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Theory in international relations
Weaponized interdependence is a theory in international relations that describes how states can leverage asymmetrical interdependence within global production
Weaponized_interdependence
Study of the interrelations of economics, geography and politics
such thing. Naturally, they frequently break that promise." "Weaponized interdependence" is a term defined by Henry Farrell and Abraham L. Newman. Farrell
Geoeconomics
Concept in international relations
peace among states, disrupting world order. In the concept of weaponized interdependence (see section below), liberal scholars Keohane and Nye suggest
Complex_interdependence
Mutual dependence of parties that trade within an economic system
ways in which interdependence can contribute to conflict between states. For example, through their work on "weaponized interdependence", Abraham Newman
Economic_interdependence
American political scientist and professor
finance. Most recently, Newman and Henry Farrell coined the term “weaponized interdependence” to describe the ways in which states are increasingly using economic
Abraham_L._Newman
2022 nonfiction book by Chris Miller
industry's modest origins in Silicon Valley to its current state of "weaponized interdependence", concentrated primarily near the Taiwan Strait. Kirkus Reviews
Chip_War
Irish-american political scientist
major contribution has been in his work with Abraham Newman on weaponized interdependence. Henry Farrell grew up in Ireland; first in Dublin, then in a
Henry Farrell (political scientist)
Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)
Concept in international relations
ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019-07-01). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Power (international relations)
Power_(international_relations)
Study of global economic governance
Oatley, Thomas (2021). "Weaponized International Financial Interdependence". The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence. Brookings Institution Press
International political economy
International_political_economy
International relations theory
ctt7ztkw2. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019-07-01). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Capitalist_peace_theory
Financial telecommunication network
February 2026. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (July 2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
SWIFT
Financial penalties applied by nations
ISSN 1094-2939. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Economic_sanctions
American journalist
University Press. ISBN 9780521643320. The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence. Brookings Institution Press, 2021. Drezner, Daniel W. (March
Daniel_W._Drezner
States, preferring to describe the Special Relationship as one of "interdependence". Polaris had not been designed to penetrate anti-ballistic missile
Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom
Economic policy in which governments raise military spending to boost economic growth
greater discretionary power. This type of economy is linked to the interdependence between welfare and warfare states, in which the latter feeds the former
Military_Keynesianism
Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
that economic interdependence makes war between trading partners less likely. In contrast, realists claim that economic interdependence increases rather
International relations theory
International_relations_theory
Study of relationships between states
neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations rely on the idea of sovereignty
International_relations
American political scientist (1937–2025)
1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored
Joseph_Nye
Series of connected links which are typically made of metal
a human or animal. Chains can also symbolize interconnectivity or interdependence. Unicode, in versions 6.x, contains the U+1F517 🔗 LINK SYMBOL, which
Chain
Romanian nuclear weapons program
nuclear proliferation in Central and Eastern Europe?". Regional Security Interdependence. Masaryk University Press. pp. 110–130. "Nuclear Power in Romania |
Danube_Program
President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
categories of violent felons." It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control
Bill_Clinton
Country in East Asia
"China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity". International Security. 47 (2): 135–176. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00447
China
Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor
Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries
Globalization
American author and advocate against nuclear weapons (1943–2014)
28–93. Comment on the Pentagon Papers (June 26, 1971) Comment on the interdependence of the United States and the Soviet Union, displayed in latest Middle
Jonathan_Schell
American political scientist (born 1947)
China's unpeaceful rise, with some political scientists citing economic interdependence theory or Confucianism to dispute his realist views. Mearsheimer wrote
John_Mearsheimer
Fictional Dwarf in The Lord of the Rings
and treasure". In their view, he and his Dwarves also illustrate the interdependence of nations through their networks of trade and allies; the varied "relationships
Gimli_(Middle-earth)
Alliance between different states with the purpose to cooperate militarily
"What Allies Want: Reconsidering Loyalty, Reliability, and Alliance Interdependence". International Security. 44 (4): 45–83. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00375.
Military_alliance
International observance, 22 April
the Earth." The term Mother Earth is used because it "reflects the interdependence that exists among human beings, other living species and the planet
International Mother Earth Day
International_Mother_Earth_Day
7th episode of the 5th season of The Twilight Zone
notion of overreliance on technology on its head" by suggesting an interdependence with machines when it is revealed that a man-made computer has been
The_Old_Man_in_the_Cave
Buddhist philosophical metaphor
Hinduism. Indra's Net symbolizes the universe as a web of connections and interdependences [...] I seek to revive it as the foundation for Vedic cosmology and
Indra's_net
President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
(2007). "On Cowboys and Welfare Queens: Independence, Dependence, and Interdependence at Home and Abroad". Journal of American Studies. 41 (3): 599–621.
Ronald_Reagan
French automatic rifle/Light machine gun
semi-automatic rifles, some with scopes. This differentiation induces an interdependence of the men which increases the psychological resistance superior to
Chauchat
Nuclear-powered attack submarine class
Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problem of Reforms, Modernisation and Interdependence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-48543-0. Archived from the original on 1
Type_091_submarine
Financial-economic agreement reached in 1944
the development of a high level of monetary interdependence. The stage was set for monetary interdependence by the return to convertibility of the Western
Bretton_Woods_system
2025 book by Edward Fishman
” arguing that states cannot simultaneously sustain deep economic interdependence, safeguard economic security, and engage in geopolitical competition
Chokepoints
1986 protest in the United States
front page and page 10. Gonzalez, Cindy. "Peace Marchers Declare 'Interdependence'", Omaha World-Herald, July 2, 1986, page 25. "Offutt peace demonstration
Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament
Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament
American political scientist
importance of state power in international economic affairs amid complex interdependence. Gilpin argued that states were still the key actors in the realm of
Robert_Gilpin
Weapon
1958 Anglo-American Mutual Defence Agreement: The Search for Nuclear Interdependence". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 31 (3): 425–466. doi:10.1080/01402390802024726
Trident (UK nuclear programme)
Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)
Diplomatic forum for EU-US Trade and Tech
of connectivity traps, supply chain vulnerabilities and weaponized technology interdependence have become a common geostrategic concern in both Brussels
Trade_and_Technology_Council
List of environmental and other issues affecting life on Earth
28 March 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018. "Issues of resilience, interdependence and growth affect global climate change risk". Carbon Brief. 20 February
List_of_global_issues
Act or event that provokes or is used to justify war
nationalism, domestic political regime type and leadership change, economic interdependence and trade, territory, climate change-induced scarcity, and so on".
Casus_belli
was a mature dark fantasy storyline, focusing on themes of love, the interdependence of good and evil, and clashing values. Maehiro created the world first
Characters of Final Fantasy XVI
Characters_of_Final_Fantasy_XVI
Concept in sociology
The large effect size and causal design demonstrated that behavioral interdependence is a key concern in multi-officer-involved shootings 2026: In Minneapolis
Contagious_shooting
Nuclear weapons security pact
1958 Anglo-American Mutual Defence Agreement: The Search for Nuclear Interdependence". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 31 (3): 425–466. doi:10.1080/01402390802024726
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
US–UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement
Creation of new problems with progress
problems, and global climate change are symptoms that highlight the interdependence of current national economies and ecologies. The problem has deep historical
Progress_trap
Park located in Nagasaki, Japan
the plaque reads: "The seven human figures represent continents. The interdependence of the figures symbolizes global peace and solidarity." "Triumph of
Nagasaki_Peace_Park
International relations theory
democracies include arguments revolving around institutions, commerce, interdependence, alliances, US world dominance and political stability. There are instances
Democratic_peace_theory
Hindu Pancharatra text
rakshas, yantras and yoga. It mentions castes and periods of life, interdependence of two higher castes, and provides its characterization of the ideal
Ahirbudhnya_Samhita
Defunct American nuclear weapons manufacturing site in Colorado
to delay the Safeguard Program. Senator Robert Byrd highlighted the interdependence of the AEC sites such as Los Alamos, Hanford, and Rocky Flats. Only
Rocky_Flats_Plant
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963
foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration
Harold_Macmillan
Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group
Parsis largely dominated sea shipping trade. This led to religious interdependence, tolerance, assimilation and community cohesion ultimately becoming
Gujarati_people
Measures taken to ensure mutual safety
liberal thought. Economic liberalism assumes that economic openness and interdependence between countries makes them more peaceful than countries who are isolated
International_security
2010 treaties between United Kingdom and France
sharing and pooling of materials and equipment including through mutual interdependence, the building of joint facilities, mutual access to each other's defence
Lancaster_House_Treaties
Early leader of the Haitian Revolution (1741–1801)
slave rebellion in modern history. Haiti's independence exposed an interdependence between slave emancipation and the construction of a sovereign state
Georges_Biassou
Military occupation by Israel since 1967
Rule of Law". In Del Sarto, Raffaella A. (ed.). Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union Triangle
Israeli occupation of the West Bank
Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank
Sanskrit scripture, One of major eighteen Puranas
God and the world. The Brahmavaivarta Purana emphasizes the unity, interdependence and inseparability of the feminine and the masculine, through Radha
Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana
Country in East Africa
the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives. Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan
South_Sudan
Southern African philosophy
Ubuntu. Even with the various definitions, Ubuntu encompasses the interdependence of humans on one another and the acknowledgment of one's responsibility
Ubuntu_philosophy
Award
and North America, and labouring to deepen our understanding of the interdependence of nations and the dangers of nationalism." J. William Fulbright (1905–1995)
1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize
Problem in nuclear reactor start-up
239Pu, required for nuclear weapons, and would lead to investigations and punishment of the reactor operators. The interdependence of 135Xe buildup and the
Iodine_pit
1968–1996 British nuclear weapons programme
States, preferring to describe the Special Relationship as one of "interdependence". As had been feared, the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, vetoed
Polaris (UK nuclear programme)
Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)
Organization successful in avoiding catastrophes where accidents are expected due to risk
variety of components, systems, and levels. Tight coupling – reciprocal interdependence across many units and levels. Distinguishable hierarchy – multiple
High_reliability_organization
7591/9781501738128. ISBN 0801495210. Robert 0. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), p. 19. Ernst Haas, "Technological Self-Reliance
International_regime
Bioethicist and author
Cooperation, and was cited in their 2019 report "The Age of Digital Interdependence." From 2020-2024, Wendell was a Carnegie-Uehiro Fellow at the Carnegie
Wendell_Wallach
American diplomat
PassBlue. Retrieved 30 May 2025. "John Kelley | Global Interdependence Center". www.interdependence.org. Retrieved 30 May 2025. "Remarks by John Kelley,
John_Kelley_(diplomat)
ultimately harmoniously brought together in the seasons of the year, the interdependence of river (up-stream and down-stream) and land, the tilling of the earth
Mythology_of_Indonesia
Italian teacher and founder of the Focolare Movement (1920–2008)
public address, in Rome, on the occasion of the second international Interdependence Day. At the beginning of the 1990s, at the urging of Bishop Klaus Hemmerle
Chiara_Lubich
American social psychologist (1920–2017)
career; the "Theory of Cooperation and Competition", which studies interdependence among goals (cooperative versus competitive) and types of actions taken
Morton_Deutsch
Politico-religious ideology
Saudi Arabia). According to one theory – "inclusion-moderation" – the interdependence of political outcome with strategy means that the more moderate the
Islamism
First part of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy
language, ownership, counsel, authority, psychic influence, and material interdependence – all the media of the community's interchange are perverted and falsified"
Inferno_(Dante)
Military unit
centered on Special Operations Forces integration, interoperability, and interdependence. This was the first time in two decades that a MEU had earned and been
26th Marine Expeditionary Unit
26th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit
U.S. state
their society, and the wampum is another example of environmental interdependence within Connecticut Native Nations. Dutchman Adriaen Block was the first
Connecticut
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
agricultural goods, as well as diplomatic ties progressively deepened their interdependence. Geopolitical powers of the time relied on variations of the palace
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Air operation
fuel consumption began when the first aircraft was launched. This interdependence encouraged launch of all available aircraft in the shortest possible
Launch_and_recovery_cycle
Structured criminal groups
and their victims; and, organizations open systems: High levels of interdependence between themselves and the environment in which they operate. There
Organized_crime
Winners of satirical science award
November 2021). "Honesty and dishonesty in gossip strategies: a fitness interdependence analysis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
List of Ig Nobel Prize winners
List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
that costs will be imposed on the adversary Entanglement and interdependence: interdependence between actors can have a deterrent effect There is a risk
Deterrence_theory
1956 British nuclear tests in Western Australia
Although Britain strove for independence, at the same time it sought interdependence, in the form of a renewal of the nuclear Special Relationship with
Operation_Mosaic
Military theory
Robert M. Webster and Muir S. Fairchild at ACTS studied the industrial interdependence of the United States as a model for targeting an aggressor enemy state
Industrial_web_theory
Couples awarded the Nobel Prize
and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." (awarded together
List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize
List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize
Important figure in early Buddhism
Liz Wilson concludes that the story is an example of cooperation and interdependence between the sexes: both the Buddha and Aṅgulimāla's mother help to
Aṅgulimāla
Norwegian sovereign-wealth fund
system has had several key effects on states, especially in regard to interdependence and sovereignty. The erosion of fully independent socioeconomic structures
Government Pension Fund of Norway
Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway
2005 video game
by 1UP.com, was equally praised by reviewers, many appreciating the interdependence of the classes and strategic gameplay. Several reviews closed remarking
Day_of_Defeat:_Source
Rule of Law". In Del Sarto, Raffaella A. (ed.). Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union Triangle
Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel
Theme in Tolkien's writing
and treasure". In their view, he and his Dwarves also illustrate the interdependence of nations through their networks of trade and allies; the varied "relationships
Economy_of_Middle-earth
1998 diplomatic visit by the Chinese leader
through the Japan-China Joint Communique. Realizing both sides’ economic interdependence, a meeting between foreign ministers in September 1996 marked the beginning
State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan
State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan
South African anti-Apartheid activist (born 1935)
art collection, which relayed its dedication to humanity and social interdependence in the newly democratic South Africa. His appointment inspired initial
Albie_Sachs
Humanist worldview
Manifesto II (1973) A Secular Humanist Declaration (1980) A Declaration of Interdependence(1988) "IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism" (1996) "Humanism: Why, What
Humanist_Manifesto
German political and economic term
civilize. The idea is that with trade will come dialogue, and that interdependence makes conflict less likely. Montesquieu wrote "wherever the ways of
Wandel_durch_Handel
American developmental psychologist (born 1950)
commonly known); group-mindedness (prescriptive feeling of belonging, of interdependence, of self-monitoring following general, impersonal expectations); and
Michael_Tomasello
Academic and cultural exchange treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union
of the isolated country and promote detente through cooperation and interdependence. This was paired with the potential for technological, scientific,
Lacy-Zarubin_Agreement
Philosophy concept in computing
Future Challenges". Information Technology and Society Interaction and Interdependence. Proceedings of 23rd Interdisciplinary Information Management Talks
Computer_ethics
Ethnic group
construct that ignored the shared language, culture, and deep historical interdependence between the Hima and Iru, leaving a legacy of formalized stratification
Hima_people
Branch of law concerning the natural environment
(development cannot be considered in isolation from sustainability) and "interdependence" (social and economic development, and environmental protection, are
Environmental_law
1796 battle between Bzhedug-Shapsug aristocrats and commoner militia
William (November 2018 – May 2019). "Social Revolution in Circassia: The Interdependence of Religion and the World-System". Kafkasya Çalışmaları - Sosyal Bilimler
Battle_of_Bziyiqo
Composite form of the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati
ascetic Shiva into marriage and the wider circle of worldly affairs. The interdependence of Shiva on his power (Shakti) as embodied in Parvati is also manifested
Ardhanarishvara
Political ideology within liberalism
caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive
Social_liberalism
Idea that all human beings are members of a single community
currently separating people and emphasizing an understanding of our interdependence with nature and each other.[citation needed] Some forms of cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitanism
1789–1799 sociopolitical change in France
simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence." One suggestion is that after a century of persecution, some French
French_Revolution
2011 video game
backlash by the Chinese Ministry of Culture and the reality of economic interdependence between America and China that made the Chinese "not that scary," according
Homefront_(video_game)
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
Boy/Male
Hindu
Weaponed soldier, Jain God, Short form of parshvanath, rd tirthankara in jainism
Boy/Male
Hindu
Weaponed soldier, Jain God, Short form of parshvanath, rd tirthankara in jainism
Boy/Male
Tamil
Parshv | பாரà¯à®·à¯à®µÂ
Weaponed soldier, Jain God, Short form of parshvanath, rd tirthankara in jainism
Parshv | பாரà¯à®·à¯à®µÂ
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Weaponed with a Plough
Boy/Male
Tamil
Parshva | பாரà¯à®·à¯à®µÂ
Weaponed soldier, Jain God, Short form of parshvanath, rd tirthankara in jainism
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Emotions
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Goddess Parvati's Inspration
Male
African
an obscure Ethiopian king.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Dominant, Exalted, Upright
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Murugan
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an unattested Old English female personal name, StÄnhild, composed of the elements stÄn ‘stone’ + hild ‘strife’, ‘battle’.English : possibly a habitational name from Stone Hill in Kent, named in Old English with stÄnig ‘stony’ + helde ‘slope’.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Reap; from Therasia.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sheelangi | ஷிலஂகீ
Good characte, Strong like a stone
Girl/Female
Biblical
Reckoned, prepared.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian
Bright
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
n.
The quality of correlation; reciprocation; interchange; interaction; interdependence.
n.
Mutual dependence.
n.
The mere ranging of propositions one after another, without indicating their connection or interdependence; -- opposed to syntax.
a.
Furnished with weapons, or arms; armed; equipped.