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Type of data link layer protocol about transmission fidelity
Alternating bit protocol (ABP) is a simple network protocol operating at the data link layer (OSI layer 2)[citation needed] that retransmits lost or corrupted
Alternating_bit_protocol
Basic automatic repeat-request (ARQ) data transmission and error detection protocol
Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. It
Stop-and-wait_ARQ
Type of error-detection protocol at the data link layer, and transport layer for TCP
performance benefit of the full selective-repeat protocol with a simpler implementation. Alternating bit protocol Federal Standard 1037C Compound TCP Serial
Sliding_window_protocol
Networking protocol for clock synchronization
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data
Network_Time_Protocol
Internet protocol used for error messages in network operations
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers
Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
Network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. The basic function of STP is to
Spanning_Tree_Protocol
Topics referred to by the same term
by-products Adblock Plus, blocks ads, trackers etc. Alternating bit protocol, a data link layer network protocol Athlete biological passport, an electronic record
ABP
Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
available. By 1998, the IETF had formalized the successor protocol, IPv6. This uses 128-bit addresses, yielding an address space of 2128, 1038, or 340
IPv6
Computer network device
incorporated an alternating bit protocol, of the type proposed by Donald Davies' team for the NPL network in 1968. Later versions of the 1822 protocol, such as
Interface_Message_Processor
Communication protocol that allows connections between networks
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries
Internet_Protocol
Serial communication bus
bit rates are quoted for the transfers between controller (master) and target (slave) without clock stretching or other hardware overhead. Protocol overheads
I2C
Solution to the reachability problem in distributed systems (computer science)
of communication protocols. This paper was inspired by a paper by Bartlett et al. of 1968 which presented the alternating bit protocol using finite-state
Reachability_analysis
Internet protocol used for relaying e-mails
common mail transfer agent. The original SMTP protocol supported only unauthenticated unencrypted 7-bit ASCII text communications, susceptible to trivial
Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
Unit of data on an Ethernet network
for other protocols (for example, Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a frame check sequence (FCS), which is a 32-bit cyclic redundancy
Ethernet_frame
Historical network in England pioneering packet switching
further publication by Bartlett in 1968 introduced the concept of an alternating bit protocol (later used by the ARPANET and the EIN) and described the need
NPL_network
Network time synchronization protocol
The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol for clock synchronization throughout a computer network with relatively high precision as compared to using
Precision_Time_Protocol
British computer scientist (1924–2000)
221C. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023. S2CID 8172150. "The Alternating Bit Protocol" (PDF). The protocol, which can be traced back to Bartlett et al. [BSW69]
Donald_Davies
Family of Internet mail protocols
In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail
Post_Office_Protocol
the environment of each user should behave like the other user. Alternating bit protocol Bisimulation Calculus of communicating systems (CCS) Communicating
Calculus of broadcasting systems
Calculus_of_broadcasting_systems
Standardized digital audio interface
itself. S/PDIF protocol differs from AES3 only in the channel status bits; see AES3 § Protocol for the high-level view. Both protocols group 192 samples
S/PDIF
TCP/IP application layer protocol
communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user
Gopher_(protocol)
IBM mainframe communications protocol
ETX the pad follows the BCC. This pad is either all '1' bits or alternating '0' and '1' bits. The next transmission begins with a pad character which
Binary Synchronous Communications
Binary_Synchronous_Communications
Stream ciphers
32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit
Salsa20
Secure communication method
(QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol based on the laws of quantum mechanics, specifically quantum entanglement
Quantum_key_distribution
Computer network protocol
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a computer networking communications protocol in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite. Originally intended
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
2 protocols. In June 2018, RFC 7539 was updated and replaced by RFC 8439. The ChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm takes as input a 256-bit key and a 96-bit nonce
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Signal confirming receipt of a message without errors
single bits or bit fields depending on the protocol data link layer definition or even as a dedicated wire at physical layer. Many protocols are acknowledgement-based
Acknowledgement (data networks)
Acknowledgement_(data_networks)
Secure multi-party computation protocol
they decide to execute a two-stage protocol. In the first stage, every two cryptographers establish a shared one-bit secret, say by tossing a coin behind
Dining_cryptographers_problem
Bluetooth uses a variety of protocols. Core protocols are defined by the trade organization Bluetooth SIG. Additional protocols have been adopted from other
List_of_Bluetooth_protocols
Structure of Stream Control Transmission Protocol packets
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) has a simpler basic packet structure than TCP. Each consists of two basic sections: The common header,
SCTP_packet_structure
Security profile for Real-time Transport Protocol
The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is a profile for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) intended to provide encryption, message authentication
Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
Secure_Real-time_Transport_Protocol
British computer scientist and Internet pioneer (born 1936)
communications-related research contracts. This research team developed the alternating bit protocol (ABP). Along with Davies and Barber, he was a major figure in the
Roger_Scantlebury
24-pin USB connector system
USB‑C, or USB Type‑C, is a 24-pin reversible connector (not a protocol) that supersedes all previous USB connectors, which were designated legacy in 2014
USB-C
Networking protocol
the MDB protocol, which is based on a Motorola[specify] 9-bit UART implemented as an 8-bit data value with an additional mode bit. The mode bit differentiates
Multi-Drop Bus / Internal Communication Protocol
Multi-Drop_Bus_/_Internal_Communication_Protocol
Deprecated technical standard for data access over a cellular network
bottom-most protocol in the suite, the Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), functions as an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP
Wireless_Application_Protocol
Detecting data connection configuration
the length of the UART start bit for autobaud. Many protocols begin each frame with a preamble of alternating 1 and 0 bits that can be used for automatic
Automatic_baud_rate_detection
Cyclic order Cyclic permutation Cyclotomic identity Data integrity Alternating bit protocol Checksum Cyclic redundancy check Luhn formula Error detection Error-detecting
Index of combinatorics articles
Index_of_combinatorics_articles
Stream cipher
algorithm for WPA, but can be configured to use AES-CCMP instead of RC4) BitTorrent protocol encryption Microsoft Office XP (insecure implementation since nonce
RC4
"Preamble" to communications message data after a header
stream. An Ethernet packet with the Ethernet preamble, 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits, allowing the receiver to synchronize its clock to the transmitter
Syncword
Computer networking protocol suite
AppleTalk is a discontinued proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Computer for their Macintosh computers. AppleTalk includes a
AppleTalk
Cryptographic scheme
to a protocol where the system is in one of two pure states after the commitment phase, depending on the bit Alice wants to commit. If the protocol is unconditionally
Commitment_scheme
Extension to the Internet Protocol to signal network congestion
proper bits in the header of the transport protocol. For example, when using TCP, the congestion indication is echoed back by setting the ECE bit. Note:
Explicit Congestion Notification
Explicit_Congestion_Notification
Suite of computer programs and protocols
implementations also include other transfer protocols for use over certain links. f-protocol is designed to run over 7-bit error-corrected links. This was originally
UUCP
Formal model used to prove properties of interactive cryptographic protocols
keys he knows, to forge subsequent messages. A protocol is modeled as a set of sequential runs, alternating between queries (sending a message over the network)
Dolev–Yao_model
Communication aspects of Universal Serial Bus
Serial Bus (USB): Signaling, Protocols, Transactions. USB is an industry-standard used to specify cables, connectors, and protocols that are used for communication
USB_communications
Spacecraft communications network
transferred character starts with a parity bit and a data-control flag bit. If data-control flag is a 0-bit, an 8-bit LSB character follows. Otherwise one of
SpaceWire
Topics referred to by the same term
AH register, the high byte of an X86 16-bit AX register Authentication Header (AH), a part of the IPsec protocol suite Adenomatous hyperplasia; see endometrial
AH
Technical standard in computing
("tunnels") of other protocols, such as USB 3.x, HDMI, DisplayPort and PCI Express. USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol. However, it is different
USB4
Hash based data structure
Gnutella DHT: originally by LimeWire to augment the Gnutella protocol for finding alternate file locations, now in use by other gnutella clients. IPFS:
Kademlia
numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) only need
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
Streaming communications protocol
adaptive bitrate streaming communications protocol developed by Apple Inc. and released in 2009. Support for the protocol is widespread in media players, web
HTTP_Live_Streaming
Stream cipher
telephone standard. It is one of several implementations of the A5 security protocol. It was initially kept secret, but became public knowledge through leaks
A5/1
Encoding method for variable-length integers
negative numbers is to use the least significant bit for sign. This is notably done for Google Protocol Buffers, and is known as a zigzag encoding for signed
Variable-length_quantity
Type of symmetric key cipher
include the stop-and-go generator, the alternating step generator and the shrinking generator. An alternating step generator comprises three LFSRs, which
Stream_cipher
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. AES has been adopted by the US government. It
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Home automation communication protocol
the X10 control protocol consist of a four bit house code followed by one or more four bit unit codes, finally followed by a four bit command. For the
X10_(industry_standard)
US standard for secure communications
The Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) is a US standard for secure voice and data communication, for circuit-switched one-to-one connections
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol
Secure_Communications_Interoperability_Protocol
Digital communication network standard for controlling stage lighting and effects
pinout Luna, Oscar; Torres, Daniel (2002–2009). DMX512 Protocol Implementation Using MC9S08GT60 8-Bit MCU (Application Note 3315) (PDF). Freescale Semiconductor
DMX512
Way in which data is arranged and accessed in computer memory
on a 32-bit machine, a data structure containing a 16-bit value followed by a 32-bit value could have 16 bits of padding between the 16-bit value and
Data_structure_alignment
Cryptography algorithm
authenticated encryption (AEAD) or protocols with message authentication codes chained in MAC-Then-Encrypt order, any bit error should completely abort decryption
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Vista machine running Aero. Later versions of the protocol also support rendering the UI in full 32-bit color, as well as resource redirection for printers
List of Remote Desktop Protocol clients
List_of_Remote_Desktop_Protocol_clients
Global system of connected computer networks
global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network
Internet
Type of shift register
register (NLFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a non-linear function of its previous state. For an n-bit shift register r its next state is defined
Nonlinear-feedback shift register
Nonlinear-feedback_shift_register
Digital audio standard
transmission protocol. It uses a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for each Ethernet frame and a Hamming code scheme can recover from individual bit errors. The
AES50
Efficient variable-length integer encoding
broken into groups of bits of context-dependent size, with the highest bit indicating a continuation, instead of a fixed 7 bits. Protocol Buffers (Protobuf)
LEB128
Computer Society BE—Backend BEEP—Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol BER—Basic Encoding Rules BER—Bit Error Rate BFD—Bidirectional Forwarding Detection BFD—Binary
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Video compression method for HDMI and DisplayPort links
ISO/IEC 29170 interleaved protocol, in which an uncompressed reference image is presented side by side with a rapidly alternating sequence of the compressed
Display_Stream_Compression
Computer encoding of characters
A six-bit character code is a character encoding designed for use on computers with word lengths that are a multiple of 6. Six bits can only encode 64
Six-bit_character_code
Encoding of negative numbers in binary number systems
possible. The rightmost bit represents (−2)0 = +1, the next bit represents (−2)1 = −2, the next bit (−2)2 = +4 and so on, with alternating sign. The numbers
Signed_number_representations
Metalanguage based on Backus–Naur Form (BNF)
easily usable tool for defining the format of communications protocol payload objects and protocol units. It is defined by Internet Standard 68 ("STD 68",
Augmented_Backus–Naur_form
Communications protocol
CAP code - Channel Access Protocol code) is transmitted as 18 bits the actual address is 21-bits long: the remaining three bits are derived from which of
POCSAG
Multidrop serial communication standard
communication protocol; merely an electrical interface. Although many applications use RS-485 signal levels, the speed, format, and protocol of the data
RS-485
Digital signature scheme
description of EdDSA, ignoring details of encoding integers and curve points as bit strings; the full details are in the papers and RFC. An EdDSA signature scheme
EdDSA
serialization formats, various ways to convert complex objects to sequences of bits. It does not include markup languages used exclusively as document file formats
Comparison of data-serialization formats
Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats
Scheme that defines the format of magnet links
IETF URI standards as closely as possible. BitTorrent introduced the btmh: protocol in 2020 as part of its BitTorrent v2 changes. Magnet URIs consist of
Magnet_URI_scheme
Computer networking system
4%. A later advancement, Slotted ALOHA, improved the efficiency of the protocol by reducing the chance of collision, improving throughput to 36.8%. ALOHA
ALOHAnet
Wireless network standard
into the following sub-fields: Protocol Version: Two bits representing the protocol version. The currently used protocol version is zero. Other values
IEEE_802.11
Short-range wireless technology standard
Bluetooth transmission. The Telephony Control Protocol – Binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the
Bluetooth
Telephone transmission carrier system used outside US
several standard telecommunications protocols. This includes channel-associated signaling (CAS) where a set of bits is used to replicate opening and closing
E-carrier
Standard for computer data connections
Controller Interface (XHCI) List of interface bit rates § Peripheral WebUSB DockPort LIO Target Media Transfer Protocol Mobile High-Definition Link Thunderbolt
USB
Digital audiovisual data interface
released on June 25, 2025. The maximum allowed bit rate is increased to 96 Gbit/s and Latency Indication Protocol (LIP) support is added for improving audio
HDMI
Suite of IETF specifications
data exchanged in the Domain Name System (DNS) in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The protocol provides cryptographic authentication of data, authenticated
Domain Name System Security Extensions
Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions
Stream cipher
a proprietary encryption algorithm (stream cipher) and authentication protocol created by NXP Semiconductors for its MIFARE Classic RFID contactless smart
Crypto-1
Digital display interface
DisplayPort Alternate Mode specification for sending DisplayPort signals over a USB-C cable does not include support for the dual-mode protocol. As a result
DisplayPort
Communications protocol standard in FM radio broadcasts
Radio Data System (RDS) is a communications protocol standard for embedding small amounts of digital information in conventional FM radio broadcasts. RDS
Radio_Data_System
Audio and video interface
transmits three 10-bit TMDS characters (i.e., a 24-bit pixel, where each 10-bit TMDS character represents an encoded byte – 8-bits). MHL can also operate
Mobile_High-Definition_Link
Mathematical technique for manipulating signals
slow rate (e.g. millions of bits per second), perhaps generated by software in part of the physical layer of a protocol stack. I/Q data is used to modulate
In-phase and quadrature components
In-phase_and_quadrature_components
Web standards
used for web feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources. Web feeds
Atom_(web_standard)
Methods to break a stream cipher
Stream ciphers, where plaintext bits are combined with a cipher bit stream by an exclusive-or operation (xor), can be secure if used properly.[citation
Stream_cipher_attacks
Numeric value with an unclear meaning
a similar purpose. Examples The OSCAR protocol, used in AIM/ICQ, prefixes requests with 2A. In the RFB protocol used by VNC, a client starts its conversation
Magic_number_(programming)
Block cipher
their inverses in alternate rounds; one of these is the Rijndael S-box. The key schedule processes the key using a 3-round 256-bit Feistel cipher, with
ARIA_(cipher)
Computer program that returns control to a non-multitasking OS without exiting
programming" (PDF). (80 KB) IBM's Interrupt-Sharing Protocol, zip archive, 6.5 KB (Simtel) The Alternate Multiplex Interrupt Specification (AMIS), v.3.5 (zipfile)
Terminate-and-stay-resident program
Terminate-and-stay-resident_program
International environmental treaty
keeping global temperature rise to under 1.5 °C. A hybrid meeting cycle alternating in-person summits with virtual sessions is proposed as a means of enhancing
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
Digital radio modulation mode
PACTOR protocol used and the radio-frequency conditions, PACTOR transmission speeds range from 20 to 5200 bits per second (bit/s; net rate) or 9000 bit/s gross
PACTOR
US military computer network standard
network interface, time-division multiplexing, half-duplex command/response protocol, and can handle up to 31 Remote Terminals (devices); 32 is typically designated
MIL-STD-1553
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
recognized that a generalization of the QAOA process is essentially an alternating application of a continuous-time quantum walk on an underlying graph
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Algorithm
characters, each stored as an 8-bit byte, making a data word of 1088 bits in total. A convenient block size would be 8 bits, although this is not required
Fletcher's_checksum
Ordering of binary values, used for positioning and error correction
binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit). For example, the representation of the decimal value "1"
Gray_code
Family of stream ciphers
by Thomas Johansson and Patrik Ekdahl at Lund University. They have a 512-bit linear feedback shift register at their core, followed by a non-linear output
SNOW
Color encoding system for analogue television
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the
PAL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
Boy/Male
Hindu
Courageous, Warrior
Female
Hebrew
(בַּת-×ֵל) Hebrew name BAT-EL means "daughter of God."
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Elisabet, ERZSÉBET means "God is my oath."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Cool; Alternative of Vimal
Female
English
Pet form of English Katherine, KIT means "pure." Compare with masculine Kit.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : see Bigg.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German
Alternative of God
Boy/Male
American, British, Dutch, English, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Follower of Christ; Nickname for Christopher; Frontiersman Kit Carson; Anointed; Christian
Girl/Female
Muslim
Unique
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BET means "God is my oath."Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Unique
Male
Polish
Polish form of Roman Latin Vitus, WIT means "life."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Song
Boy/Male
British, Dutch, English, Greek
From the Pit
Boy/Male
Hindu
Friend
Male
Russian
(Тит) Russian form of Roman Latin Titus, TIT means "fire; to burn" or "straining."
Male
Scottish
Pet form of medieval Scottish Kester, KIT means "Christ-bearer." Compare with another form of Kit.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Burt.German : habitational name for someone from any of several places in the Rhineland named Birth or Birten.
Male
English
Pet form of English Christopher, KIT means "Christ-bearer." Compare with another form of Kit.
Female
Hebrew
(בַּת-ש×ֶבַע) Variant spelling of Hebrew Bath-Sheba, BAT-SHEVA means "daughter of the oath."
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Well Known Bird; Name of a Tabi
Male
Arthurian
, (healthy); a king who abducts Guinevere.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Divining.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
Lord Shiva
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old English mecca ‘companion’, ‘friend’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Inhabitant
Boy/Male
Arabic
Persian New Year's Day
Boy/Male
Latin
Form of Jovan 'Father of the sky.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Lawyer
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
ALTERNATING BIT-PROTOCOL
n.
Succession by turns; alternation.
v. t.
To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as, to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man.
superl.
Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as, a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride.
inf.
of Wit
v. t.
To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.
v.
A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite.
v.
Somewhat; something, but not very great.
n.
A morsel; a bit.
imp.
of Bite
n.
Alternateness; alternation.
n.
The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear.
imp. & p. p.
of Hit
v. t.
To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat.
a.
Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.