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In linguistic typology, transitive alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment used in a small number of languages in which a single grammatical
Transitive_alignment
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
ergative–absolutive alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the subject of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Grammatical relationship between arguments
morphosyntactic alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject and object) of transitive verbs
Morphosyntactic_alignment
Concept of sentence structure in linguistics
nominative–accusative alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of intransitive verbs are treated like subjects of transitive verbs, and
Nominative–accusative alignment
Nominative–accusative_alignment
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
ergative-absolutive alignment languages, in which the argument of an intransitive verb patterns with either the agent argument of the transitive (in accusative
Tripartite_alignment
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
typology, active–stative alignment (also split intransitive alignment or semantic alignment) is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the sole argument
Active–stative_alignment
Verb that entails a transitive object
A transitive verb is a verb that entails one or more transitive objects, for example, 'enjoys' in Amadeus enjoys music. This contrasts with intransitive
Transitive_verb
Grammatical case
agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages. Ergative–absolutive alignment contrasts with nominative–accusative alignment in which subjects
Ergative_case
Topics referred to by the same term
Morphosyntactic alignment, the linguistic system used to distinguish between the arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs Parallel text alignment, the identification
Alignment
Verb that does not entail a direct object
whose context does not entail a transitive object. That lack of an object distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more
Intransitive_verb
Proposed concept in linguistic typology
typology, but it is widely understood to involve different grammar for transitive predications according to the relative positions of their "subject" and
Direct–inverse_alignment
Pamir language of Afghanistan and Tajikistan
roles are not – that is, a typical nominative–accusative alignment. See transitive alignment for examples. Zarubin, I.I. Bartangskie i rushanskie teksty
Rushani_language
Aspect of verb grammar
in morphosyntactic alignment to describe arguments in a sentence. The subject of an intransitive verb is S, the agent of a transitive verb is A, and the
Causative
Type of morphosyntactic alignment
the agent argument of a transitive verb and other coding properties with the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb. It is typically observed
Nominative–absolutive alignment
Nominative–absolutive_alignment
Grammatical case
transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative–accusative languages such as English. In languages with ergative–absolutive alignment
Absolutive_case
Verbs in Circassian languages can be distinguished between transitivity (intransitive, transitive and ditransitive), and valency (monovalent, bivalent and
Circassian_verb_transitivity
Verb which takes a subject and two objects
Instrumental case Intransitive verb Morphosyntactic alignment Secundative language Transitive verb Transitivity (grammar) Valency (linguistics) "Ditransitive
Ditransitive_verb
Alignment of more than two molecular sequences
the agreement between different alignments in the library regarding each aligned residue. Its extension, Transitive Consistency Score (TCS), uses T-Coffee
Multiple_sequence_alignment
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
language's morphosyntactic alignment is ergative, treating both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in one way, but the
Greenlandic_language
Language family indigenous to the South Caucasus
subject and one object, which can be direct or indirect. The verb is: transitive when the object is direct; intransitive if the object is indirect. Tripersonal
Kartvelian_languages
Grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb
a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb. In the English language, the only words that occur in the accusative
Accusative_case
Canela-Krahô dialect of Brazil
finite matrix clauses in Canela have a split-S alignment pattern, whereby the agents of transitive verbs (A) and the sole arguments of a subclass of
Canela_dialect
Grammatical phenomenon in Austronesian
known as Austronesian alignment or the Austronesian focus system, is a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment in which "one argument
Symmetrical_voice
Language of the Basque people
ergative-absolute alignment refers to a system in which the subject of an intransitive verb is treated similarly to the object of a transitive verb, while the
Basque_language
Personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb
nominative–accusative alignment pattern. On the other hand, a language with an ergative-absolutive pattern usually has separate subject pronouns for transitive and intransitive
Subject_pronoun
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
agent (subject) of a transitive verb; this case is then called the nominative case, with the patient (direct object) of a transitive verb being in the accusative
Grammatical_case
nominative alignment is an unusual type of morphosyntactic alignment similar to, and often considered a subtype of, a nominative–accusative alignment. In a
Marked_nominative_alignment
Grammar of the Georgian language
language. That is, the subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike when it comes to word order within the sentence
Georgian_grammar
Verb that is both transitive and intransitive
An ambitransitive verb is a verb that is both intransitive and transitive. This verb may or may not require a direct object. English has many ambitransitive
Ambitransitive_verb
Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia
zia'a 1SG.IND first.born:MUT 'I am the first-born.' as the P argument of transitive verbs in dependent (including relative and nominalized) clauses Andrehe'e
Nias_language
Feature in the typology of certain languages
ergative–absolutive alignment: the subject of the intransitive verb is expressed by a suffixed person marker, thus in the same way as the object of transitive verbs
Split_ergativity
Number and type of arguments controlled by a linguistic predicate
Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including
Valency_(linguistics)
object of a transitive or intransitive verb I saw her; I gave her the book. Scottish Gaelic | many languages with Austronesian Alignment. Ergative case
List_of_grammatical_cases
Grammatical case
Austronesian alignment, the direct case is the case of the argument of an intransitive clause (S), and may be used for either argument of a transitive clause
Direct_case
Endangered Tupian language of Brazil
for alignment, Acuntsú is considered an ergative-absolutive language. This is because the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs
Akuntsu_language
Mayan language of Chiapas, Mexico
passivization and as a mean of deriving numeral classifiers. First, some transitive roots reduce valence by infixing -j- into the root. This process is accompanied
Chʼol_language
Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family
Nicobarese the subjects (S) of intransitive predicates and the patients (P) of transitive predicates often receive overt markings and agreement instead. This marked
Nicobarese_languages
Northern Je language spoken in Brazil
clauses in Mẽbêngôkre have a nominative–accusative alignment pattern, whereby the agents of transitive verbs (A) and the sole arguments of intransitive
Kayapo_language
Southeast Asian dialect chain
prominently a neutral alignment language. Taoih exhibits neutral alignment for case with (in)transitive verbs and also neutral alignment for agreement in both
Ta'Oi_language
Grammatical use indicating possession
Grammatical cases List of cases Declension Morphosyntactic alignment Cases Morphosyntactic alignment Absolutive Accusative Direct Ergative Intransitive Nominative
Possessive
Subfamily of the Algic languages of North America
persons. Verbs are divided into four classes: transitive verbs with an animate object (abbreviated "TA"), transitive verbs with an inanimate object ("TI"), intransitive
Algonquian_languages
Concept in linguistics
verb. Such subject is semantically similar to the direct object of a transitive verb or the subject when in the passive voice. Examples in English are
Unaccusative_verb
Arawakan language spoken in South America
active–stative alignment. This means that the subject of an intransitive clause is sometimes marked in the same way as the agent of a transitive clause, and
Baniwa_of_Içana
Austronesian language spoken on Pohnpei island in Micronesia
languages, Pohnpeian focus marking interacts with transitivity and relative clauses (see Austronesian alignment). Its range of grammatically acceptable sentence
Pohnpeian_language
Papuan language
governed by semantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer
Galela_language
Technique for speeding up algorithms involving Boolean matrices
include: computing the transitive closure of a graph, Boolean matrix multiplication, edit distance calculation, sequence alignment, index calculation for
Method_of_Four_Russians
alignment (English): intransitive verb: He NOM ran. transitive verb: He NOM sees me ACC. Ergative alignment (West Greenlandic) (Yip et al. 1987: 220): intransitive
Case_in_tiers
Language of the Yupik family
grammatical case (the absolutive) as the objects of transitive verbs, while the subjects of transitive verbs have a different case (the ergative). For example
Central_Alaskan_Yupʼik
Algonquian language spoken in Canada
describe as "pseudo-transitive" verbs. Ellis groups them with Type 2 transitive inanimate verbs because they also function like transitive inanimate verbs
Swampy_Cree_language
Munda language of South Asia
Medio-passive voice. Transitive roots, transitive-intransitive roots, and causative stems will take -ok to derive passive stems. In the transitive-intransitive
Santali_language
Tuparian language of Brazil
intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). This is exemplified below. V:verb S:sole
Wayoró_language
(experimental). Combine: combines two (or more) multiple sequence alignments into one. Transitive Consistency Score (TCS) is an extended version of the T-Coffee
T-Coffee
Grammatical case
languages to mark the argument of an intransitive verb, but not used with transitive verbs. It is generally seen in languages that display tripartite nominal
Intransitive_case
Ancestral form of the Kʼicheʼ language in Guatemala
ergative-absolutive alignment, i.e. it normally uses the same grammatical marking for the subject of an intransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive verb
Classical_Kʼicheʼ
Language family of the Arctic and sub-Arctic
intransitive verbs and objects of transitive verbs are marked with the absolutive case, while subjects of transitive verbs are marked with the ergative
Eskaleut_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
and the other Ngayarta languages have an accusative alignment. That is, the subjects of transitive verbs are treated the same as the subjects of intransitive
Panyjima_language
Grammatical indication of whether an action was intentional or not
In his analysis of the Squamish language, Peter Jacobs examines how transitive predicates are marked differently according to the degree of control an
Volition_(linguistics)
Popolocan language spoken in Mexico
of a transitive phrase. d-ą́tʰē-má d- ASP- ą́tʰē fall -má -1.EXCL.ACT d- ą́tʰē -má ASP- fall -1.EXCL.ACT "I fall" This morphosyntactic alignment would
Chocho_language
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
{i-b-dab-ene}. This pattern can be described as a case of tripartite alignment. 2. A plural transitive subject in the ḫamṭu TA is expressed not only by the prefix
Sumerian_language
Grammar of the Kurdish language
and Kurmanji. Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative
Kurdish_grammar
Model or diagram describing interrelated things
grammar structure ER structure Common noun Entity type Proper noun Entity Transitive verb Relationship type Intransitive verb Attribute type Adjective Attribute
Entity–relationship_model
Role-playing game multiverse
Dungeon Master's Guide (2014). Alignment-based planes. The home of gods, dead souls, and raw philosophy and belief. The transitive planes connect the other
Plane_(Dungeons_&_Dragons)
Branch of linguistics
the same side as the agent or the patient of the transitive verb. Bickel (2011) has argued that alignment should be seen as a construction-specific property
Linguistic_typology
Keram language of Papua New Guinea
for word order, and this is based on if the clause is transitive or intransitive. In a transitive clause, the object follows the subject and precedes the
Yaul_language
Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil
option, found in many transitive and intransitive verbs, with its allomorph /-j/ after the vowel /a/), /-n/ (found in some transitive verbs), as well as
Kĩsêdjê_language
Katukinan language spoken in Brazil
by ergative–absolutive alignment. The absolutive argument (i.e. the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs) is unmarked for
Katukína-Kanamarí_language
Indigenous Australian language
semantic roles, such as ergative (the subject of a transitive clause) or absolutive (the object of a transitive clause or the subject of an intransitive clause)
Wagiman_language
Grammatical case
nominative, that is the most marked case and is used for the subject of a transitive verb or a voluntary subject of an intransitive verb but not for an involuntary
Nominative_case
Indigenous languages of Brazil
clauses in Northern Jê languages have a split-S alignment pattern, whereby the agents of transitive verbs (A) and the sole arguments of a subclass of
Northern_Jê_languages
Grammatical case
Transitivity and valency Transitivity Intransitive verb Transitive verb Ambitransitive verb Valency Impersonal (Avalent) Intransitive verb (Monovalent)
Benefactive_case
Linguistic classification
Syntactic structure of transitive sentence in Tagalog
Verb-initial_word_order
Grammatical features of the Hindustani lingua franca
lenā and denā, transitive verbs, occur with transitives, while intransitive jānā occurs mostly with intransitives; a compound of a transitive and jānā will
Hindustani_grammar
Southern Nuristani language
postpositions. For transitive verbs in the perfective ('preterite'), perfect, and pluperfect, the direct object is in the direct case and the transitive subject
Nuristani_Kalasha_language
intransitive verbs and Direct Object of transitive verbs. Ergative (Erg): Marks the Subject (Agent) of transitive verbs. Oblique (Obl): Marks Indirect Objects
Adyghe_verbs
Khoe language of Botswana
order is flexible: transitive clauses commonly display AOV constituent order. The language displays accusative alignment in transitive clauses and does
Tsʼixa_language
Heritage language in Hokkaido, Japan
another; the head comes at the end. Verbs, which are inherently either transitive or intransitive, accept various derivational affixes. Ainu does not have
Ainu_language
Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil
morphosyntactic alignment. The agents of transitive verbs are marked by the ergative postposition te, whereas the patients of transitive verbs and the intransitive
Maxakalí_language
Verb that describes a state of being
verbs can be correlated with: the distinction between intransitive and transitive the possibility of using the progressive aspect with the verb morphological
Stative_verb
Northeast Caucasian language native to Russia
translation would the subject, for intransitive verbs, or the object, with transitive verbs). Example of verbal agreement in intransitive clause with a composite
Chechen_language
Dargin language
absolutive-ergative alignment, the absolutive case occurs on the sole argument of an intransitive verb, or as the patient/theme of transitive or ditransitive
Sanzhi_language
Part of a sentence
the verb is intransitive (he ran) is different from when the verb is transitive (he broke the window). In these languages, which are known as ergative
Subject_(grammar)
Oto-Pamean language family of south-central Mexico
(help); Clauses with a verb can be intransitive or transitive. In Ixtenco Otomi, if a transitive verb has two arguments represented as free noun phrases
Otomi_language
East Bodish language of Bhutan
the "agent-like" argument of a transitive verb; and object, which is used as the "patient-like" argument of a transitive verb. In general, the language
Kurtöp_language
West Germanic language
or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb). The subjective is
English_language
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), SA (Sa) and SP (Sp) or SO (So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment),
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Austronesian language spoken in New Caledonia
indexing on verbs has a split-transitive, tripartite alignment, deverbal nominalizations show a more ergative alignment: undergoers and intransitive subjects
Vamale_language
Eastern Iranian language of Ossetia, in the Caucasus
д- d-, ст- st- оr in a vowel (see below). There are also many related transitive-intransitive verb pairs, which also differ by means of a vowel alternation
Ossetian_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
the ergative case marks the subject of transitive verbs and the absolutive case marks both the object of transitive verbs and the subject of intransitive
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Grammar of standard Tibetian
which may be used as the subject of an intransitive verb, the object of a transitive verb or the experiencer of an emotion. The genitive case marks possession
Modern_Lhasa_Tibetan_grammar
frames or with different valency, as in Fred ate the pizza (where ate is transitive, with object the pizza) vs. Fred ate (where ate is intransitive, with
Diathesis_alternation
Extinct indigenous language of Mississippi and Louisiana
(the ergative case marks nouns in transitive clauses), and its syntax is characterized by active-stative alignment and subject-object-verb word order
Natchez_language
Southwestern Iranian language
survived some intransitive-transitive verb pairs with quality and quantity differences in the root, where the transitive one usually has the vowel ā:
Middle_Persian
Northeast Caucasian language or dialect in Dagestan, Russia
inflectional morphology. It has ergative–absolutive alignment in its case marking; the subject of a transitive verb is overtly marked with ergative case, and
Chirag_language
Rare permutation of word order
use OVS order in transitive clauses but SV order in intransitive clauses. Since all of those languages have ergative–absolutive alignment, their word order
Object–verb–subject word order
Object–verb–subject_word_order
Semantic role
typically affixed with the particle o (hiragana を) when used with active transitive verbs, and the particle ga (hiragana が) when used with inactive intransitive
Patient_(grammar)
Tupian language of Brazil
forgive) (incl.) pe poasem (you moan) (pl.) i pytu (they breathe) Objects of transitive verbs in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to the verb: either
Tupi_language
Language family spoken in Mesoamerica
ergative in their alignment. This means that the subject of an intransitive verb is treated similarly to the object of a transitive verb, but differently
Mayan_languages
Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia
bound and free pronouns: Core arguments (A: subject of transitive verbs; O: object of transitive verbs, S: subject of intransitive verbs) are not marked
Mori_Bawah_language
Austroasiatic language spoken in India
participle forms of verbs, the forms that includes aspect, object and transitivity, but no mood markers, to form relative clauses. Number, possession and
Ho_language
Oldest attested Mayan language family member
that it is a single, uniform language. Classical Maya shows ergative alignment in its morphology, as well as syntactically in focus constructs. Although
Classic_Maya_language
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
Boy/Male
Hindu
Transition
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Age of Transition; New Age
Boy/Male
Tamil
Transition
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of English Edmund, ÖDÖN means "protector of prosperity."
Boy/Male
Indian
Intelligent; Lord Balaji
Boy/Male
Indian
Trend; Custom
Girl/Female
Biblical
Strong, valiant.
Male
German
Later form of German Clothar, LOTHAR means "loud warrior."Â
Female
Egyptian
, The Good Pthah.
Boy/Male
English Teutonic
Good friend.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Acceptance; Good will; Name of the Keeper of the Gates of Heaven
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Victorious defender.
Girl/Female
Indian
Ray
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
TRANSITIVE ALIGNMENT
n.
Passage from one place or state to another; charge; as, the transition of the weather from hot to cold.
n.
An intransitive verb.
a.
Effected by transference of signification.
adv.
Without an object following; in the manner of an intransitive verb.
a.
Having the power of making a transit, or passage.
n.
A passing from one subject to another.
v. t.
To require to be in a particular case; as, a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as, a transitive verb governs the objective case.
a.
Of or pertaining to transition; involving or denoting transition; as, transitional changes; transitional stage.
n.
Change from one form to another.
a.
Not transitive; not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which does not require an object to complete the sense; as, an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs.
a.
Intransitive; as, a neuter verb.
a.
Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject, but which requires an object to complete the sense; as, a transitive verb, for example, he holds the book.
n.
Transition.
a.
tropical; figurative; as, a translative sense.
a.
Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or from age, by oral communication; traditional.
n.
A transition from one subject to another.
n.
A direct or indirect passing from one key to another; a modulation.
a.
Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive.
a.
Not passing farther; kept; detained.