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Computer built using discrete transistors
A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first
Transistor_computer
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. In the common case, the third terminal controls
History_of_the_transistor
Number of transistors in a device
The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or silicon die). It is the most common measure
Transistor_count
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Programmable machine that processes data
the speed, computing power, and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically with transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace (Moore's law
Computer
Type of transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types:
Field-effect_transistor
Series of stored-program electronic computers
which improved once the more reliable junction transistors became available. The Transistor Computer's design was adopted by the local engineering firm
Manchester_computers
development of transistor technology, followed by the invention of integrated circuit chips, led to revolutionary breakthroughs. Transistor-based computers and,
History_of_computing_hardware
Class of digital circuits
Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). Its name signifies that transistors perform both the
Transistor–transistor_logic
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
discrete transistors. Today, ICs are present in virtually all electronic devices and have revolutionized modern technology. Products such as computer processors
Integrated_circuit
First transistorized computer in the USA
The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the US, completed in
TRADIC
Class of digital circuits
were used in the Apollo Guidance Computer, whose design began in 1961 and which first flew in 1966. A bipolar transistor switch is the simplest RTL gate
Resistor–transistor_logic
Industrial shift to information technology
electronic computers, based on vacuum tubes, including the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, Colossus computer, and ENIAC. The invention of the transistor enabled
Information_Age
Type of solid state switch
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor
Multi-transistor electronics configuration
bipolar transistors with the emitter of one transistor connected to the base of the other, such that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified
Darlington_transistor
Branch of physics and electrical engineering
were almost exclusively used for computer logic circuits and peripheral devices. However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that
Electronics
First successful type of transistor, developed in 1947
The point-contact transistor was the first type of transistor to be successfully demonstrated. It was developed by research scientists John Bardeen and
Point-contact_transistor
transistorized computer, called the Transistor Computer, a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. The first stored-program transistor computer
History_of_computing
Type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953
The surface-barrier transistor is a type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953 as an improvement to the alloy-junction transistor and the earlier point-contact
Surface-barrier_transistor
Digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements
transistorized computers, which were digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements. Discrete transistors were a feature
List of transistorized computers
List_of_transistorized_computers
Branch of engineering
Point-Contact Transistor". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 10 August 2019. "1948: Conception of the Junction Transistor". The Silicon Engine. Computer History
Electrical_engineering
Second-generation computer made by British company Metropolitan-Vickers
prototype transistorized computer using 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes in order to test the suitability of transistors in improving the reliability
Metrovick_950
Fujitsu computer brand
early relay computers is irregular: 100s: relay computers 200/210: parametron computers 220 and above: electronic computers (transistors, integrated circuits)
FACOM
Activity involving calculations or computing machinery
first working transistor, the point-contact transistor, in 1947. In 1953, the University of Manchester built the first transistorized computer, the Manchester
Computing
Set of rules describing computer system
hardware form. Later, computer architecture prototypes were physically built in the form of a transistor–transistor logic (TTL) computer—such as the prototypes
Computer_architecture
Component that stores information
memory. Modern computer memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components
Computer_memory
Computer series
of transistorized computers, also known as second-generation computers. After the company developed the surface-barrier transistor, which was much faster
Philco_computers
Early transistor computer
RCA 501 is a model of transistor computer that was manufactured by RCA beginning in 1958. RCA's pioneering work in transistors in other products provided
RCA_501
Type of field-effect transistor
metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, MOS FET, or MOS transistor) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated
MOSFET
Type of computer
units. Manchester University Transistor Computer, is generally regarded as the first transistor-based stored-program computer having become operational in
Stored-program_computer
Central computer component that executes instructions
invention of the transistor, relays and vacuum tubes (thermionic tubes) were commonly used as switching elements; a useful computer requires thousands
Central_processing_unit
radios, possible as well as allowing more powerful mainframe computers to be built. Transistors were smaller and required lower voltages than vacuum tubes
History of electronics engineering
History_of_electronics_engineering
Transistor computer, commercial architecture, 1961
The IBM 7080 was a variable word length BCD transistor computer in the IBM 700/7000 series commercial architecture line, introduced in August 1961, that
IBM_7080
Class of digital circuits
Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistor–transistor logic. It is called so because the logic
Diode–transistor_logic
Defunct American electronics and appliance company (1892–1961)
scientific computer and S-2000 electronic data processing computer, were the first commercially produced large-scale all transistor computers, which were
Philco
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years, with minimal increase in cost
Moore's_law
Maximum rate of data transfer
Invented the Transistor?". Computer History Museum. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2019. "Triumph of the MOS Transistor". YouTube. Computer History Museum
Bandwidth_(computing)
was capable of reserving seat positions, and was controlled by a transistor computer with a central processing unit and a 400,000-bit magnetic drum memory
Computer_reservation_system
engineer Werner Jacobi developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed
Invention of the integrated circuit
Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
higher density than bipolar junction transistors, the MOSFET became the most common type of transistor in computers, electronics, and communications technology
Semiconductor_device
American subsidiary of automaker Stellantis
the 1957 Rambler Rebel. Bendix Corporation's Electrojector used a transistor "computer brain" modulator box, but teething problems on pre-production cars
Chrysler
Trend to manufacture ever smaller products and devices
phones, computers and vehicle engine downsizing. In electronics, the exponential scaling and miniaturization of silicon MOSFETs (MOS transistors) leads
Miniaturization
First fully transistorised computer in Europe
concurrently. The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backward). It first ran a simple test program in
Harwell_CADET
Type of non-planar transistor
A fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) is a multigate device, a MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) built on a substrate where the
Fin_field-effect_transistor
British electrical engineering company
holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine,
Metropolitan-Vickers
First generation programmable computers
electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors. Often vacuum-tube computers made extensive use of solid-state ("crystal") diodes to
List_of_vacuum-tube_computers
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors were
Digital_electronics
1955. Static induction transistor Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950. Stored-program transistor computer The ETL Mark III began development
List of Japanese inventions and discoveries
List_of_Japanese_inventions_and_discoveries
Form of transistor that emits light
An organic light-emitting transistor (OLET) is a form of transistor that emits light. These transistors have potential for digital displays and on-chip
Organic light-emitting transistor
Organic_light-emitting_transistor
IBM mainframe computer, 1960s
The IBM 7040 was a historic but short-lived model of transistor computer built in the 1960s. It was announced by IBM in December 1961, but did not ship
IBM_7040
Five generation of a computer
had been four prior "generations" of computers: the first generation utilized vacuum tubes; the second, transistors and diodes; the third, integrated circuits;
Fifth Generation Computer Systems
Fifth_Generation_Computer_Systems
Phenomena related to electric charge
46–47, ISBN 0-07-250503-6 "1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor", Computer History Museum, archived from the original on 30 September 2021
Electricity
Potential transistor-like device
sensitive transistor, also known as the spin transistor, spin field-effect transistor (spinFET), Datta–Das spin transistor or spintronic transistor (named
Spin_transistor
Form of computer data storage
Model 95 computer, and Toshiba used bipolar DRAM memory cells for its 180-bit Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator, both based on bipolar transistors. While
Random-access_memory
Computer that uses photons or light waves
modern electronic computers is the transistor. To replace electronic components with optical ones, an equivalent optical transistor is required. This
Optical_computing
MOS field-effect transistor with more than one gate
field-effect transistor (MuGFET) refers to a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that has more than one gate on a single transistor. The
Multigate_device
discrete transistors, even when the vendors referred to them as "third-generation". By 1960 transistorized computers were replacing vacuum tube computers, offering
History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s–present)
2014 video game
Transistor is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Supergiant Games. The game was released in May 2014 for Microsoft Windows and
Transistor_(video_game)
Egyptian engineer (1924–2009)
Dawon Kahng, the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) in 1959. The invention, together with Atalla's earlier work
Mohamed_M._Atalla
Point-Contact Transistor". Computer History Museum. Retrieved August 10, 2019. "1948: Conception of the Junction Transistor". The Silicon Engine. Computer History
History of electrical engineering
History_of_electrical_engineering
Overview of and topical guide to computer programming
Vacuum-tube computer List of vacuum-tube computers Transistor computer List of transistorized computers Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Home computers IBM
Outline of computer programming
Outline_of_computer_programming
Technology for constructing integrated circuits
/ˈsiːmɒs/ SEE-moss) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs
CMOS
Type of MOSFET where the gate is electrically isolated
as a floating-gate MOS transistor or floating-gate transistor, is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) where the gate
Floating-gate_MOSFET
Early solid-state computer
Automatic Computer (RREAC) was an early solid-state computer in 1962. It was made with transistors; many of Britain's previous experimental computers used
Royal Radar Establishment Automatic Computer
Royal_Radar_Establishment_Automatic_Computer
Physicist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur
There he co-designed and led the implementation of a small digital transistor computer with 4 K × 12 bit of magnetic memory (1960). The Olivetti R&D department
Federico_Faggin
Portable radio receiver
A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Previous portable radios used vacuum tubes, which were bulky
Transistor_radio
Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware
personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. These include the first working transistors by William
Computer_engineering
Variant of a liquid-crystal display
A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a type of liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film transistor technology to improve image
TFT_LCD
Computer using carbon nanotube transistors
Carbon nanotube computers are a class of experimental computing processors constructed from carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, instead of from conventional
Carbon_nanotube_computer
Simulation of physical processes taking place in an electronic device
circuits employing transistors, it is necessary to scientifically model the physical phenomena observed in their operation using transistor models. There exists
Transistor_model
Computer-based technologies
digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Baby, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at
Information_technology
Physical components of a computer
the transistors and other components of integrated circuits that make up modern computer hardware. In 1945, Turing finished the design for a computer (the
Computer_hardware
Range of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 70s
was the B5000. Designed in 1961, it was a second-generation computer using discrete transistor logic and magnetic-core memory, followed by the B5500 and
Burroughs_Large_Systems
MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled
List_of_MOSFET_applications
History of radiation-based medical imaging
led the development of Britain's first commercially available all-transistor computer (EMIDEC 1100), began exploring aspects of pattern recognition. Since
History of computed tomography
History_of_computed_tomography
Automatic Computer was the first all-transistor computer built by Britain's Marconi Company. It was designed and manufactured from around 1959. The computer employed
Marconi Transistorised Automatic Computer
Marconi_Transistorised_Automatic_Computer
American semiconductor designer and manufacturer
world's first commercial silicon transistor in 1954, and the same year designed and manufactured the first transistor radio. Jack Kilby invented the integrated
Texas_Instruments
American electronics manufacturer
airplanes in flights using a computer system named Whirlwind 1 that had a memory test computer and a transistor computer. The 5687 tube was a miniature
Tung-Sol
British music recording and publishing company
1958, the EMIDEC 1100, the UK's first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at EMI's Central Research Laboratories in Hayes under
EMI
Family of digital circuits
on p-channel, enhancement mode metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, PMOS logic was the dominant
PMOS_logic
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. US3660819A, Frohman, Bentchkowsky D., "Floating gate transistor and method
Read-only_memory
British electrical engineer (1919–2004)
EMI, he became interested in computers and in 1958, he helped design the first commercially available all-transistor computer made in Great Britain: the
Godfrey_Hounsfield
Group of logic families in electronics
electronics, pass transistor logic (PTL) describes several logic families used in the design of integrated circuits. It reduces the count of transistors used to
Pass_transistor_logic
Japan Computer Museum. "ETL Mark IV - Transistor-Based Computer". Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum. "ETL Mark IV A - Transistor-Based
History of science and technology in Japan
History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan
Either of two concepts in computer engineering
all-transistorized computer. Early transistorized computers were implemented using discrete transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors. The first diode–transistor logic
Logic_family
Type of computer memory
a transistor, both typically based on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology. While most DRAM memory cell designs use a capacitor and transistor, some
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Region of England
The world's first transistor computer was the Manchester Transistor Computer in November 1953. Atlas was another important computer developed at the University
North_West_England
First IBM supercomputer using dedicated transistors
Modular System (SMS) transistor logic was the basis for the IBM 7090 line of scientific computers, the IBM 7070 and 7080 business computers, the IBM 7040 and
IBM_7030_Stretch
Part of computer memory
memory cells. Modern random-access memory (RAM) uses MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) as flip-flops, along with MOS capacitors for certain types
Memory_cell_(computing)
1950s transistor-based computer
The NCR 304 computer, announced in 1957, first delivered in 1959, was National Cash Register (NCR)'s first transistor-based computer. The 304 was developed
NCR_304
Device performing a Boolean function
Electromechanical computers were constructed from switches and relay logic rather than the later innovations of vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) or transistors (from
Logic_gate
American mainframe and supercomputer firm (1957–1999)
to join CDC until it was complete. The M-460 was Seymour's first transistor computer, though the power supply rectifiers were still tubes. CDC started
Control_Data_Corporation
American electronics company (1919–1988)
chassis on color television sets in the 1970s and later. RCA 501, transistor computer manufactured by RCA beginning in 1958. Until 2010 known as Thomson
RCA_Corporation
the earliest computers were less flexible in their programmability. Second generation computers (1956–1963): It uses discrete transistors, and thus smaller
Classes_of_computers
Type of computer memory
hard-wired memory cell, using a transistor gate and tunnel diode latch. They replaced the latch with two transistors and two resistors, a configuration
Static_random-access_memory
American integrated circuit manufacturer
Semiconductor Laboratory. It became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and
Fairchild_Semiconductor
following presents a list of the most significant events in the field of computer science in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China,
Major events in computer science in China
Major_events_in_computer_science_in_China
Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1950–1959)
newborn viability, is invented by Virginia Apgar. 1953 – the first transistor computer is built at the University of Manchester 1954 – the world's first
1950s
Technological change
"The Foundation of Today's Digital World: The Triumph of the MOS Transistor". Computer History Museum. July 13, 2010. Archived from the original on December
Disruptive_innovation
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Abel, ABLE means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Habel, AAPELI means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Male
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Aapeli, AAPO means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Computer
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fleeting, Transitory, Ephemeral
Male
Greek
(á¼Î²ÎµÎ») Greek form of Hebrew Hebel ("breath, breathing"), HABEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory." In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain.
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Habel, �BEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Fleeting transitory, ephemeral
Male
English
 In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain. Anglicized form of Greek Habel, ABEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory." Anglicized form of Hebrew Hebel, meaning "breath, breathing."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Fleeting; Transitory; Ephemeral
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Abel, ABELL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Computer
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a maker of objects of wood, metal, or bone by turning on a lathe, from Anglo-Norman French torner (Old French tornier, Latin tornarius, a derivative of tornus ‘lathe’). The surname may also derive from any of various other senses of Middle English turn, for example a turnspit, a translator or interpreter, or a tumbler.English : nickname for a fast runner, from Middle English turnen ‘to turn’ + ‘hare’.English : occupational name for an official in charge of a tournament, Old French tornei (in origin akin to 1).Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : habitational name from a place called Turno or Turna, in Poland and Belarus, or from the city of Tarnów (Yiddish Turne) in Poland.Translated or Americanized form of any of various other like-meaning or like-sounding Jewish surnames.South German (T(h)ürner) : occupational name for a guard in a tower or a topographic name from Middle High German turn ‘tower’, or a habitational name for someone from any of various places named Thurn, for example in Austria.
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
Biblical
fruitful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a silversmith.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Name of a Narrator of Hadith
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Swedish, Teutonic
Wanderer
Male
Norse
Old Norse name composed of the elements ari "eagle" and viðr "tree," hence "eagle tree."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sword. Saber.
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Latin Natalia, NATÃLIA means "birthday," or in Church Latin "Christmas day."Â
Boy/Male
Greek
A king of the Edones.
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Red Lotus Flower
Boy/Male
English
Nichname for Howard 'noble watchman.
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
TRANSISTOR COMPUTER
n.
One who translates; esp., one who renders into another language; one who expresses the sense of words in one language by equivalent words in another.
n.
The quality or state of being transitory; speedy passage or departure.
n.
Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory; unreal fancy; vain imagination; idle talk; boasting.
adv.
In a transitory manner; with brief continuance.
n.
A repeating instrument.
n.
The period of a transitory breeze.
n.
One who or that which interprets, explains, or expounds; a translator; especially, a person who translates orally between two parties.
a.
Perishable; frail; transitory.
n.
A paroxysm of extreme pain or anguish; a sudden and transitory agony; a throe; as, the pangs of death.
n.
One who transacts, performs, or conducts any business.
n.
A literal translator.
n.
One who composes or writes a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler.
a.
Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as, the fleeting hours or moments.
n.
A short, hurried view; a transitory or fragmentary perception; a quick sight.
n.
The office or dignity of a translator.
n.
Metaphorically used for what is transitory.
a.
Not transitory; not liable to fade or vanish; lasting; as, a standing color.
a.
Continuing only for a short time; not enduring; fleeting; evanescent.
n.
One who makes or favors a version; a translator.
a.
Passing through or to the end; hence, complete; perfect; as, a thorough reformation; thorough work; a thorough translator; a thorough poet.