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Art works resulting from actions by chance
Aleatoricism (or aleatorism) is a term for musical compositions and other forms of art[citation needed] resulting from "actions made by chance". The term
Aleatoricism
Music in which some element of the composition is left to chance
encounter with the Watcher in the Water outside of the gates of Moria. Aleatoricism Algorithmic composition Generative music Meyer-Eppler 1957, p. 55. Jacobs
Aleatoric_music
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
In governance, sortition is the selection of public officials or jurors at random, i.e., by lottery, in order to obtain a representative sample. In ancient
Sortition
Science of characterizing uncertainties
two categories, prominently seen in medical applications. Aleatoric uncertainty Aleatoric uncertainty is also known as stochastic uncertainty, and is
Uncertainty_quantification
Using the back of the bow to play a string instrument
Materiality, Clusters, and Aleatoricism in His Film Music". Flypaper. Retrieved 14 April 2026. Cooke, Michael. Aleatoric Box Notation: Control, Freedom
Col_legno
Latin phrase attributed to Julius Caesar
Greek the word for a single die was κύβος kybos. Ancient Rome portal Aleatoricism List of Latin phrases Also known as Αὐλητρίς (Auletris 'The Courtesan
Alea_iacta_est
Symphony by Witold Lutosławski
1965 and 1967. The work exhibits Lutosławski's technique of "limited aleatoricism", where the individual instrumental parts are notated exactly, but their
Symphony_No._2_(Lutosławski)
Form of art using sound
pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music, and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th
Music
Bosnian music composer
Dino Rešidbegović (born 14 December 1975) is a Bosnian contemporary classical and electroacoustic music composer, pianist, and academic. He studied composition
Dino_Rešidbegović
2016–2019 album series by the Caretaker
and Burial, while production of the later albums was influenced by the aleatoric music of avant-gardist composer John Cage. Everywhere at the End of Time
Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time
Orchestral work by Einojuhani Rautavaara
after breaking with dodecaphony, experimented with tightly controlled aleatoric techniques. These include Garden of Spaces (1971), and Hommage à Zoltán
Cantus_Arcticus
Person who writes music
pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music, and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th
Composer
Original musical piece, or the process of creating such
pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th
Musical_composition
Methods devised to encourage creative actions
Aleatoricism is the incorporation of chance (random elements) into the process of creation, especially the creation of art or media. Aleatoricism is
Creativity_techniques
Type of musical instrument
without human intervention, the sounds they produce are an example of aleatoric music. Aside from varying in material, Aeolian harps come in many different
Aeolian_harp
Randomly determined process
Atrées, and founded CEMAMu. Earlier, John Cage and others had composed aleatoric or indeterminate music, which is created by chance processes but does
Stochastic
1988 symphony by Alan Hovhaness
1 Guitar Concerto No. 2 Lousadzak Family and peers Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (father) Related articles Aleatoric music Holy minimalism Category
Symphony_No._63_(Hovhaness)
American composer and orchestrator
polytonal minimalist works by John Adams and cluster-like as well as aleatoric techniques prominent in the works of composer Witold Lutosławski. In addition
Don_Davis_(composer)
1968 musical composition by Arvo Pärt
Tallinn. The piece employs elements of dodecaphony, sonorism, collage and aleatoric music. It has been called Pärt's "farewell to twelve-tone music". The
Credo_(Pärt)
Australian-born composer, arranger and pianist (1882–1961)
could make random choices from a menu of variations. This experiment in aleatoric composition presaged by many decades the use of similar procedures by
Percy_Grainger
1988 studio album by Nurse with Wound
as well as a long-standing industrial drone record best known for its aleatoric method of composition. FACT ranked it the 54th best album of the 80s with
Soliloquy_for_Lilith
Musical method or technique of composition
composed with the use of chance operations) and Werner Meyer-Eppler's aleatoricism, serialism was enormously influential in postwar music. Theorists such
Serialism
Polish composer and conductor (1913–1994)
developing new, characteristic composition techniques. He introduced limited aleatoric elements, while retaining tight control of his music's material, architecture
Witold_Lutosławski
1967 studio album by the Beatles
"A Day in the Life" consists of four verses by Lennon, a bridge, two aleatoric orchestral crescendos, and an interpolated middle part written and sung
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Sgt._Pepper's_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band
1974 symphony by Alfred Schnittke
is recognised[by whom?] as one of Schnittke's most extreme essays in aleatoric music.[dubious – discuss] From the outset the piece is loud, brash, and
Symphony_No._1_(Schnittke)
Music written to accompany a film
Satie took precise timings for each sequence and created a flexible, aleatoric score of brief, evocative motifs repeated and varied in tempo as required
Film_score
1 Guitar Concerto No. 2 Lousadzak Family and peers Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (father) Related articles Aleatoric music Holy minimalism Category
List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness
List_of_compositions_by_Alan_Hovhaness
Composition by Alan Hovhaness
The music contains elements of melodic pentatonicism and asynchronous aleatoricism, which Hovhaness referred to as "free non-rhythm chaos." Specially recorded
And_God_Created_Great_Whales
German composer (1928–2007)
involving elements of strict organization in all parameters, some degree of aleatoricism and controlled improvisation, together with an interest in collage from
Karlheinz_Stockhausen
Musical artist
(Otá, 2003) Pictures of Soul, with Adam Rudolph (Otá/Meta Records, 2004) Aleatoric Efx (Otá, 2004) Mulatos (Otá, 2004) Mulatos Remix (Otá, 2005) Live à FIP
Omar_Sosa
American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)
philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I
John_Cage
2021 film score by Robert Aiki Aubrey Lowe
also influences avant-garde classical music where he performs them aleatorically. Lowe recorded non-vocal sounds on location, included the buzzing of
Candyman_(soundtrack)
2019 film score by Mark Korven
collaborated with Eggers on his debut film The Witch (2015). It consisted of aleatoric instrumentation that represents the sea and the nature being primarily
The_Lighthouse_(soundtrack)
Pop music that cannot be categorized within traditional musical boundaries
It may incorporate experimental techniques such as musique concrète, aleatoric music, or eclecticism into pop contexts. Often, the compositional process
Experimental_pop
Pioneering Black Modernist composer
(1958) Feathers (1960) Contours for Orchestra (1961) Take a Chance: An Aleatoric Episode (1964) By Yearning and by Beautiful (1964) Evocation (1966) Expansions
Hale_Smith
Orchestral work by Witold Lutosławski
West. However, once Lutosławski embarked on a style marked by heavy aleatoricism in the early 1960s, he attempted to distance himself from the Concerto
Concerto for Orchestra (Lutosławski)
Concerto_for_Orchestra_(Lutosławski)
English post-punk band
listeners). The song was an experiment to see whether John Cage's method of aleatoric composition could be successfully applied to popular music composition
The_Passage_(band)
Overview of music during the 20th century
music Contemporary classical music, covering the period c. 1970–2000 Aleatoric music Electronic music Experimental music Expressionist music Microtonal
20th-century_music
French painter, sculptor, and chess player (1887–1968)
at a concert entitled "Reunion", playing a game of chess and composing Aleatoric music by triggering a series of photoelectric cells underneath the chessboard
Marcel_Duchamp
Music genre
Danger music Industrial music Lowercase music Contemporary/classical music Aleatoric music Free improvisation Indeterminacy in music Noise music Surrealist
Avant-garde_music
Topics referred to by the same term
chance operations may also refer to: Chance operations, the generation of aleatoric music, independent of the composer's will Some Chance Operations, an essay-film
Chance Operations (disambiguation)
Chance_Operations_(disambiguation)
Composition by Eric Whitacre
written two bars, and then play at random as the choir crescendos into an aleatoric section, which is signaled by a loud clap of "thunder". During this time
Cloudburst_(Whitacre)
Organ-like musical instrument
Amsterdam for his instrument, the Componium, which was also capable of aleatoric composition. In 1823, William M. Goodrich copied Mälzel's Panharmonicon
Panharmonicon
Music genre that uses electronic instruments
and with less regard to pitch or rhythm, and influenced by John Cage's aleatoric music [sic] concept. Cosey Fanni Tutti's performance art and musical career
Electronic_music
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
subjective logic abduction compared to probabilistic abduction is that both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty about the input argument probabilities can be
Abductive_reasoning
Type of representation of music
musical notation can be ineffective. Other uses include pieces where an aleatoric or undetermined effect is desired. One of the earliest pioneers of this
Graphic_notation_(music)
1961 composition by Krzysztof Penderecki
optical notation full of thick black lines. At times Penderecki takes an aleatoric approach, offering the players a choice of techniques or demanding irregular
Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima
Threnody_to_the_Victims_of_Hiroshima
Concerto by Alan Hovhaness
1 Guitar Concerto No. 2 Lousadzak Family and peers Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (father) Related articles Aleatoric music Holy minimalism Category
Fantasy on Japanese Woodprints
Fantasy_on_Japanese_Woodprints
Group of works by Pierre Boulez
One motivating force for its composition was Boulez's desire to explore aleatoric music. He published several writings, both criticizing the practice and
Piano_sonatas_(Boulez)
during the game's credits. The developers wanted music that was dark and "Aleatoric in style", ranging from eerie sounds to loud cacophonous sections. As
Music of the Dead Space series
Music_of_the_Dead_Space_series
1964 musical composition by Terry Riley
performer is allowed to omit it or augment its rhythm. In C has elements of aleatoric music due to its improvisatory nature. However, much of its structure
In_C
Estonian composer, flautist, and harpsichordist (1942–1995)
his compositions included serialism, tone clusters, unified field, and aleatoric music. In the latter part of his career he began incorporating traditions
Kuldar_Sink
1957 composition by Henri Pousseur
Scambi (Exchanges) is an aleatoric electronic composition by the Belgian composer Henri Pousseur, realized in 1957 at the Studio di fonologia musicale
Scambi
Variable representing a random phenomenon
in the article on convergence of random variables. Mathematics portal Aleatoricism Algebra of random variables Event (probability theory) Multivariate random
Random_variable
American composer (1940–1990)
in 1975 following a controversially ribald performance of John Cage's aleatoric Song Books by the S.E.M. Ensemble under the aegis of Morton Feldman. It
Julius_Eastman
Irish composer (1921–1995)
hundred works across many genres and styles, including tonal, serial, aleatoric and electroacoustic music. Victory was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1921
Gerard_Victory
Literary genre
simply too obscure or glanced over at the time of release. Such include: Aleatoric art Cybertext Digital poetry Electronic literature Fighting Fantasy Interactive
Ergodic_literature
Changes in musical form during the early 20th century
Joe, Jeongwon, and S. Hoon Song. 2002. "Roland Barthes' 'Text' and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?". Muzikologija
Modernism_(music)
Technique in musical composition
Reissued 1992 on Smithsonian/Folkways CD DF 40804/5 (2 CDs). Process music Aleatoric music Pritchett 1993, 108. Simms 1986, 357. Peyser 2008, 193. Boulez 1957
Indeterminacy_(music)
English indie rock band
shoegazing style of playing, with even more effects pedals and a chromatic/aleatoric sound. Bands they have recently been compared to are the likes of the
The_Chapman_Family
20th-century symphony by Alan Hovhaness
1 Guitar Concerto No. 2 Lousadzak Family and peers Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (father) Related articles Aleatoric music Holy minimalism Category
Symphony_No._2_(Hovhaness)
Singaporean Abstract Expressionist Artist
spontaneous application of pigments, as expressed through brushwork and aleatoric effects such as drips. This series demonstrates an "inexorable move toward
Wong_Keen
One hundred years, from 1901 to 2000
branched out into many completely new domains, including dodecaphony, aleatoric (chance) music, and minimalism. Tango is created in Argentina and became
20th_century
American composer and conductor (1900–1990)
Electronic music seemed to have "a depressing sameness of sound", while aleatoric music was for those "who enjoy teetering on the edge of chaos". As he
Aaron_Copland
Comedic music genre
14th century, puzzle canons of the Renaissance and Baroque eras, and aleatoric music of the 20th century. An example of this is Baude Cordier's 'Belle
Comedy_music
American poet
radicalized "quietude" of Yvor Winters, or the aleatoric music and chance procedures of John Cage. (see also: Aleatoricism) Ratcliffe never strayed far from the
Stephen_Ratcliffe
Theorem in probability theory
\left(\operatorname {E} [Y\mid \theta ]\right),} often referred to as “aleatoric” (within-model) vs. “epistemic” (between-model) uncertainty. Credibility
Law_of_total_variance
Survival horror game
Graves. Graves worked with Veca to create a soundtrack that was dark and "Aleatoric in style", taking inspiration from the work of Christopher Young and the
Dead_Space_(2008_video_game)
Instrument that uses electronic circuits to make sound
and with less regard to pitch or rhythm, and influenced by John Cage’s aleatoric music concept. Much of this manipulation of circuits directly, especially
Electronic_musical_instrument
Canadian composer (1935–2024)
four-scene opera is based on an Icelandic legend and employs atonality and aleatoric and improvisational techniques. The world premiere of the opera was given
Jack_Behrens
Greek-French composer, architect and engineer (1922–2001)
between borders may be generated using a form of random walk to create both aleatoric timbres and musical forms. Further material may be generated by then refeeding
Iannis_Xenakis
Cuban composer, conductor, and classical guitarist (born 1939)
remained close to the rhythms of Cuban music, while later he was drawn to aleatoric music. During the 1960s and 70s, he became interested in the music of
Leo_Brouwer
Interpretation of probability
models including uncertainty resulting from lack of information (see also aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty). The need to determine the prior probability
Bayesian_probability
Post-1945 period in classical music
experimented with means of abdicating control, exploring indeterminacy or aleatoric processes in smaller or larger degrees. Technological advances led to
Contemporary_classical_music
2025 piano competition
2025). "#Chopin2025 Aleatoryzm (jeszcze) kontrolowany?" [#Chopin2025 Aleatoricism (still) controlled?]. Ruch Muzyczny (in Polish). Retrieved 22 October
XIX International Chopin Piano Competition
XIX_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition
2022 film score by Michael Abels
the unnerving sequences. Abels described that most of the music being aleatoric and improvised on paper, with specific instructions provided for the music
Nope_(soundtrack)
Interdisciplinary theory
focuses on tonal music of the European tradition and does not address aleatoric or non-Western musical systems. To make the model accessible to nonmusicians
Embodied_cognition
whistling, shouting, screaming and falsetto. Henze's score features aleatoric elements, "fields" in which pitches and sounds are specified, but leaving
El_Cimarrón_(Henze)
Musical work and musical form
Branimir Sakač's Aleatory Prelude (1961) call on electronic resources and aleatoric techniques. Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–1888) wrote a set of 25 preludes
Prelude_(music)
Music genre
futurism dada fluxus sound poetry indeterminacy sound art found sound aleatoric music actionism Cultural origins Early-to-mid-1970s, United Kingdom, United
Industrial_music
Music genre
and Europe Derivative forms Electroacoustic improvisation Other topics Aleatoric music ambient music experimental rock glitch music noise music post-rock
Free_improvisation
Musical composition typically for a soloist with accompaniment
mystery. It also displays a partial return to melody after the composer's aleatoric period. Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin has written six piano concertos
Concerto
Digital poetry and art game
machine predicting how the reader will die, and has been described as "an aleatoric gambling machine predicting the cause, nature, and aftermath of the player's
This_is_How_You_Will_Die
1960 aleatoric composition by Toshi Ichiyanagi
Music for Electric Metronomes is an avant-garde aleatoric composition written in 1960 by Japanese composer Toshi Ichiyanagi for any number of performers
Music_for_Electric_Metronomes
American composer (born 1970)
together, Julian (b. 2020). A trademark of Whitacre's pieces is the use of aleatoric and indeterminate sections, as well as unusual score instructions involving
Eric_Whitacre
German Jesuit scholar and polymath (1602–1680)
graphs. Kircher also employed combinatorics in his Arca Musarithmica, an aleatoric music device capable of composing millions of church hymns by combining
Athanasius_Kircher
Techniques used in surrealism
water. As the material cools it takes on what appears to be a random (or aleatoric) form, though the physical properties of the materials involved may lead
Surrealist_techniques
examples of the anti-genre in literature might include meta-fiction or aleatoricism, but there is lack of contemporary scholarship on the topic to resolve
Anti-genre
1983 video game
which the worm has already been trained. As the worms move, they generate aleatoric music. David Maynard developed the game for his Atari 800 in the fig-Forth
Worms?
1971 film by Roman Polanski
Duncan is assassinated and Macbeth is killed. Polanski and the band used aleatoric music for these scenes, to communicate chaos. In the United States, the
Macbeth_(1971_film)
1992 symphony by Alan Hovhaness
1 Guitar Concerto No. 2 Lousadzak Family and peers Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian (father) Related articles Aleatoric music Holy minimalism Category
Symphony_No._66_(Hovhaness)
American music technician and keyboardist
auxiliary musician throughout "Drums" and "Space", the band's signature aleatoric music segments. Accordingly, he played a key role in their integration
Bob_Bralove
some element of the composition is left to chance, is known as aleatoric music. Aleatoric music is primarily associated with classical composers like John
Stamping_Mill
Art movement
technique included the use of polytonality, polyrhythm, tone clusters, aleatoric elements, and quarter tones. Edgard Varèse wrote highly dissonant pieces
20th-century_classical_music
German physicist
frequently on the subject of electronic music, introducing the term “aleatoric” with respect to concepts of statistical shaping of sounds based on his
Werner_Meyer-Eppler
Romanian musician and artist
influences, Florian was increasingly inspired by the classics of electronic, aleatoric or minimal music: Léon Theremin, Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz
Mircea_Florian_(musician)
2002–2003 album series by William Basinski
without it. In a listicle from Tiny Mix Tapes, Keith Kawaii notes that its aleatoric elements "separated the artist from his art", creating a piece of "non-art"
The_Disintegration_Loops
Set of cards intended to promote creativity
composer Anna Meredith. The cards were edited by writer Alistair Fruish. Aleatoric music Fluxus § Event score I Ching Lateral thinking The Lookout (album)
Oblique_Strategies
Italian composer (1924-1990)
he criticised and distanced himself from the composers of chance and aleatoric music, then in vogue, under the influence of American models such as John
Luigi_Nono
Norwegian musician
neoclassicism and expressionism. It later assimilated twelve-tone and aleatoric influences, creating what Mortensen termed a "neo-serial" style. From
Finn_Mortensen
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
Boy/Male
Muslim
Well known bird name of a t
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Fawley.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Forest; Grove
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Finnish, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish
Noble and Bright; Form of Albert; Noble; Bright; Majestic Wolf; Noble Famous
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Lord
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God helps.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place named Byford, from Old English byge ‘bend’ + ford ‘ford’. There is one such on the Wye near Hereford.English : topographic name for someone who lived by a ford, from Middle English by ‘by’, ‘beside’ + ford.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Norfolk named Beckham, from the Old English byname Becca (see Beck 4) + Old English hÄm ‘homestead’.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Expectation, Hope
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM
ALEATORICISM