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Historical Indo-European ethnic group in present-day China
› The Tocharians or Tokharians (US: /toʊˈkɛəriənˌ -ˈkɑːr-/ toh-KAIR-ee-ən, -KAR-; UK: /tɒˈkɑːriən/ to-KAR-ee-ən) were speakers of the Tocharian languages
Tocharians
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. The languages are known from manuscripts dating from the 5th to the 8th
Tocharian_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
Tarim Basin Tocharian script, the script used to write the Tocharian languages Tocharians, the ancient people who spoke these languages Tocharian clothing
Tocharian
Extinct Indo-European language in Asia
Tocharian A, also known as Tokharian A, Eastern Tocharian, Agnean (tkaṃ), Karashahrian or Turfanian is a dead language that was in use in the 1st millennium
Tocharian_A
Script used to write the Tocharian languages
caravan permits, and medical and magical texts, and one love poem. Many Tocharians embraced Manichaean duality or Buddhism. In 1998, Chinese linguist Ji
Tocharian_script
Extinct Indo-European language in Asia
Tocharian B, also known as Kuchean or West Tocharian, was a Western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from the ninth
Tocharian_B
Reconstructed proto-language
closely related languages, called Tocharian A (also East Tocharian, Agnean or Turfanian) and Tocharian B (West Tocharian or Kuchean). The subject matter
Proto-Tocharian_language
Series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin
assuming the mummies spoke Tocharian, noting a gap of about a thousand years between the mummies and the documented Tocharians: "people can change their
Tarim_mummies
Ancient people of Bactria
was applied instead to the speakers of the so-called Tocharian languages. The use of Tocharians to refer to the Tarim Basin populations is now widely
Tochari
30–375 CE empire in Central and South Asia
the ancient remains of Xinjiang indicates that the Tocharians were not the Yuezhi. The Tocharians' paternal lineages were from East Eurasians, which differed
Kushan_Empire
Chinese) (in Loulan and Shanshan). Hatties Tocharians / Khotan Tocharians (possibly an originally Tocharian people, later Scythianized and mixed with Scythians
List of Tocharian (Agnean-Kuchean) peoples
List_of_Tocharian_(Agnean-Kuchean)_peoples
Clothing worn by the Tocharians
Tocharian clothing refers to clothing worn by the Tocharians. A series of murals from Kizil, Kizilgaha and Kumtura caves depicting Kuchean royalties, knights
Tocharian_clothing
Language family native to Eurasia
Europe, and the Indo-Aryan peoples in the Indian subcontinent, with the Tocharians inhabiting the Indo-European frontier in western China. By the medieval
Indo-European_languages
Turkic ethnic group
can trace their ancestry to various peoples and cultures, such as the Tocharians, Uyghur Khanate, Qocho, Kara-Khanid Khanate, and Qara Khitai, that had
Uyghurs
Ancient people mentioned in Chinese histories
"The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi". Tocharian Texts in Context: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road Culture
Yuezhi
Early medieval region in southern Central Asia
central hall of Cave 1 of Ajanta Caves, India (460–480 CE). The name of "Tocharians" was mistakenly applied by early 20th century authors to the Indo-European
Tokharistan
Extinct Indo-European tribes
peoples known from European and Chinese sources including the: Yuezhi, Tocharians, Issedones/Wusun and/or Alans. The classical European sources relating
Asii
Country mainly in West Asia
long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as Iranic, Mongolic, Tocharian, Uralic, and Yeniseian peoples. During the 9th and 10th centuries CE,
Turkey
name Tocharians or Tukhara, which was possibly an Iranian speaking people not to be confused with another people misnamed or not as "Tocharians") (according
List of ancient Iranian peoples
List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
Dacians Illyrians Paeonians Phrygians Scythians Middle Ages East Asia Tocharians Europe Albanians Balts Slavs Norsemen/Medieval Scandinavians Middle Ages
Iranian_languages
Continent
languages into West Asia, South Asia, and the borders of China, where the Tocharians resided. The northernmost part of Asia, including much of Siberia, was
Asia
Country in East Asia
mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west. Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age
Mongolia
Migrations out of the Proto-Indo-European homeland
Afanasevo culture which developed into the Tocharians. The Tarim mummies were thought to represent a migration of Tocharian speakers from the Afanasevo culture
Indo-European_migrations
Family of ethnic groups of Eurasia
EMPIRE AVAR KHAGANATE TUYUHUN Khitans Paleo-Siberians Tungus GOGU- RYEO Tocharians The earliest certain mentioning of the politonym "Turk" was in the Chinese
Turkic_peoples
Endorheic basin in Xinjiang, China
Mongolia, Uyghur people migrated to the Tarim Basin and mixed with the Tocharians and converted to their religion, and adopted their method of oasis agriculture
Tarim_Basin
Chalcolithic archaeological culture of Siberia
of the Tocharians, who lived on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (in present-day Xinjiang, China) in the first millennium AD. The Tocharian languages
Afanasievo_culture
Extinct unclassified language of the Near East
manuscript from the early 9th century CE, which is thought to refer to the Tocharians. Most scholars rejected the attempt to compare languages separated by
Gutian_language
Ruler of the Tocharians, King of Kucha
(Sanskrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀡𑀧𑀼𑀱𑁆𑀧, lit. 'Gold Flower', Swarnabūspe in Tocharian, or directly translated as Ysāṣṣa Pyāpyo "Golden Flower") was a King of
Suvarnapushpa
Iron Age culture in Xinjiang, China
of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics". Conference: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts
Subeshi_culture
She-wolf in the Gokturk foundation myth
the Western Sea to a cave near the Qocho mountains and a city of the Tocharians, giving birth to ten half-wolf, half-human boys. Of these, Yizhi Nishidu
Asena
Autonomous region of China
Indo-European Tocharians and Iranian Sakas who practiced Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The Turfan and Tarim Basins were inhabited by speakers of Tocharian languages
Xinjiang
Vedic sage
Turkmenistan and Khorasan) is named. Other relations include to Tocharian B kaccāp ("brainpan"), Tocharian A kāccap ("turtle", "tortoise"). Frits Staal agrees that
Kashyapa
Chinese kingdom (108 BC - 450 AD)
capital city of Jiaohe (Yarkhoto). The Jushi may have been one of the Tocharian peoples and spoken one of the associated languages. According to J. P
Jushi_Kingdom
Ancient Indo-European group of people
origin to the individual Indo-European peoples. Together with the Proto-Tocharians, who migrated eastward, the Anatolian peoples constituted the first known
Anatolian_peoples
Latin letter N with tilde above
Papiamento, and Tetun. It also appears in the Latin transliteration of Tocharian and many Indian languages, where it represents [ɲ] or [nʲ] (similar to
Ñ
Indo-European linguistic classification
labiovelars remained distinct in Proto-Tocharian, which would place Tocharian in the centum group (assuming that Proto-Tocharian lost palatovelars while labiovelars
Centum_and_satem_languages
Desert in Xinjiang, China
Chinese scholars Wang Guowei and Huang Wenbi linked the name to the Tocharians, a historical people of the Tarim Basin, making the meaning of "Taklamakan"
Taklamakan_Desert
Country in West Asia
supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian". Zenodo: 3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1240524. Archived from
Armenia
Proposed reconstructed word list for the Proto-Indo-European language
be given in place of or in addition to Hittite. For Tocharian, both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible. For the Celtic
Indo-European_vocabulary
Abandoned city in Xinjiang, China
west of the city of Turpan in Xinjiang, China. It was the capital of the Tocharian kingdom of Jushi. It is a natural fortress located atop a steep cliff
Jiaohe_ruins
Letter "Ṛ" in Indic scripts
style character similar to "X". The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen
Ṛ_(Indic)
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
scholars still accept today. Later, the discovery of the Anatolian and Tocharian languages added to the corpus of descendant languages. A subtle new principle
Proto-Indo-European_language
Argument on the Proto-Indo-European urheimat
and were written in two different variations, which were later called Tocharian A and B. The first to point out that it contained a salmon word, even
Salmon_problem
China's Southern Dynasties (502–557)
SASANIAN EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE NORTHERN WEI LIANG Alchon Huns Nezaks Tocharians GUPTA EMPIRE HEPHTHALITE EMPIRE JUAN-JUAN KHAGANATE Gaoju Turks King of
Liang_dynasty
Locations where civilization emerged
Steppe Proto-Indo-Europeans Afanasievo Indo-Iranians Scythia Tungusic Mohe Tocharians Qiang Donghu Yuezhi Wusun Xiongnu Huns Hunas Xionites Iranian Huns Hephthalites
Cradle_of_civilization
Iron Age archaeological culture near the Tarim Basin
of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics". Conference: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts
Shirenzigou_culture
Chinese ruling dynasty from 479 to 502
EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE NORTHERN WEI HYMYAR SOUTHERN QI Alchon Huns Nezaks Tocharians ZHANGZHUNG FUNAN TUYUHUN GUPTA EMPIRE HEPHTHALITES ROURAN KHAGANATE Kyrgyzs
Southern_Qi
Letter "Ū" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ū as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
Ū_(Indic)
culture Tarim mummies (Xiaohe Cemetery) Yanbulaq culture Subeshi culture Tocharians Shirenzigou culture Kingdom of Khotan Yuezhi Wusun Xiongnu Shule Kingdom
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China
Monarchical state ruled by a khan
EMPIRE AVAR KHAGANATE TUYUHUN Khitans Paleo-Siberians Tungus GOGU- RYEO Tocharians First Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic Khaganate
Khanate
Letter "A" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. A as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
A_(Indic)
Hypothetical proto-language
proto-language of the remaining branches, before the next split, presumably of Tocharian, would be called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This is a matter of terminology
Indo-Hittite_languages
Historical name for regions of Chinese suzerainty in Central Asia
Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century," in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann
Western_Regions
Historical process
area was first populated by the Tocharians and the Saka, who were Indo-Europeans and practiced Buddhism. The Tocharian and Saka peoples came under Xiongnu
Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin
Archaeological site in People's Republic of China
origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics". International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and
Yanbulaq_culture
International archeology conservation effort
represented, including Brahmi, Kharosthi, Khotanese, Sanskrit, Tangut, Tibetan, Tocharian and Old Uyghur. These collections represent a valuable resource to scholars
International Dunhuang Programme
International_Dunhuang_Programme
Female parent
German Mutter), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (cf. Irish máthair, Tocharian A mācar, B mācer, Lithuanian mótė). Other cognates include Latin māter
Mother
Historical region in Central Asia
(2007) "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia ― Buddhism among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th century." Xavier Tremblay. In: The Spread of
Bactria
Letter "Ī" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ī as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
Ī_(Indic)
Turkic-speaking people of the Tarim Basin
is one of the Karluk languages and whose ancestral heritages include Tocharians, Iranic peoples such as Sakas and Sogdians, and the later Turkic peoples
Taranchi
Letter "Ha" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ha as found in standard Brahmi, was a
Ha_(Indic)
Ancient kingdom in Xinjiang, China
known residents in Loulan are thought to have been a subgroup of the Tocharians, an Indo-European people of the Tarim Basin. Excavations in Loulan and
Loulan_Kingdom
Letter "E" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. E as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
E_(Indic)
Capital and largest city of Xinjiang, China
Tianshan Mountains. The Jushi are often regarded as likely precursors of the Tocharian peoples, who later established city states in the Tarim Basin, south of
Ürümqi
Letter "Ā" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Aa as found in standard Brahmi, was a
Ā_(Indic)
Extinct branch of Indo-European languages
the subjunctive and optative moods found in other old IE languages like Tocharian, Sanskrit, and Ancient Greek. Anatolian verbs are also typically divided
Anatolian_languages
Historical region in Central Asia
v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi (capital) History Pre-Han dynasty Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan Han
Chinese_Turkestan
One of the easternmost countries of Asia known to the ancient Greeks and Romans
empires who traded with the ancient Indians, such as the Yuezhi, Saka, and Tocharians. The Latin forms Serica and Seres derive from the Greek Sērikḗ (Σηρική)
Serica
Region of Han dynasty suzerainty over previously independent states
(2007). "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacker, Stephan
Protectorate of the Western Regions
Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions
Hypothesis in Indo-European historical linguistics
Celto-Italo-Tocharians, and Balto-Slavo-Germanics. At around 3000–2500 BCE, Greek moved to the west, while the Indo-Aryans, the Celto-Italo-Tocharians and the
Armenian_hypothesis
Uyghur author and scholar (born 1966)
v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi (capital) History Pre-Han dynasty Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan Han
Yalqun_Rozi
Persian mythological hero of the epic poem Shahnameh
(Sacaraucae, Old Persian Sakaravaka "nomadic Saka” or Saraucae) and the Tocharians attacked the eastern frontier of Parthia, defense was entrusted by the
Rostam
Chinese academic
Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, English, German, French, Russian, Pali and Tocharian, and translated many works. He published a memoir, The Cowshed: Memories
Ji_Xianlin
Mosque in Yining, Xinjiang, China
v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi (capital) History Pre-Han dynasty Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan Han
Beytulla_Mosque
Pronouns in the theorized common ancestor of the Indo-European language family
Irish / Modern Irish Persian: Old Persian / Modern Persian Tocharian: Tocharian A / Tocharian B Beekes (2011:233) Sihler (1995:389) Fortson (2004:127–9)
Proto-Indo-European_pronouns
Early medieval dynasty in Magadha and Malwa
EMPIRE AVAR KHAGANATE TUYUHUN Khitans Paleo-Siberians Tungus GOGU- RYEO Tocharians After the decline of the Gupta Empire, the Later Guptas succeeded them
Later_Gupta_dynasty
Scholarly journal
Tocharian and Indo-European Studies (TIES) is a scholarly journal on Tocharian in the Indo-European context, established in 1987 by Icelandic linguist
Tocharian and Indo-European Studies
Tocharian_and_Indo-European_Studies
Letter "U" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. U as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
U_(Indic)
Indian kingdom
KALINGAS PANDUVAMSHIS GAUDA MAUKHARIS SHAILODBHAVAS GONANDAS WESTERN TURKS TOCHARIANS VALABHI SINDH MANDAVYA- PURA LATER GUPTAS THANESAR CHALUKYAS EARLY KALA-
Mori_Kingdom
Letter "I" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. I as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple
I_(Indic)
Capital and largest city of Uzbekistan
Against Harold Walter Bailey's and Edwin G. Pulleyblank's suggested Tocharian origin for *kaŋk-, Ünal proposes that it was instead an Iranian word and
Tashkent
Name for the Tarim Basin region
1884. Until the 8th century AD, much of the Tarim Basin was inhabited by Tocharians who spoke an Indo-European language and built city states in the oases
Altishahr
Letter "Tha" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Tha as found in standard Brahmi, was a
Tha_(Indic)
Indo-European language
Dacians Illyrians Paeonians Phrygians Scythians Middle Ages East Asia Tocharians Europe Albanians Balts Slavs Norsemen/Medieval Scandinavians Middle Ages
Albanian_language
Military district of China
v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi (capital) History Pre-Han dynasty Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan Han
Xinjiang_Military_District
Mountain range in Central–East Asia
v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi (capital) History Pre-Han dynasty Tocharians Western Regions Loulan Shule Yuezhi Kucha Karasahr Xiongnu Gaochang Khotan Han
Altai_Mountains
Writing script for a South Indian language
Marchen Marchung Pungs-chen Pungs-chung Drusha Tamyig Kalinga Bhaiksuki Tocharian Southern Brahmic Bhattiprolu Box-Headed Script Kadamba Telugu-Kannada
Thirke
Ancient Buddhist kingdom on the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert
the Tarim Basin known as the Tocharians, who spoke an Indo-European language known as Kuchean Tocharian. The Tocharians are associated with the earlier
Kucha
Marchen Marchung Pungs-chen Pungs-chung Drusha Tamyig Kalinga Bhaiksuki Tocharian Southern Brahmic Bhattiprolu Box-Headed Script Kadamba Telugu-Kannada
Languages_of_India
Letter "Pa" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pa as found in standard Brahmi, was a
Pa_(Indic)
Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)
KALINGAS PANDUVAMSHIS GAUDA MAUKHARIS SHAILODBHAVAS GONANDAS WESTERN TURKS TOCHARIANS VALABHI SINDH MANDAVYA- PURA LATER GUPTAS THANESAR CHALUKYAS EARLY KALA-
Gupta_Empire
Branch of the Indo-European language family
splits from "Post-Tocharian Indo-European", that is the residual Indo-European unity ("Core Indo-European") which remained after Tocharian's splitting from
Albanoid_languages
Letter "Sa" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Sa as found in standard Brahmi, was a
Sa_(Indic)
Historiographical term
KIDARITES ALCHONS AFRIGHIDS N.LIANG SASANIAN EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE HUNS TOCHARIANS TUYUHUN Paleo-Siberians Samoyeds Tungus MEROË AKSUM This period ushered
Pax_Gupta
Letter "Ra" in Indic scripts
general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, , was
Ra_(Indic)
Indic script used in the South Asia
Marchen Marchung Pungs-chen Pungs-chung Drusha Tamyig Kalinga Bhaiksuki Tocharian Southern Brahmic Bhattiprolu Box-Headed Script Kadamba Telugu-Kannada
Devanagari
Collection of stories on the past life of The Buddha
were then translated into central Asian languages (such as Khotanese, Tocharian, Uighur, and Sogdian). Various jātaka stories and source texts were also
Jātaka_(Pali_Canon)
Ethnic history
one. Some Uyghur nationalists claim that they are descended from the Tocharians. Well-preserved Tarim mummies of a people with European physical traits
History_of_the_Uyghur_people
399 battle between the Gupta Empire and the Hunas
the Oxus valley caught the Transoxiana alliance off-guard. The Pamir Tocharians were unable to combine with the Hunas (Hephthalites). On hearing the news
Battle_of_the_Oxus_(399)
Ethnic group mentioned in Chinese history; probably the Sogdians
linked Kangju to the Tocharian A word kāṅka-, probably meaning "stone" and proposed that the Kangju were originally Tocharians who had migrated westward
Kangju
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
Girl/Female
Muslim
Forbearing
Boy/Male
Tamil
God of law, One well versed in law, Follower of the correct way, Master of the right path
Boy/Male
Native American
Sugar.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Like an Angel
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
The Upper World
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Son of the Dark Man
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Visible; Cute; Brilliant
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Latin
Farmer; Variant of Georgina; Earth Worker
Boy/Male
Indian
Happy person, Joyful
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
Arrival; Holy Jain Scripture
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS
TOCHARIANS