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In robotics, Vector Field Histogram (VFH) is a real time motion planning algorithm proposed by Johann Borenstein and Yoram Koren in 1991. The VFH utilizes
Vector_Field_Histogram
Graphplan Probabilistic roadmap Rapidly-exploring random tree Theta* Vector Field Histogram AdaBoost Almeida–Pineda recurrent backpropagation ALOPEX Alternating
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Israeli roboticist
obstacle avoidance, and is credited with the development of the Vector Field Histogram. Borenstein received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and D.Sc. degrees in mechanical
Johann_Borenstein
Feature descriptor used in computer vision
The histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection. The
Histogram of oriented gradients
Histogram_of_oriented_gradients
Computational problem
approach Probabilistic roadmap Rapidly-exploring random tree Theta* Vector Field Histogram Dubins path Velocity obstacle Visibility graph A motion planner
Motion_planning
User illusion UWA Telerobot Vanessa Kensington Vecna Technologies Vector Field Histogram Vectorman Velocity obstacle Victor Scheinman Vijay Kumar (roboticist)
Index_of_robotics_articles
Descriptor of computer vision
center). This histogram can be seen as a 256-dimensional feature vector. Optionally normalize the histogram. Concatenate (normalized) histograms of all cells
Local_binary_patterns
Models used to produce word embeddings
length of each word vector. We have V ∈ R d × D {\displaystyle V\in \mathbb {R} ^{d\times D}} . For example, multiplying the word histogram {"the": 2, "cat":
Word2vec
Processes of altering images
rasterize a vector image than to vectorize a raster image; how to go about vectorizing a raster image is the focus of much research in the field of computer
Image_editing
Method of data analysis
space are a sequence of p {\displaystyle p} unit vectors, where the i {\displaystyle i} -th vector is the direction of a line that best fits the data
Principal_component_analysis
Generalization of the one-dimensional normal distribution to higher dimensions
normal distribution to higher dimensions. One definition is that a random vector is said to be k-variate normally distributed if every linear combination
Multivariate normal distribution
Multivariate_normal_distribution
same histograms while the shown content differs extremely, e. g. a picture of the sea and a beach can have the same histogram as one of a corn field and
Shot_transition_detection
Feature detection algorithm in computer vision
becomes a vector of all the values of these histograms. Since there are 4 × 4 = 16 histograms each with 8 bins the vector has 128 elements. This vector is then
Scale-invariant feature transform
Scale-invariant_feature_transform
Israeli-American engineering academic
doi:10.1115/1.2836820. Borenstein, J.; Koren, Y. (1991). "The vector field histogram-fast obstacle avoidance for mobile robots" (PDF). IEEE Transactions
Yoram_Koren
Topic in computer vision concerned with artificial color vision and object recognition
rather than uniform. Histogram specification transforms the red, green and blue histograms to match the shapes of three specific histograms, rather than simply
Color_normalization
Directional statistical diagram
(also called circlegrams, since they are closely related to circular histograms, phasor diagrams, and wind roses), are statistical graphics that serve
Raleigh_plot
Statistical concept
who had speculated in 1893 (in Tarter and Lock) that asymmetry in the histogram of these ratios could signal evolutionary divergence. Pearson's approach
Mixture_model
Approach in data analysis
to build a histogram with the training data or a set of known normal instances, and if a test point does not fall in any of the histogram bins mark it
Anomaly_detection
Overview of and topical guide to computer vision
History of computer vision Image denoising Image histogram Inpainting Super-resolution imaging Histogram equalization Tone mapping Retinex Gamma correction
Outline_of_computer_vision
Measurable property or characteristic
as Bayesian approaches. In character recognition, features may include histograms counting the number of black pixels along horizontal and vertical directions
Feature_(machine_learning)
widgets in addition to text. Histogram. In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. A histogram is the graphical version of
Glossary_of_machine_vision
Piece of information about the content of an image
descriptor or feature vector. Among the approaches that are used to feature description, one can mention N-jets and local histograms (see scale-invariant
Feature_(computer_vision)
Estimate of an unobservable underlying probability density function
clustering techniques, including vector quantization. The most basic form of density estimation is a rescaled histogram. We will consider records of the
Density_estimation
Graphical technique for data sets
as graphical techniques. These include: scatter plots spectrum plots histograms probability plots residual plots box plots, and block plots Graphical
Plot_(graphics)
Number of available physical states per energy unit
the system is discretized. Each time the bin i is reached one updates a histogram for the density of states, g ( i ) {\displaystyle g(i)} , by g ( i ) →
Density_of_states
Algorithmic processing of digitally-represented images
(1+4+6+28+30+2+3+2+2)) = 9 Gray Level Histogram method Generally, given a gray level histogram from an image as below. Changing the histogram to a uniform distribution
Digital_image_processing
Measure of covariance of components of a random vector
matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of a given random vector. Intuitively, the covariance matrix generalizes the notion of variance to
Covariance_matrix
Type of diagnosis assisted by computers
appeared in 11 out of 40 recently (since 2011) published primary research. Histogram equalization is useful in enhancing contrast within an image. This technique
Computer-aided_diagnosis
Partitioning a digital image into segments
methods are used in industry including the maximum entropy method, balanced histogram thresholding, Otsu's method (maximum variance), and k-means clustering
Image_segmentation
Measure of linear correlation
set to form the coordinates of an n-dimensional vector, and computing the cosine between these two vector directions. This expression is therefore a number
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
Concept in statistics mathematics
viewed as a generalisation of histogram density estimation with improved statistical properties. Apart from histograms, other types of density estimators
Multivariate kernel density estimation
Multivariate_kernel_density_estimation
time difference T between successive returns is recorded in a histogram. This histogram is normalised to sum to unity, to form an estimate of the recurrence
Recurrence period density entropy
Recurrence_period_density_entropy
Computer technology related to computer vision and image processing
framework based on Haar features Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features Neural network approaches: OverFeat
Object_detection
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithms
Mean-field particle methods are a broad class of interacting type Monte Carlo algorithms for simulating from a sequence of probability distributions satisfying
Mean-field_particle_methods
Statistical method
orthogonal projections of the data vectors, their length will be less than or equal to the length of the projected data vector, which is unity. The square of
Factor_analysis
Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average
column vector of n {\displaystyle n} random variables X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}} , and c {\displaystyle c} as a column vector of
Variance
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
example, the k-means algorithm represents each cluster by a single mean vector. Distribution models: clusters are modeled using statistical distributions
Cluster_analysis
Desktop application for working with geographic data
and remote sensing: statistics, filters, histogram, scale range, enhance, save to raster file, vectorization, Region of Interest (ROI) definition, general
GvSIG
Concept in machine learning
neural networks Logistic regression Perceptron Relevance vector machine (RVM) Support vector machine (SVM) Clustering BIRCH CURE Hierarchical k-means
Double_descent
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
as a scalar or vector β {\displaystyle \beta } . The independent variables, which are observed in data and are often denoted as a vector X i {\displaystyle
Regression_analysis
Fundamental theorem in probability theory and statistics
(namely that of the normal distribution). This means that if we build a histogram of the realizations of the sum of n independent identical discrete variables
Central_limit_theorem
Statistical modeling method
assumes that the relationship between the dependent variable y and the vector of regressors x is linear. This relationship is modeled through a disturbance
Linear_regression
Unit of information
typically represented as numbers or characters that may be further processed. Field data is data that is collected in an uncontrolled, in-situ environment.
Data
Overview of and topical guide to statistics
deviation Correlation Polychoric correlation Outlier Statistical graphics Histogram Frequency distribution Quantile Survival function Failure rate Scatter
Outline_of_statistics
Concept in statistics
In statistics, the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLMs) was proposed to enlarge the scope of models catered for by generalized linear models
Vector generalized linear model
Vector_generalized_linear_model
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
optimization. The problem is to minimize (or maximize) functions of some vector that often has many dimensions. Many problems can be phrased in this way:
Monte_Carlo_method
hammered or plucked string or some types of percussion Adaptive histogram equalization: histogram equalization which adapts to local changes in contrast - Contrast
List_of_algorithms
Newton-Raphson and Broyden. Descriptive Statistics, Order Statistics, Histogram, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling
Math.NET_Numerics
Circular statistical graph of proportionality
equivalent to a modern circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed, was published
Pie_chart
Statistical method
called a "bootstrap estimate"). We now can create a histogram of bootstrap means. This histogram provides an estimate of the shape of the distribution
Bootstrapping_(statistics)
Approximation method in statistics
is an iteration number, and the vector of increments Δ β j {\displaystyle \Delta \beta _{j}} is called the shift vector. In some commonly used algorithms
Least_squares
Application of statistical techniques to biological systems
reflects the outbreak of Zika virus in the birth rate in Brazil. The histogram (or frequency distribution) is a graphical representation of a dataset
Biostatistics
Test of normality in frequentist statistics
{\displaystyle (a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})={m^{\mathsf {T}}V^{-1} \over C},} where C is a vector norm: C = ‖ V − 1 m ‖ = ( m T V − 1 V − 1 m ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle
Shapiro–Wilk_test
Categorization of data using statistics
termed features (grouped into a feature vector), and the possible categories to be predicted are classes. Other fields may use different terminology: e.g.
Statistical_classification
Collection of statistical models
typically limited to dogs that are adult, pure-bred, and exemplary. A histogram of dog weights from a show is likely to be rather complicated, like the
Analysis_of_variance
Fragile X syndrome Frameshift Frameshift mutation Fraternal twin Frequency histogram Fruiting body Full gene sequence Functional genomics Fundamental number
Index_of_genetics_articles
Correlation of a signal with a time-shifted copy of itself, as a function of shift
random vector X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } . The autocorrelation matrix is used in various digital signal processing algorithms. For a random vector X =
Autocorrelation
Topical guide to object recognition
"Recognition without Correspondence using Multidimensional Receptive Field Histograms". International Journal of Computer Vision. 36 (1): 31–50. doi:10
Outline_of_object_recognition
Distance function defined between probability distributions
T(x)} , define the unit velocity vector v z {\displaystyle v_{z}} . This produces a vector field. The vector field cannot have curl in it, since if there
Wasserstein_metric
Mathematical technique
algorithm would create a confidence map in the new image based on the color histogram of the object in the previous image, and use mean shift to find the peak
Mean_shift
Method by which information is represented in the brain
several times and the neuronal response is reported in a Peri-Stimulus-Time Histogram (PSTH). The time t is measured with respect to the start of the stimulation
Neural_coding
Method used in statistics, pattern recognition, and other fields
related to Fisher's linear discriminant, and was created to binarize the histogram of pixels in a grayscale image by optimally picking the black/white threshold
Linear_discriminant_analysis
Function of the observed sample results
tests is common practice in academic publications of many quantitative fields, misinterpretation and misuse of p-values is widespread and has been a major
P-value
linear model grouped data histogram An approximate graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. A histogram displays this distribution
Glossary of probability and statistics
Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics
Mathematical function for the probability a given outcome occurs in an experiment
Conditional probability distribution Empirical probability distribution Histogram Joint probability distribution Probability measure Quasiprobability distribution
Probability_distribution
Experiment methodology
controlled experiment, in which a number of samples (e.g. A and B) of a single vector-variable are compared. A/B tests are widely considered the simplest form
A/B_testing
Process of using data analysis for predicting population data from sample data
inference Induction (philosophy) Informal inferential reasoning Information field theory Population proportion Philosophy of statistics Prediction interval
Statistical_inference
Statistical distribution for dependence between random variables
under the name permutons and doubly-stochastic measures. Consider a random vector ( X 1 , X 2 , … , X d ) . {\displaystyle \ {\bigl (}X_{1},X_{2},\dots
Copula_(statistics)
Statistical methods for comparing samples
and confidence interval estimation (a Wald test). It is used in various fields to compare success rates, response rates, or other proportions across different
Two-proportion_Z-test
Statistics concept
expectation operator defined on a vector space, in this case the tangent space of the manifold. The intrinsic bias vector field of the SCM estimator R ^ {\displaystyle
Estimation of covariance matrices
Estimation_of_covariance_matrices
Study of high-dimensional data
emergence of many modern data sets in which the dimension of the data vectors may be comparable to, or even larger than, the sample size, so that justification
High-dimensional_statistics
Statistical model for a binary dependent variable
follows: The regression coefficients β0, β1, ..., βm are grouped into a single vector β of size m + 1. For each data point i, an additional explanatory pseudo-variable
Logistic_regression
Open-source algorithm library
point using a multidimensional histogram of values. Some of other descriptors in the library are Viewpoint Feature Histogram (VFH) descriptor, NARF descriptors
Point_Cloud_Library
Signal processing technique
{\displaystyle \sigma } is changed adaptively based on the values of the histogram of the gradient magnitude so that a certain percentage of pixels have
Compressed_sensing
Mathematical relation assigning a probability event to a cost
a fixed but possibly unknown state of nature, X {\displaystyle X} is a vector of observations stochastically drawn from a population, E θ {\displaystyle
Loss_function
Probabilistic model
distributions are commonly used, namely, Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. Both families encompass the properties of factorization and independences
Graphical_model
Type of statistics
distribution may also be depicted in graphical or tabular format, including histograms and stem-and-leaf display. When a sample consists of more than one variable
Descriptive_statistics
Relative measure of dispersion expressed as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean
the precision and repeatability of an assay. It is also commonly used in fields such as engineering or physics when doing quality assurance studies and
Coefficient_of_variation
Statistical transformation
chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q–Q plot Radar chart Run chart Scatter plot Stem-and-leaf display
Fisher_transformation
Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution
median is defined for vectors defined with respect to a fixed set of coordinates. A marginal median is defined to be the vector whose components are univariate
Median
Sequence of data points over time
preceding acronyms are extended by including an initial "V" for "vector", as in VAR for vector autoregression. An additional set of extensions of these models
Time_series
Type of average of a collection of numbers
1 {\displaystyle 1} ), it can be defined on a convex space, not only a vector space. Statistician Churchill Eisenhart, senior researcher fellow at the
Arithmetic_mean
Algorithmically generated data that have a similar distribution as sampled data
fully algorithmically generated. Synthetic data is used in a variety of fields as a filter for information that would otherwise compromise the confidentiality
Synthetic_data
Way of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices
of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices. If we have two vectors X = (X1, ..., Xn) and Y = (Y1, ..., Ym) of random variables, and there
Canonical_correlation
Dividing things between two categories
random fields for efficient semantic labeling of 3D point clouds" (PDF). IROS. Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor. An Introduction to Support Vector Machines
Binary_classification
Study of collection and analysis of data
and estimation theory defines a random sample as the random vector given by the column vector of these IID variables. The population being examined is described
Statistics
{qF(r)}{\hbar }}} where F is the electric field, E(k) is the energy dispersion relation, and k is the momentum wave vector. To solve the above equation, one needs
Monte Carlo methods for electron transport
Monte_Carlo_methods_for_electron_transport
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable
regression attempts to determine a formula that can describe how elements in a vector of variables respond simultaneously to changes in others. For linear relations
Multivariate_statistics
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
mathematician and scholar Ibn al-Haytham. He conducted his experiments in the field of optics—going back to optical and mathematical problems in the works of
Experiment
Geometric algorithms for signal processing
{\displaystyle G} behave as vector fields. Thus, the equation is characterized by a d t {\displaystyle dt} vector field F {\displaystyle F} and a d Y
Projection_filters
Interpretation of probability
based on it ), Bayesian methods are widely accepted and used, e.g., in the field of machine learning. The use of Bayesian probabilities as the basis of Bayesian
Bayesian_probability
Kth smallest value in a statistical sample
{f}}} In contrast to the bandwidth/length based tuning parameters for histogram and kernel based approaches, the tuning parameter for the order statistic
Order_statistic
Mathematical model used for classification or regression
(meta-algorithm) Conditional random fields Linear regression Computer vision Random forests k-nearest neighbors algorithm Support Vector Machines Decision Tree Learning
Discriminative_model
Statistical technique correcting sampling bias
is employed and D = 0 otherwise), Z is a vector of explanatory variables, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is a vector of unknown parameters, and Φ is the cumulative
Heckman_correction
Variable representing a random phenomenon
time, a random vector is a random function of some index set such as 1 , 2 , … , n {\displaystyle 1,2,\ldots ,n} , and a random field is a random function
Random_variable
Higher-order factor analysis Higher-order statistics Hirschman uncertainty Histogram Historiometry History of randomness History of statistics Hitting time
List_of_statistics_articles
Multivariate statistical technique
genetic variability otherwise overlooked. sPCA has been applied in various fields, including geography, ecology and genetics. sPCA was introduced in 2008
Spatial Analysis of Principal Components
Spatial_Analysis_of_Principal_Components
Type of statistical measure over subsets of a dataset
This is also known as Anti-aliasing [citation needed] In the financial field, and more specifically in the analyses of financial data, a weighted moving
Moving_average
Image edge detection algorithm
method has to be adapted to use value/count pairs instead of a complete histogram. While the traditional Canny edge detection implements a good detection
Canny_edge_detector
Concept in probability theory and statistics
vector eX (denoted rX in the accompanying graph), have a zero scalar product with the vector z generated by Z. This means that the residuals vector lies
Partial_correlation
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from Middle English feldes, plural or possessive of feld ‘open country’. This name is also found as a translation of equivalent names in other languages, in particular French Deschamps, Duchamp.
Boy/Male
English
In the field.
Male
Russian
(Cyrillic Виктор): Slavic form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." In use by the Bulgarians, Russians and Serbians. Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
English
Short form of English Sylvester, VESTER means "from the forest."
Boy/Male
Australian, Basque, Czech, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Polish, Slovenia, Swedish, Swiss, Ukrainian
The Conqueror; Victory; Victorious; Conquer
Boy/Male
Latin American Spanish
Conqueror.
Male
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese form of Roman Latin Victor, VITOR means "conqueror."
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Romanian, Slovenia, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Tamil, Ukrainian
Victorious; Conqueror; Winner; Champion; One who Conquers; Victory
Male
Greek
(á¼ÎºÏ„ωÏ) Variant spelling of Greek Hektor, EKTOR means "defend; hold fast."
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Eachann, HECTOR means "brown horse." Compare with another form of Hector.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Field.
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Latin Hector, HEITOR means "defend; hold fast."
Surname or Lastname
Scottish
Scottish : Anglicized form of the Gaelic personal name Eachann (earlier Eachdonn, already confused with Norse Haakon), composed of the elements each ‘horse’ + donn ‘brown’.English : found in Yorkshire and Scotland, where it may derive directly from the medieval personal name. According to medieval legend, Britain derived its name from being founded by Brutus, a Trojan exile, and Hector was occasionally chosen as a personal name, as it was the name of the Trojan king’s eldest son. The classical Greek name, HektÅr, is probably an agent derivative of Greek ekhein ‘to hold back’, ‘hold in check’, hence ‘protector of the city’.German, French, and Dutch : from the personal name (see 2 above). In medieval Germany, this was a fairly popular personal name among the nobility, derived from classical literature. It is a comparatively rare surname in France.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
A Field
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on land which had been cleared of forest, but not brought into cultivation, from Old English feld ‘pasture’, ‘open country’, as opposed on the one hand to æcer ‘cultivated soil’, ‘enclosed land’ (see Acker) and on the other to weald ‘wooded land’, ‘forest’ (see Wald).Possibly also Scottish or Irish : reduced form of McField (see McPhail).Jewish (American) : Americanized and shortened form of any of the many Jewish surnames containing Feld.
Boy/Male
English American
Doctor; teacher.
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
Arthurian
, sir Hector de Maris; (defender).
Male
English
Roman Latin name VICTOR means "conqueror."Â
Boy/Male
Spanish
Victor.
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
Girl/Female
American, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Greek, Irish, Latin
Pure; Torture
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, German
Fertile Upland; Place Name; Fertile Moor
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sai Pratap | ஸாஈபà¯à®°à®¤à®¾à®ªÂ
Blessing of Saibaba
Boy/Male
German American Anglo Saxon English
Resolute or brilliant.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Sapphire, Blue stone, Precious stone
Girl/Female
Indian
Pray of Lord Shiva
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Chashshuwb, HASSHUB means "considerate." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a son of Pahath-moab.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Straight, Pertinent
Girl/Female
Muslim
Famous, Known, Noted, Celebrated
Male
Greek
(Αθος) Contracted form of Greek Athanasios, ATHOS means "immortal." In mythology, this is the name of an ancient mountain god, one of the Gigantes. It is also the name of a mountain in Greece containing an ancient monastic site.
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
VECTOR FIELD-HISTOGRAM
n.
A term made up of the two parts / + /1 /-1, where / and /1 are vectors.
v. i.
To take the field.
n.
A belly, or protuberant part; a broad surface; as, the venter of a muscle; the venter, or anterior surface, of the scapula.
v. t.
To use with full command or power, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to manage; to handle; hence, to use or employ; as, to wield a sword; to wield the scepter.
v. i.
To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball.
v. t.
To permit; to grant; as, to yield passage.
n.
A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar.
n.
The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland; sometimes, the head of a college; as, the Rector of Exeter College, or of Lincoln College, at Oxford.
a.
Pertaining to a rector or a rectory; rectoral.
n.
The whole surface of an escutcheon; also, so much of it is shown unconcealed by the different bearings upon it. See Illust. of Fess, where the field is represented as gules (red), while the fess is argent (silver).
adv.
To, in, or on the field.
n.
A woman who wins a victory; a female victor.
n.
An African weaver bird (Textor alector).
n.
Same as Radius vector.
v. t.
To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor.
a.
Open, like a field.
n.
The turning factor of a quaternion.
n.
The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; -- so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor.
v. t.
To tamper with and arrange for one's own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as, to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky.
a.
Relating to an open fields; drowing in a field; growing in a field, or open ground.