong Kong-born American economist (born 1935)
Economy, Vol. 76, Issue 6, pp. 1107–1122. 1969 "Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements", Journal of Law and Economics
Steven_N._S._Cheung
Israeli British economist
contributions to decision theory include the pioneering analysis of risk aversion in the rank-dependent model, the first analysis of auctions without expected
Zvi_Safra
Part of the brain's prefrontal cortex
seems that the same area is also implicated in risk aversion: a study found that higher risk aversion correlated with higher activity at IFG. This might
Inferior_frontal_gyrus
Example of irrational preferences over lotteries
appeal to the lottery that doesn't have the possibility of winning nothing (aversion to zero). During prior Allais style tasks that involve two experiments
Allais_paradox
Outdated diagnosis in female health
delights also in fragrant smells, and advances towards them; and it has an aversion to fetid smells, and flees from them; and, on the whole, the womb is like
Wandering_womb
Oral sex on the vulva by a sexual partner
of trauma. Cultural views on giving or receiving cunnilingus range from aversion to high regard. It has been considered taboo, or discouraged, in many cultures
Cunnilingus
Five aggregates of clinging in Buddhism
factors that take part in the perpetual process of craving, clinging and aversion due to Avijja. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute
Skandha
Inability to resist the urge to steal
include: hidden sensitisation by unpleasant images of nausea and vomiting, aversion therapy (for example, aversive holding of breath to achieve a slightly
Kleptomania
Theorem in game theory
agree to disagree in the presence of ambiguity, even if there is a common prior. However, allowing for ambiguity is more restrictive than assuming heterogeneous
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Multiple positions critical of compulsory schooling laws
assessed, which would be a dehumanizing experience. Some may also feel a deep aversion to school based on their personal experiences or question the efficiency
Criticism_of_schooling
Pregnancy termination based on predicted sex
Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities, ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of
Sex-selective_abortion
Conflict of interest when one person acts on another's behalf
compensation tend to have an impact on performance as a result of risk aversion and the level of work that a CEO is willing to input. This showed that
Principal–agent_problem
describes it as incurable, and states that a lesbian is "a woman who has an aversion for man and who has no breasts." The term used for a lesbian in these texts
History_of_lesbianism
Buddhist concept of craving and greed
Dosa (dveṣa) (aversion) is equivalent to vibhava-taṇhā (craving not to be). According to Rupert Gethin, taṇhā is related to aversion and ignorance. Craving
Taṇhā
American writer (1933–2023)
Sound and the Fury (1929) as "great" novels. Socially, McCarthy had an aversion to other writers, preferring the company of scientists. He voiced his admiration
Cormac_McCarthy
Growing one's existing wealth without creating new wealth
ISBN 0-89096-090-9. Connes, Richard; Hartley, Roger (September 2003). "Loss Aversion and the Tullock Paradox". Discussion Papers in Economics. No. 3/17. CiteSeerX 10
Rent-seeking
Fictional monster, or kaiju
film crews "Secret Gamera" (隠れガメラ Kakure Gamera). Aside from their own aversions of turtle as a motif, Kaneko and Ito also thought that human characters
Gamera
Compulsive eating of non-food items
intellectual disabilities. Aversion therapy is another option, wherein the person learns through positive reinforcement and mild aversions which foods are good
Pica_(disorder)
Negative attitudes towards homosexual people
lesbian, gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear, and may sometimes
Homophobia
Fiction genre depicting male same-sex relationships
identification or self-analysis, melodramatic or emotional elements, aversion to standard romances aimed at women, pure escapism, art and aesthetics
Boys'_love
British biologist and academic (1942–2018)
local preparatory school, York House School, where he soon developed an aversion to games. He developed an early interest in science, having fun with dissecting
John_Sulston
Japanese steelmaker
Forced to close furnaces, the company exhibited a typical Japanese economic aversion to layoffs, opting instead to offer standard early retirement enticements
Nippon_Steel
Knack. Debuted January 11, 1997. During the dance party, Reno expressed an aversion to mosh pits and accused her youthful guests of lying during interviews
Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1996–97
Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches_introduced_1996–97
Concept in gender studies
invulnerability, alongside shame and fear of judgement, can help explain an aversion to seeking mental health care. Men are less likely than women to seek professional
Hegemonic_masculinity
Prime Minister of Japan from 1974 to 1976
firsthand both Anglo-American liberal society as well as that society's aversion towards totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the
Takeo_Miki
Slovak poet
but the inclination towards realism in his early poetry was met with aversion by the older generation. Among the most important of his mature lyric cycles
Pavol_Országh_Hviezdoslav
Socio-political movement in the Russian Federation
the Eurasianists rejected all hope for a restoration of the monarchy. Aversion to democracy is an important characteristic of Eurasianism. Eurasianists
Eurasianism
Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or wrong
or provide us with reasons for action independent of our desires and aversions"—but such properties and facts do not comport with philosophical naturalism
Moral_nihilism
Austrian-British psychoanalyst (1882–1960)
Klein's work primarily focused on the role of ambivalence and moral ambiguity in human development. Klein suggested that pre-verbal existential anxiety
Melanie_Klein
City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
revealed that a huge percentage – 91 percent – of readers showed "a marked aversion to investing in International City units." A considerable 67 percent said
Dubai_International_City
American software company
Fall of a Software Star; Phil Katz Loved Code – and Liquor". wsj.com. "Aversion to History: A PKZIP/Wikipedia Story | PCjs Machines". www.pcjs.org. Retrieved
PKWare
Psychological event that purges emotions
(an individual's desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity) and "satisfaction" which can be applied to affective strategies
Catharsis
Interviews by police, military or intelligence personnel
significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth-tellers. According to Granhag & Strömwall, there are three approaches
Interrogation
low self-esteem compensated by service towards others, and an overall aversion to intense political negotiation. Presidential examples include Calvin
James_David_Barber
Tendency to adopt group beliefs and behaviors
same length as a target line. The task was designed to be easy, with no ambiguity about the correct response. However, each student (the "naive" participant)
Herd_mentality
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