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DNA sequencing method
5-base sequencing refers to the detection of five nucleotide bases in DNA, including the four standard bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)
5-base_sequencing
Method of DNA sequencing developed in 1977
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides
Sanger_sequencing
DNA / RNA sequencing technique
Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers — specifically, polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA. Nanopore
Nanopore_sequencing
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer, DNA sequencing has
DNA_sequencing
Method used for sequencing random DNA strands
chain-termination method of DNA sequencing ("Sanger sequencing") can only be used for short DNA strands of 100 to 1000 base pairs. Due to this size limit
Shotgun_sequencing
DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing
different from that of Sanger sequencing—also known as capillary sequencing or first-generation sequencing—which is based on electrophoretic separation
Massively_parallel_sequencing
2 base encoding to decode the raw data generated by the sequencing platform into sequence data. This method should not be confused with "sequencing by
ABI_Solid_Sequencing
DNA sequencing method
Illumina dye sequencing is a technique used to determine the series of base pairs in DNA, also known as DNA sequencing. The reversible terminated chemistry
Illumina_dye_sequencing
Sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once
Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing or just genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety of the DNA sequence
Whole_genome_sequencing
International scientific research project (1990–2003)
project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome
Human_Genome_Project
Examines sequence information from individual cells
about 2 x 3.3 billion base pairs of DNA and 600 million mRNA bases. Usually, a mix of millions of cells is used in sequencing the DNA or RNA using traditional
Single-cell_sequencing
Scientific instrument that automates the DNA sequencing process
A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA, a DNA sequencer is used to determine the
DNA_sequencer
Lab technique in cellular biology
annotated 5' and 3' gene boundaries. Recent advances in RNA-Seq include single cell sequencing, bulk RNA sequencing, 3' mRNA-sequencing, in situ sequencing of
RNA-Seq
Sequencing of all the exons of a genome
Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome
Exome_sequencing
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing is a next-generation sequencing technology used to determine the DNA methylation status of single cytosines by treating
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing
Whole_genome_bisulfite_sequencing
Method of DNA sequencing
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is based on nucleobase-specific
Maxam–Gilbert_sequencing
Measurement in DNA sequencing
different sequencing methods. Perhaps the most important use of Phred quality scores is the automatic determination of accurate, quality-based consensus
Phred_quality_score
Method for sequencing DNA
Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing is a parallelized single molecule DNA sequencing method. Single-molecule real-time sequencing utilizes a zero-mode waveguide
Single-molecule real-time sequencing
Single-molecule_real-time_sequencing
Lab procedure detecting 5-methylcytosines in DNA
Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern
Bisulfite_sequencing
American biotechnology company
Illumina currently offers microarray-based products and services for an expanding range of genetic analysis sequencing, including SNP genotyping, gene expression
Illumina,_Inc.
Method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA
ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
ChIP_sequencing
single-base variations. The type of sequencing by hybridization described above has largely been displaced by other methods, including sequencing by synthesis
Sequencing_by_hybridization
Laboratory technique for DNA methylation profiling
pyridine borane sequencing or TAPS is a laboratory technique in epigenetics for high-throughput profiling of DNA methylation at a single base-pair resolution
TET-assisted pyridine borane sequencing
TET-assisted_pyridine_borane_sequencing
Single-molecule sequencing technology
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing technology that uses transmission electron microscopy techniques. The method
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing
Transmission_electron_microscopy_DNA_sequencing
Transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) combines transposon insertional mutagenesis with massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of the transposon insertion
Transposon_sequencing
DNA sequencing
Third-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods that have the capability to produce substantially
Third-generation_sequencing
Method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA
CUT&Tag-sequencing, also known as cleavage under targets and tagmentation, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. CUT&Tag-sequencing combines
CUT&Tag_sequencing
Biotechnology company
Sciences was a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut that specialized in high-throughput DNA sequencing. It was acquired by Roche in 2007
454_Life_Sciences
Molecular biology technique
ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin
ATAC-seq
between the bases of the two strands. Sequencing by ligation relies upon the sensitivity of DNA ligase for base-pairing mismatches. The target molecule
Sequencing_by_ligation
Sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a protein
Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide. This may serve to identify the
Protein_sequencing
DNA sequencing method
Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA.
Ion_semiconductor_sequencing
Preparation and analysis method for DNA
rate of standard next-generation sequencing platforms is 10−2 to 10−3 per base call. With this error rate, billions of base calls that are produced by NGS
Duplex_sequencing
Measure of the completeness of DNA sequencing
Genomic coverage, the percentage of all base pairs or loci of the genome covered by sequencing. Even though the sequencing accuracy for each individual nucleotide
Coverage_(genetics)
American biotechnology company
platforms: single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT), based on the properties of zero-mode waveguides and sequencing by binding (SBB) chemistry, which
Pacific_Biosciences
Biological theory
but the latter are primarily concerned with algorithmic issues. Sequencing theory is based on elements of mathematics, biology, and systems engineering,
DNA_sequencing_theory
DNA sequencing method
Circular consensus sequencing (CCS) is a DNA sequencing method that is used in conjunction with single-molecule real-time sequencing to yield highly accurate
Circular_consensus_sequencing
Method of DNA sequencing
non-electrophoretic DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) method based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed
Pyrosequencing
DNA sequencing technology
sequences on the DNA template. The base order is determined via the fluorescence of the bound nucleotides This DNA sequencing method allows large numbers of
DNA_nanoball_sequencing
In DNA sequencing, a read is an inferred sequence of base pairs (or base pair probabilities) corresponding to all or part of a single DNA fragment. A
Read_(biology)
Genetic point mutation that results in an amino acid change in a protein
not recognize a C-A base mismatch due to tautomerization allowing the base structures to be compatible. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has changed the
Missense_mutation
Quantitative, genome-wide transcriptomic technique
technique based on the barcoding of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA molecules. Unlike standard bulk RNA-seq, where short sequencing reads are
3'_mRNA-seq
Chain-elongating inhibitor of DNA polymerase
chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing. They are also known as 2',3' because both the 2' and 3' positions on
Dideoxynucleotide
Item sequences in computational linguistics
J. Craig; Fields, Chris (1993). "A quality control algorithm for dna sequencing projects". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (16): 3829–3838. doi:10.1093/nar/21
N-gram
Disease in which fibrous connective tissue turns into bone
trauma, and infections can decrease life expectancy. FOP is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, imaging studies, and genetic testing
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibrodysplasia_ossificans_progressiva
Discipline in genetics
cells. Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and
Genomics
American biotechnology company
data. A ≥300-base median-length run takes approximately 20 hours to complete. The UG 100's chemistry differs from traditional sequencing-by-synthesis
Ultima_Genomics
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin, containing the sequence of interest, is bound between a magnetic
Single-molecule magnetic sequencing
Single-molecule_magnetic_sequencing
transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies) based on next-generation sequencing technologies. This technique is largely dependent on bioinformatics
List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools
Biochemical method in mass spectrometry
In mass spectrometry, de novo peptide sequencing is the method in which a peptide amino acid sequence is determined from tandem mass spectrometry. Knowing
De_novo_peptide_sequencing
next generation sequencing (NGS) experiments. These are computational techniques, and are in contrast to special experimental methods based on known population-wide
SNV_calling_from_NGS_data
Scientific technique used in analysing DNA
Polony sequencing is an inexpensive but highly accurate multiplex sequencing technique that can be used to “read” millions of immobilized DNA sequences
Polony_sequencing
Chinese biotechnology company
provides a line of products and technologies that serves the genetic sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets. Its headquarters
MGI_(company)
Degradome sequencing (Degradome-Seq), also referred to as parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE), is a modified version of 5'-Rapid Amplification of cDNA
Degradome_sequencing
File format for sequences and quality scores
become the de facto standard for storing the output of high-throughput sequencing instruments such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer. A FASTQ file has four
FASTQ_format
Sequences remaining within RNA after RNA splicing
5% of the total genome, this process is more cost efficient and fast as it involves sequencing around 40 million bases rather than the 3 billion base
Exome
Study of genes found in the environment
cultivation-based methods can reveal. Metagenomics is distinct from Amplicon sequencing, also referred to as Metabarcoding or PCR-based sequencing. The main
Metagenomics
products are identified by high throughput sequencing. This method allows for resolution of up to a single base pair for any protein binding site within
ChIP-exo
2026 outbreak on cruise ship
African officials began precautionary contact tracing. By 4 May, gene sequencing had identified the Andes virus in at least one infected person. On 6 May
MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak
MV_Hondius_hantavirus_outbreak
2 Base Encoding, also called SOLiD (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by Applied
2_base_encoding
MicroRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), a type of RNA-Seq, is the use of next-generation sequencing or massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencing to sequence
MicroRNA_sequencing
American software development company
Adventures in Sequencing with Max/MSP" is a book written by Gregory Taylor and released by Cycling '74 in 2018. It is about step-based sequencing tools and
Cycling_'74
Range of methods designed for assigning cell types
be divided into two modalities, those based in next-generation sequencing for gene detection, and those based in imaging. Some common approaches to resolve
Spatial_transcriptomics
Group of subcortical nuclei involved in the motor and reward systems
Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats". The Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (10): 2039–2051. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI
Basal_ganglia
Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Method
Drop-Seq is a high-throughput, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology used to analyze the mRNA expression of thousands of individual cells by
Drop-Seq
Molecule that carries genetic information
the alleged parent is biologically related to the child. Usually DNA sequencing are carried out after birth, but there are new methods to test paternity
DNA
Methylation process
Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) is an efficient and high-throughput technique for analyzing the genome-wide methylation profiles on
Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing
Reduced_representation_bisulfite_sequencing
Method for immune repertoire sequencing
TCR-Seq (T-cell Receptor Sequencing) is a method used to identify and track specific T cells and their clones. TCR-Seq utilizes the unique nature of a
Tcr-seq
Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells. It is a biochemical laboratory
Cancer_genome_sequencing
Two nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds
approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA". National Human Genome Research Institute. 2024-08-24. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (October
Base_pair
American company
Genomics is a personal genomics company based in San Francisco, California. It offers a whole-genome sequencing service. Nebula Genomics was co-founded
Nebula_Genomics
challenging tasks in genome sequencing as most modern DNA sequencing technologies can only produce reads that are, on average, 25–300 base pairs in length. This
Hybrid_genome_assembly
Chemical compound
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a DNA pyrimidine nitrogen base derived from cytosine. It is potentially important in epigenetics, because the hydroxymethyl
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
Laboratory technique
Patch-sequencing (patch-seq) is a modification of patch-clamp technique that combines electrophysiological, transcriptomic and morphological characterization
Patch-sequencing
Chinese genome sequencing company
In 2010, BGI bought 128 Illumina HiSeq 2000 gene-sequencing machines, which was backed by US$1.5 billion in "collaborative funds" over the next 10 years
BGI_Group
Genome of a female Hereford cow
Hereford cow was published in 2009. It was sequenced by the Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes
Bovine_genome
Method for analyzing DNA methylation using enzymes
Biolabs as an alternative to whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and related bisulfite-based methods. Milder enzymatic reaction conditions were intended
Enzymatic_methyl-seq
Method of DNA sequence reconstruction
(e.g., the human genome) base pairs. Subsequent to these efforts, several other groups, mostly at the major genome sequencing centers, built large-scale
Sequence_assembly
Measure of divergence between populations
year (rate of mutation) = time since divergence Recent advancement in sequencing technology and the availability of comprehensive genomic databases and
Genetic_distance
Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
DNA sequencing is still a non-trivial problem as the raw data may be noisy or affected by weak signals. Algorithms have been developed for base calling
Bioinformatics
Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
technique include DNA cloning for sequencing, gene cloning and manipulation, gene mutagenesis; construction of DNA-based phylogenies, or functional analysis
Polymerase_chain_reaction
American geneticist (born 1942)
PMID 265521 DNA SEQUENCING AND GENE STRUCTURE, Walter Gilbert Nobel lecture, 8 December, 1980 Maxam AM, Gilbert W, Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific
Allan_Maxam
Method used to analyse protein interactions with DNA
MNase-seq, short for micrococcal nuclease digestion with deep sequencing, is a molecular biological technique that was first pioneered in 2006 to measure
MNase-seq
Cellular biology lab technique
(Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing) is a method for performing RNA sequencing along with gaining quantitative and qualitative
CITE-Seq
traits, precision medicine, and research in evolutionary biology. By using sequencing and computational analysis, genetic sequences can be examined to locate
Genome_informatics
Molecular biology sequencing technique
Fiber-seq is a molecular biology multiplexed sequencing assay capturing genomic and epigenomic information for individual chromatin fibers. It achieves
Fiber-Seq
Class of large biomolecules essential to all known life
nucleobase-pairs helps to keep and send coded instructions as genes. In RNA, base-pair sequencing helps to make new proteins that determine most chemical processes
Nucleic_acid
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory
Gene
DNA visualization technique
method has since been integral to the assembly process of many large-scale sequencing projects for both microbial and eukaryotic genomes. Later technologies
Optical_mapping
American scientist and entrepreneur
Avantome was founded to develop and commercialize semiconductor-based DNA sequencing during the race for the $1,000 genome. Born to Egyptian immigrant
Helmy_Eltoukhy
affect its ability to base-pair with thymidine or uracil, so N6-methyladenosine (m6A) cannot be detected using standard sequencing or hybridization methods
Epitranscriptomic_sequencing
Small RNA sequencing (Small RNA-Seq) is a type of RNA sequencing based on the use of NGS technologies that allows to isolate and get information about
Small_RNA_sequencing
Era of predictive and personalized medicine
of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome (WGS) is roughly one thousand USD. It is also the
$1,000_genome
American cell biologist
established 5.4 million base pair genome. Despite earlier skepticism, nanopore sequencing is now accepted as a viable third generation sequencing method.
David_W._Deamer
Method for neuronal projection mapping
MAPseq or Multiplexed Analysis of Projections by Sequencing is a RNA-Seq based method for high-throughput mapping of neuronal projections. It was developed
MAPseq
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or Strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell's parental template strands.
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing
Single-cell_DNA_template_strand_sequencing
Branch of genomics concerned with the genome of an individual
genomics or consumer genetics is the branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing, analysis and interpretation of the genome of an individual. The genotyping
Personal_genomics
DNA sequencing method
employs a series of Sanger sequencing reactions to either confirm the reference sequence of a known plasmid or PCR product based on the reference sequence
Primer_walking
Chemical compound or ion
DNA sequencing techniques are then used to read the sequence of the bisulfite-treated DNA. Those cytosines that are read as cytosines after sequencing represent
Bisulfite
Analysis technique of genes
dynamics—all previously masked in bulk RNA sequencing. The development of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microarrays has made gene expression
Single-cell_transcriptomics
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
Male
Hindi/Indian
Variant form of Hindi Vasu, BASU means "dweller."
Male
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name BANE means "long-awaited child."
Surname or Lastname
French and Swiss (French part)
French and Swiss (French part) : metonymic occupational name for a baker, from Old French bise ‘large round loaf’.English and Scottish : perhaps a variant of Biss. Compare Beese, Bice, Buys, Buys.
Female
Yiddish
(בַ×ש×ֶע) Variant spelling of Yiddish Basha, BASHE means "daughter of God."
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : variant spelling of Bay.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from a Middle English survival of the Old English personal name Bad(d)a, which is of uncertain origin, perhaps a short form of the various compound names with the first element beadu ‘battle’.North German : from a short form of a Germanic personal name composed with badu ‘strife’, ‘battle’.North German : occupational name from Middle Low German bade ‘messenger’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Base
Boy/Male
Tamil
Base
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
5 Head of Snake
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French bas(se) ‘low’, ‘short’ (Latin bassus ‘thickset’; see Basso), either a descriptive nickname for a short person or a status name meaning ‘of humble origin’, not necessarily with derogatory connotations.English : in some instances, from Middle English bace ‘bass’ (the fish), hence a nickname for a person supposedly resembling this fish, or a metonymic occupational name for a fish seller or fisherman.Scottish : habitational name from a place in Aberdeenshire, of uncertain origin.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a maker or player of bass viols, from Polish, Ukrainian, and Yiddish bas ‘bass viol’.German : see Basse.
Male
English
Short form of English Basil, BAS means "king" or "basil (the herb)."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Prosperous, Dweller
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Anglo-Norman French cas(s)e ‘case’, ‘container’ (from Latin capsa), hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker of boxes or chests.Americanized spelling of French Caisse.Americanized spelling of Kaas.Americanized spelling of German Käse, a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of cheese. Compare Kaeser.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Midlands)
English (East Midlands) : variant of Bayes.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Smiling
Surname or Lastname
German
German : nickname for a swift runner or a timorous person, from Middle High German, Middle Low German hase ‘hare’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Hase ‘hare’.English : from a Middle English nickname, Hase, from Old English hÄs ‘harsh, raucous, or hoarse voice’.Japanese : usually written with characters meaning ‘long valley’; habitational name from a place in Yamato (now Nara prefecture). Listed in the Shinsen shÅjiroku. Some bearers are descended from the Taira clan; they are found mainly in eastern Japan. Also pronounced Nagaya and Nagatani; the original pronunciation was Hatsuse, meaning ‘beginning of the strait’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bach 3.Americanized spelling of German or Jewish Basch.Americanized spelling of Slovenian Baš (see Bas 3).
Female
Egyptian
, Child of Bast.
Female
English
English pet form of Greek Barbara, BABE means "foreign; strange." Compare with masculine Babe.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Eye-sight, Wisdom, Sight
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
Male
French
Old French form of Latin Johan, JEHAN means "God is gracious."
Female
Russian
(Ирина) Russian form of Greek Eirênê, IRINA means "peace."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Arshpreet | à®…à®°à¯à®·à¯à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¤
Boy/Male
English
Seeking Peace
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Mountain Strength
Girl/Female
British, English
Noble Waterfall
Female
Turkish
Turkish name TÃœLAY means "new moon."
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant of Slater.
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Famous
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : from a plural or genitive form of Castle.
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
5 BASE-SEQUENCING
n., a., & v.
See Base.
pl.
of Bass
a.
To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower.
n.
Same as Prison base.
imp. & p. p.
of Base
n.
A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars.
n.
Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass.
a.
Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.
a.
Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs.
a.
Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.
n.
To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon.
a.
Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations.
a.
Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant.
n.
A box, sheath, or covering; as, a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book.
n.
The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue.
a.
Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin.
n.
The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms.
n.
A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base.