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Biased assessment of an algorithm
Algorithm aversion is defined as a "biased assessment of an algorithm which manifests in negative behaviors, and attitudes towards the algorithm compared
Algorithm_aversion
Sequence of operations for a task
Algorithm aversion Algorithm engineering Algorithm characterizations Algorithmic bias Algorithmic composition Algorithmic entities Algorithmic synthesis
Algorithm
Interactions with artificial intelligence
leads people to reject it. There has been a consistent tendency of algorithm aversion in which people prefer human advice over AI advice. However, people
Human–AI_interaction
Preference of known risks to unknown risks
In decision theory and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks. An ambiguity-averse
Ambiguity_aversion
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
combinatorial game theory, there is a minimax algorithm for game solutions. A simple version of the minimax algorithm, stated below, deals with games such as
Minimax
Search algorithm
Alpha–beta pruning is a search algorithm that seeks to decrease the number of nodes that are evaluated by the minimax algorithm in its search tree. It is an
Alpha–beta_pruning
Machine learning technique
reward function to improve an agent's policy through an optimization algorithm like proximal policy optimization. RLHF has applications in various domains
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Variation of minimax game tree search
search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game. This algorithm relies on the fact that min ( a , b ) = − max ( − b , − a ) {\displaystyle
Negamax
Algorithm in game theory
paranoid algorithm is a game tree search algorithm designed to analyze multi-player games using a two-player adversarial framework. The algorithm assumes
Paranoid_algorithm
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
interacted with each other. Tversky and Kahneman (1995) addressed ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous gambles or choices with ambiguity
Amos_Tversky
Fear of penises or masculinity
narrower sense is a fear of the penis and in a broader sense an excessive aversion to masculinity. Alternative terms for this condition include ithyphallophobia
Phallophobia
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
stable. They presented an algorithm to do so. The Gale–Shapley algorithm (also known as the deferred acceptance algorithm) involves a number of "rounds"
Stable_matching_problem
Decision support tool
event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. Decision trees are
Decision_tree
Dislike of anything that is perceived to be foreign or strange
termed anti-Blackness) is characterized by fear of, hatred of or extreme aversion to Black people and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds, and Black & Colored culture
Xenophobia
Type of stable matching problem
science, particularly in the fields of combinatorial game theory and algorithms, the stable-roommate problem (SRP) is the problem of finding a stable
Stable_roommates_problem
American economist (born 1951)
instability-chaining algorithm proposed by Roth and John H. Vande Vate. The NRMP adopted the new algorithm in 1997. The algorithm is still in use in NRMP
Alvin_E._Roth
Type of cryptocurrency that is reserve backed
causing loss of bank deposits. The capital outflow would be caused by risk aversion of individuals within the developing countries against sudden sharp currency
Stablecoin
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Paradox_of_tolerance
Origin of Optimism, Loss Aversion and Disappointment Aversion". SSRN 3108432. Dawson C, Johnson SG (8 April 2021). "Dread Aversion and Economic Preferences"
List_of_cognitive_biases
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
examples from history and culture that evidence an aversion to hybrid entities, such as the aversion to genetically modified organisms ("Frankenfoods")
Uncanny_valley
Problem in process of sharing surplus
consideration of utility. Some economists have studied the effects of risk aversion on the bargaining solution. Compare two similar bargaining problems A and
Cooperative_bargaining
Negative attitudes and feelings, or hostility towards, poverty and poor people
indigent, poor,' and φόβος (phobos), 'hatred' or 'aversion') is the systematic rejection, aversion, and discriminatory attitudes directed toward individuals
Aporophobia
Game which can have any number of players
theorem that is the basis of tree searching for 2-player games. Other algorithms, like maxn, are required for traversing the game tree to optimize the
N-player_game
Process of selecting a portfolio
the cost of risk, is defined as the portfolio risk multiplied by a risk aversion parameter (or unit price of risk). For return distributions that are Gaussian
Portfolio_optimization
Management concept by Laurence J. Peter
Founder(s) maintaining disproportionate control Negative selection (politics) – Aversion to the success of one's subordinates Parkinson's law – Adage that work
Peter_principle
Standard example in game theory
those with high scores reproduce (a genetic algorithm for finding an optimal strategy). The mix of algorithms in the final population generally depends
Prisoner's_dilemma
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
need not actually determine any details of the perfect play. Provide one algorithm for each of the two players, such that the player using it can achieve
Solved_game
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
in which it is necessary to make two rows to win, while the opposing algorithm only needs one. Quantum tic-tac-toe allows players to place a quantum
Tic-tac-toe
Swiss mathematician and physicist (1700–1782)
the St. Petersburg paradox as the basis of the economic theory of risk aversion, risk premium, and utility. Bernoulli often noticed that when making decisions
Daniel_Bernoulli
Design style and Internet aesthetic
absence of humans in Frutiger Aero art, attributing it to Generation Z's aversion to the anthropocentrism and "oppressive beauty standards" prevalent on
Frutiger_Aero
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
and information markets. Algorithmic game theory and within it algorithmic mechanism design combine computational algorithm design and analysis of complex
Game_theory
Concept in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Shapley_value
Level of information in economics and game theory
is available to all participants. The utility functions (including risk aversion), payoffs, strategies and "types" of players are thus common knowledge
Complete_information
Analysis of the risks and potential benefits of an action
involuntary risk (a risk over which they have no control), they make risk aversion their primary goal. Under these circumstances, individuals require the
Risk–benefit_ratio
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
Babak; Roberts, Stephen (2023). "Guidelines for Building a Realistic Algorithmic Trading Market Simulator for Backtesting While Incorporating Market Impact:
Tit_for_tat
Hand game for two players or more
that matches the last few moves in order to predict the next move of the algorithm. In frequency analysis, the program simply identifies the most frequently
Rock_paper_scissors
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
(1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision
John_von_Neumann
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Conflict_resolution
Financial metric
indication tool as the size of the swap spread reflects the level of risk aversion within the financial markets. Swap spreads is a term coined by economists
Swap_spread
Interdisciplinary field
cortex. One aspect of human decision-making is a strong aversion to potential loss. Under loss aversion, the perceived cost of loss is experienced more intensely
Neuroeconomics
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
bias Conjunction fallacy Dictator game Framing (social sciences) Loss aversion Optimism bias Peak–end rule Planning fallacy Prospect theory Cumulative
Daniel_Kahneman
Enhancement of Alpha–Beta game tree search
is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning, NegaScout is a directional search algorithm for computing
Principal_variation_search
Forex trading
become a copier and discovered that risk aversion is a deciding factor. The higher the subjects' risk aversion, the more likely they are to imitate others
Copy_trading
Situation where total gains match total losses
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Zero-sum_game
Search heuristic for combinatorial games
alpha-beta search to compete in the terms of efficiency against other pruning algorithms. Alpha-beta pruning achieves its performance by using cutoffs from its
Aspiration_window
Aversion to bisexual people
Biphobia or monosexism is aversion toward bisexual people or bisexuality as a sexual orientation. Biphobic prejudice commonly presents as denial that bisexuality
Biphobia
Two-person zero-sum game
framework for searching an unbounded domain, as in the case of an online algorithm, is to use a normalized cost function (called the competitive ratio in
Search_game
Game in economic experiments
et al. (2012) found that, although women generally exhibit greater risk aversion than men, they tended to make lower offers and were more likely to reject
Ultimatum_game
Discrimination against Spanish or Latin Americans
Hispanophobia is the fear, aversion, or hostility directed toward Hispanic or Latin American populations and cultures. In scholarly usage, it is understood
Hispanophobia
Game theory scenario
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Win–win_game
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Deterrence_theory
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
level. Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009), Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations, New York: Cambridge University
Nash_equilibrium
Mathematical model in optimal trade execution
foundational results in the modern theory of algorithmic trading and remains widely used in institutional execution algorithms. The optimal execution problem arises
Almgren–Chriss_model
Portfolio optimization model in finance
investor's utility function is concave and increasing, due to their risk aversion and consumption preference. Analysis is based on single period model of
Markowitz_model
Tendency to give more importance to negative experiences than positive ones
domain of decision-making, specifically as it relates to risk aversion or loss aversion. When presented with a situation in which a person stands to either
Negativity_bias
Concept in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
or battleship. The term strategy is typically used to mean a complete algorithm for playing a game, telling a player what to do for every possible situation
Strategy_(game_theory)
Topics referred to by the same term
breast milk and infant formula The Arrow-Pratt measure of absolute risk aversion Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), a GZK neutrino detector based on the Askaryan
ARA
Aversion towards one's own ethnic group
Endophobia is a neologism understood as the aversion or disdain for the cultural identity and/or phenotypical characteristics of one's own ethnic group
Endophobia
Mathematical framework for investment risk
risky as abnormally low returns. The psychological phenomenon of loss aversion is the idea that investors are more concerned about losses than gains,
Modern_portfolio_theory
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Pareto_efficiency
Concept in game theory
Vazirani, Vijay V.; Nisan, Noam; Roughgarden, Tim; Tardos, Éva (2007). Algorithmic Game Theory (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-87282-0
Incentive_compatibility
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Chicken_(game)
Factors influencing economic decisions
concepts later popularized by modern Behavioral Economic theory, such as loss aversion. Jeremy Bentham, a Utilitarian philosopher in the 1700s conceptualized
Behavioral_economics
Measure of network community structure
Leiden algorithm which additionally avoids unconnected communities. The Vienna Graph Clustering (VieClus) algorithm, a parallel memetic algorithm. Complex
Modularity_(networks)
Notion in combinatorial game theory
a solution algorithm must work for every possible state of the game. It will be upper-bounded by the complexity of any particular algorithm that works
Game_complexity
TV show format
within each game (i.e. their aversion to risk would change), depending on the state of play and relative risk aversion of their confidant on the show
Deal_or_No_Deal
Study of strategic decision making
and study the decision-making process of intelligent agents, including aversion and congestion behavior between two groups of pedestrians, departure time
Mean-field_game_theory
Resource distribution game
of the Colonel Blotto game. This solution, which includes a graphical algorithm for characterizing all the Nash equilibrium strategies, includes previously
Blotto_game
Thought experiment in ethics
selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (40): 17433–17438
Trolley_problem
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
February 2010). "Global markets – US stocks rebound, dollar gains on risk aversion". Reuters. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Stewart, Heather (9 April 2008)
Foreign_exchange_market
Conformance of AI to intended objectives
repeat users' preferred answers (sycophancy). RLHF also led to a stronger aversion to being shut down. One aim of alignment is "corrigibility": systems that
AI_alignment
Mathematical game
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Guess_2/3_of_the_average
Overuse of a shared resource
these leader types are more successful in enforcing cooperation. A general aversion to autocratic leadership exists, although it may be an effective solution
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Aversion to vegetarians and vegans
Vegaphobia, vegephobia, veganphobia, or veganophobia is an aversion to, or dislike of, vegetarians and vegans. The term first appeared in the 2010s, coinciding
Vegaphobia
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
has better algorithms and heuristics could make more rational (closer to optimal) decisions than one that has poorer heuristics and algorithms. And many
Bounded_rationality
Conflict between safety and cooperation
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Stag_hunt
Experimental tool
concerns can constrain information gathering in trust decisions. Betrayal aversion is another major factor that weighs the impact of trust and risk, determining
Dictator_game
Hand game for two or more players
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Concept in economics and game theory
approximation algorithm or the 'competitive ratio' in an online algorithm. This is in the context of the current trend of analyzing games using algorithmic lenses
Price_of_anarchy
Structured parent/caregiver interview used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders
calculated for each of the interview's content areas. When applying the algorithm, a score of 3 drops to 2 and a score of 7, 8, or 9 drops to 0 because
Autism_Diagnostic_Interview
Economic phenomenon
Externality Fabian strategy Fredkin's paradox Free rider problem Greedy algorithm Law of triviality Overexploitation Path dependence Price of anarchy Race
Tyranny_of_small_decisions
Concept in conflict studies
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Conflict_escalation
Concept in game theory
Drives Failure to Maximize Payoffs in the Lab? A Test of the Inequality Aversion Hypothesis". doi:10.2139/ssrn.1895287. S2CID 219374150. SSRN 1895287. {{cite
Non-credible_threat
Economic model
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Stackelberg_competition
Aversion to one's home or homeland
preferring instead a rootless existence founded 'upon nothing.' An extreme aversion to the sacred, and the thwarting of the connection of the sacred to the
Oikophobia
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Winner's_curse
Condition in economics and game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Perfect_information
Sub-field of reinforcement learning
in single-agent reinforcement learning is concerned with finding the algorithm that gets the biggest number of points for one agent, research in multi-agent
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning
In board games that cannot end in a draw, one of the two players has a winning strategy
win, or both sides can force at least a draw". Zermelo's algorithm is a cornerstone algorithm in game-theory; however, it can also be applied in areas
Zermelo's theorem (game theory)
Zermelo's_theorem_(game_theory)
Game theory concept
for an extensive form game from gametheory.net. Kaminski, M.M. Generalized Backward Induction: Justification for a Folk Algorithm. Games 2019, 10, 34.
Subgame_perfect_equilibrium
Quality of a strategy in game theory
Dominance Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009). Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations. New York: Cambridge University
Strategic_dominance
Trigger strategy
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Grim_trigger
doctrine from weapon platform-centric to cyber-centric. This may include algorithmically generated narratives, AI-coordinated social media accounts, and targeted
Chinese information operations and information warfare
Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare
Point in evolutionary space where selection always leads
science. Many algorithms in this field use a form of selection inspired by natural selection to generate results through evolutionary algorithms. This is therefore
Evolutionary_attractor
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
based on risk aversion Optimization models Black–Litterman model – Financial model for portfolio allocation Universal portfolio algorithm – Portfolio selection
Outline_of_finance
Concept in behavioral economics, political theory and behavioral sciences
technology in Algorithmic Regulation. A piece in the Harvard Business Review published in 2021 was one of the first articles to coin the term "Algorithmic Nudging"
Nudge_theory
Simple game studied in game theory
the Nash-equilibrium point. The own-payoff effects are mitigated by risk aversion. Players tend to underestimate high gains and overestimate high losses;
Matching_pennies
Two-player coordination game in game theory
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Gibbs equilibrium Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Markov
Implementation_theory
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Telugu, Traditional
Source of Knowledge
Girl/Female
Armenian, Australian
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Slender; fair. Form of Caelan.
Male
Greek
(Ἠλίας) Greek form of Hebrew Eliyah, ELIAS means "the Lord is my God." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the prophet who lived during the reign of Ahab.
Male
Greek
(ΠαÏαμονος) Contracted form of Greek Paramonimos, PARAMONOS means either "constant, enduring" or "beyond Monimos."Â
Boy/Male
Native American
crow.
Boy/Male
Latin French
Eagle.
Girl/Female
American, Australian
Praiseworthy
Male
English
Short form of English Geoffrey, possibly GEOFF means "God's peace."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from a diminutive of Rudd ‘red’.English : habitational name from a place called Ruddle, near Newnham in Gloucestershire.
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
ALGORITHM AVERSION
n.
See Algorism.
v.
To dislike; to disapprove of; to have aversion to; as, to mislike a man.
n.
The state or condition of being repugnant; opposition; contrariety; especially, a strong instinctive antagonism; aversion; reluctance; unwillingness, as of mind, passions, principles, qualities, and the like.
n.
The quality or condition of being indolent; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil; habitual idleness; indisposition to labor; laziness; sloth; inactivity.
adv.
In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably.
a.
Reciprocally acting or related; reciprocally receiving and giving; reciprocally given and received; reciprocal; interchanged; as, a mutual love, advantage, assistance, aversion, etc.
n.
Extreme disgust; a feeling of aversion, nausea, abhorrence, or detestation.
v. t.
To feel extreme disgust at, or aversion for.
n.
Alt. of Algorithm
v.
Dislike; aversion.
a.
Exciting or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust; odious.
v. i.
To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated.
n.
The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.
n.
Strong aversion; intense dislike; hate; an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil.
a.
Filled with disgust or aversion; averse; unwilling; reluctant; as, loath to part.
v. i.
To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake.
n.
The state or quality of being reluctant; repugnance; aversion of mind; unwillingness; -- often followed by an infinitive, or by to and a noun, formerly sometimes by against.
n.
Dislike; aversion.
n.
The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.
n.
Dislike; disapprobation; aversion.