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Method of organizing information in one's memory
Self-referential encoding is a method of organizing information in one's memory in which one interprets incoming information in relation to oneself, using
Self-referential_encoding
Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
as well as in humor. Self-referential statements are sometimes paradoxical, and can also be considered recursive. Indirect self-reference describes an
Self-reference
Mental picture of self that comes from different sources
which refers to the self is preferentially encoded and recalled in memory tests, a phenomenon known as "self-referential encoding". Self-schemas are also
Self-image
Formula that visually represents itself when graphed
Tupper's self-referential formula is a formula that visually represents itself when graphed at a specific location in the (x, y) plane. The formula was
Tupper's self-referential formula
Tupper's_self-referential_formula
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
known." Liar paradox: "This sentence is false." This is the canonical self-referential paradox. Also "Is the answer to this question 'no'?", and "I'm lying
List_of_paradoxes
Source code that alters its instructions to the hardware while executing
"On Self-Modifying Code and the Space Shuttle OS". Retrieved 2023-04-25. Jürgen Schmidhuber's publications on self-modifying code for self-referential machine
Self-modifying_code
Cognitive bias in which people think they are being noticed more than they really are
of themselves. Other related concepts are egocentric bias, self-referential encoding, self-reference effect and ideas of reference and delusions of reference
Spotlight_effect
Psychological model
(March 2013). "Survival of the selfish: Contrasting self-referential and survival-based encoding". Consciousness and Cognition. 22 (1): 237–244. doi:10
Self-reference_effect
Acronym whose expansion includes a copy of itself
redundantly coupled with its word(s) (Redundant Acronym Syndrome syndrome) Self-reference – Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself TLA, the three-letter
Recursive_acronym
Biological memory process in organisms
long-term memory of an individual. Encoding is still relatively new and unexplored[dubious – discuss] but the origins of encoding date back to age-old philosophers
Encoding_(memory)
Sign pointing to or indexing an object in its context
humble form (for self). The Japanese model for non-referential indexicality demonstrates a very subtle and complicated system that encodes social context
Indexicality
Paradoxical assertion
could have been the first logician to identify the liar paradox as self-referential. The problem of the liar paradox is that it seems to show that common
Liar_paradox
Approach to understanding the human brain
connectivity between detection of salient stimuli as well as "self referential encoding" which results in "misidentification with neutral stimuli as well
Network_neuroscience
Self-referential paradox
The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from an expression like "The smallest positive integer not definable in under sixty letters" (a
Berry_paradox
Tendency to place higher value on an object one owns
a good through a self-referential memory effect (SRE) – the better encoding and recollection of stimuli associated with the self-concept. Attributes of
Mere_ownership_effect
Summary of a mathematical proof
that m represents. In the third part of the proof, we construct a self-referential formula that, informally, says "I am not provable", and prove that
Proof sketch for Gödel's first incompleteness theorem
Proof_sketch_for_Gödel's_first_incompleteness_theorem
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
the original on 13 December 2000.[self-published source?] Almor, Amit; Nair, Veena A. (2007). "The Form of Referential Expressions in Discourse". Language
Pragmatics
organisms can be regarded as endo-observers having their internal self-referential encoding.[clarification needed] An internal measurement leads to an iterative
Internal_measurement
Large-scale brain network active when not focusing on an external task
"Differential electrophysiological response during rest, self-referential, and non-self-referential tasks in human posteromedial cortex". Proceedings of the
Default_mode_network
Study of evolving memory systems
both item-specific processing (the encoding of individual characteristics of items) and relational processing (encoding the relationships between items)
Adaptive_memory
Subfield of machine learning
(RNNs) are universal computers. In 1993, Jürgen Schmidhuber showed how "self-referential" RNNs can in principle learn by backpropagation to run their own weight
Meta-learning (computer science)
Meta-learning_(computer_science)
Type of algorithm in computer science
cannot be represented in memory directly, so is often implemented using self-referential data structures or lazy evaluation. In total programming languages
Corecursion
Limitative results in mathematical logic
construct a number whose matching statement, when interpreted, is self-referential and essentially says that it (i.e. the statement itself) is unprovable
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
Mathematical constructs and creation rules
inductive types can be self-referential, but usually only in a way that permits structural recursion. The standard example is encoding the natural numbers
Inductive_type
Memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life
way can control both the encoding and recalling of specific autobiographical memories. The relationship between the working self and the autobiographical
Autobiographical_memory
Apparent contradiction in metamathematics
paradox uses integers instead of real numbers, while preserving the self-referential character of the original. Consider a language (such as English) in
Richard's_paradox
Three key elements of depression
gene carried out greater negative processing on a self-referential coding task (a measure of self-schema) following a negative mood induction (by watching
Beck's_cognitive_triad
Mill's view. For example, co-referential names, such as Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, cause problems for a directly referential view because it is possible
Philosophy_of_language
Disproportionate favor towards the past
two central processes, selective encoding and selective reconstruction. If nothing else, people are good at encoding experiences. At retrieval they replace
Rosy_retrospection
Paradox in set theory
descriptions of redirect targets List of self–referential paradoxes "On Denoting" Paradoxes of set theory Quine's paradox Self-reference Strange loop – Cycles
Russell's_paradox
Fundamental unit of cognition
Laurence & Margolis 1999, p. 3 Peifer 2003, pp. 52–53 Rey 1998, § 4. Referential Views Marradi 2012, pp. 32–34 Duží, Jespersen & Materna 2010, p. 157
Concept
Infinite sequence in mathematics
symbols {1,2} that is the sequence of run lengths in its own run-length encoding. It is named after the recreational mathematician William Kolakoski (1944–97)
Kolakoski_sequence
Higher-order function Y for which Y f = f (Y f)
apply the fixed-point combinator to may be expressed using an encoding, like Church encoding. In this case particular lambda terms (which define functions)
Fixed-point_combinator
Hypothetical self-improving program
Jürgen (December 2006). Gödel Machines: Self-Referential ¨ Universal Problem Solvers Making Provably Optimal Self-Improvements. Retrieved 25 February 2026
Gödel_machine
Family of abugida writing systems
grammarians, and does not actually occur outside of a small handful of self-referential terms (e.g. its Sanskrit name, ॡकार l̥̄kāra). includes supplementary
Brahmic_scripts
Implementation of an internet protocol
proxy server libraries implementing the LDAP protocol and ASN.1 Basic Encoding Rules (BER) client software: ldapsearch, ldapadd, ldapdelete, and others
OpenLDAP
Study of signs
§ Encoding, § Encoding–Decoding Model. Chandler (2022), pp. 226–233, 243–244; Chandler & Munday (2011), § Code, § Communication Models, § Encoding, §
Semiotics
Area of some species' brains
Shulman GL, Raichle ME (March 2001). "Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function". Proceedings
Dorsomedial_prefrontal_cortex
Mathematical formula involving a given set of operations
(logic) – Components of a mathematical or logical formula Tupper's self-referential formula – Formula that visually represents itself when graphed Hyperbolic
Closed-form_expression
Generalization of "n-th" to infinite cases
cannot form the basis of a universal ordinal notation due to such self-referential representations as ε0 = ωε0. Ordinals are a subclass of the class of
Ordinal_number
Ability of the mind to form representations
sentences are: existence independence, truth-value indifference, and referential opacity. In current artificial intelligence and philosophy of mind, intentionality
Intentionality
Binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms
languages, the existence of logophoric markers allow for the reduction of referential ambiguity. For instance, him in English may be used in a logophoric context
Logophoricity
Cognitive bias
value is through a self-referential memory effect (SRE) – the better encoding and recollection of stimuli associated with the self-concept. People have
Endowment_effect
Memory of autobiographical events
S2CID 399748. Psychology portal Medicine portal The Works of Endel Tulving - free access to papers and book chapters Episodic Memory and Referential Activity
Episodic_memory
Measure of algorithmic complexity
7 for ASCII). We could, alternatively, choose an encoding for Turing machines, where an encoding is a function which associates to each Turing Machine
Kolmogorov_complexity
Recollection of events triggered by musical stimulus
play crucial roles in memory processing, emotional responses, and self-referential processing. Beyond fMRI measurements, studies on MEAMs often incorporate
Music-evoked autobiographical memory
Music-evoked_autobiographical_memory
Procedure in computing
columns. Looking up and validating the relevant data from tables or referential files. Applying any form of data validation. Failed validation may result
Extract,_transform,_load
Study of reading and its acquisition
distinctive components: speaking (a motor act) and hearing oneself (the self-referential auditory input). It is also thought that the "optimal benefit would
Science_of_reading
Mathematical theory of information underlying situation semantics
especially Peter Aczel's anti-foundation axiom, in order to model self-referential and other "circular" informational structures. The relation between
Situation_theory
Transmission of information
animal communication based on the claim that animal communication lacks a referential function and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However
Communication
Subdiscipline of psychology
Retrieved 2020-02-28. Barkley, C.; Kluender, R.; Kutas, M. (2015). "Referential processing in the human brain: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) study"
Cognitive_psychology
are correct encoding, correct computer typography, and facsimile rendering on all browsers, operating systems and devices. 1. Correct encoding is hampered
Digital_Quran
Bearer of truth values
therefore be false. The Curry paradox, another conundrum, also concerns a self-referential proposition. It involves a conditional statement that can be used to
Proposition
unsolvable by Alan Turing and Alonzo Church. Epimenides paradox A self-referential paradox involving a statement made by Epimenides, a Cretan, who stated
Glossary_of_logic
Persistent representation of language
Devitt, Amy J. (1991). "Intertextuality in Tax Accounting: Generic, Referential, and Functional". Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and
Writing
British economist
demonstrates that the Gödel sentence, which is a syntactic encoding of a self-referential statement that a code is under attack, far from being a ‘funky’
Sheri_Markose
Process of repeating items in a self-similar way
procedurePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Tupper's self-referential formula – Formula that visually represents itself when graphed Turtles
Recursion
Problem in computer science
takes the source code of a program. Moreover, the definition of g is self-referential. A rigorous proof addresses these issues. The overall goal is to show
Halting_problem
Linguistic encoding of personal knowledge
subject in indirect speech is marked by an egophoric marker if it is co-referential with the subject of the main clause. Also, the third-person subject takes
Egophoricity
Method in mathematical logic
{\displaystyle \neg G_{T}} . Rosser (1936) constructed a different self-referential sentence that can be used to replace the Gödel sentence in Gödel's
Rosser's_trick
the input or output data type has a simple base case and one or more self-referential variants, the test suite should include a base case and one or more
ProgramByDesign
German sociologist (1927–1998)
Luhmann (following Spencer-Brown and Gregory Bateson) assumes that auto-referential systems are continuously confronted with the dilemma of disintegration/continuation
Niklas_Luhmann
Munda language of South Asia
forms for animate ('who?') and inanimate ('what?'), and referential ('which?') vs. non-referential. The indefinite pronouns are: The demonstratives distinguish
Santali_language
Relationship between language and human evolution
non-linguistic conceptual representations, such as the object/kind distinction Referential vocal signals Imitation as a rational, intentional system Voluntary control
Origin_of_language
Austroasiatic language
six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are: Other dialects of Vietnamese may have fewer
Vietnamese_language
American visual artist, musician, and poet
across his work. Le Parti's work has been described as incorporating referential structures in naming conventions, formal structures and compositional
Jet_Le_Parti
Diagnostic framework in personalized psychiatry
phenomena." Unlike conventional diagnostic systems, which typically rely on self-report and behavioral measures alone, the RDoC framework has the "explicit
Research_Domain_Criteria
Classification of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
storage is in the fast weights of another network LSTM forget gates Self-referential RNNs with special output units for addressing and rapidly manipulating
Types of artificial neural networks
Types_of_artificial_neural_networks
Russian linguist (1896–1982)
elaborations in blue]: Functions referential (: contextual information) aesthetic/poetic (: auto-reflection) emotive (: self-expression) conative (: vocative
Roman_Jakobson
Subjective attitude that something is true
corresponding to de dicto ascriptions are known as referentially opaque contexts while de re ascriptions are referentially transparent. A collective belief is referred
Belief
American neuroscientist
becomes chronic, then the representations shift to regions involved in self-referential fear processing (Hashmi et al., 2013, Brain). Dr. Apkarian's research
A._V._Apkarian
Khoe language of Botswana
Oblique arguments must be resumed in the relative clause using the referential demonstrative ʔṹ ~ ʔĩ ~ ĩ', which is not marked by a PGN clitic but instead
Tsʼixa_language
Logical principle
statement is not false", can be assigned true. In set theory, such a self-referential paradox can be constructed by examining the set "the set of all sets
Law_of_excluded_middle
Academic debate about conceptualization of time in Hopi language
sequential ordering of events or states. This temporal marker is -ni whose referential force is futurity. Its temporal function is primary; however, in many
Hopi_time_controversy
Impaired memory has also been found in the recognition of words encoded self-referentially—that is, words processed in relation to oneself, such as judging
Autism_and_memory
Object-oriented programming and modelling language
associations. It supports all combinations of UML multiplicity and enforces referential integrity. Umple supports the vast majority of UML state machine notation
Umple
Intellectual capacity of dogs
communication as information; however, findings on dogs' understanding of referentiality and others' mental states are controversial and it is not clear whether
Dog_intelligence
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
of truth-value semantics. Like truth-value semantics, it is also non-referential in nature. Philosophy portal Algebraic semantics Formal semantics (natural
Semantics_(logic)
Algonquian language spoken in North America
Russell, Lena; Genee, Inge; Lier, Eva van; Zúñiga, Fernando (2012). "Referential Hierarchies in Three-Participant Constructions in Blackfoot: The Effects
Blackfoot_language
System of enforceable rules
established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with
Law
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine
whilst simultaneously disrupting medial prefrontal cortex-mediated self-referential processing within the DMN. The claustrum is embedded within cortico-claustro-cortical
Κ-opioid_receptor
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
Palmer (2001) Mood and Modality Guillaume Jacques (2024) Celerative: the encoding of speed in verbal morphology Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins, William Pagliuca
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Aspect of sociology
and cultural arrangements, collective representations, self-conceptions, and self-referentiality. Collective reflectivity emerges as a function of an organization
Sociology of human consciousness
Sociology_of_human_consciousness
Account that presents connected events
Jahn. Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative Narrative and Referential Activity Some Ideas about Narrative – notes on narrative from an academic
Narrative
Austroasiatic language spoken in India
March 2015. K David Harrison; Gregory Anderson. "Review of Proposal for Encoding Warang Chiti (Hoorthography) in Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2015
Ho_language
at large. Instead, the choice of anaphoric pronouns is controlled by referential gender or social gender. Example of agreement in English (3) Maryi described
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns
Protecting information by mitigating risk
an unauthorized or undetected manner. This is not the same thing as referential integrity in databases, although it can be viewed as a special case of
Information_security
SQL database engine software
The default storage engine is InnoDB, which supports transactions and referential integrity constraints. Improved InnoDB I/O subsystem Improved SMP support
MySQL
Transfer of information from animal to animal
from voice features presents the possibility to use these whistles as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to them, similar
Animal_communication
Branch of logic
\rightarrow \psi ~|~\phi \leftrightarrow \psi } This clause, due to its self-referential nature (since ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is in some branches of the definition
Propositional_logic
Words requiring context to understand their meaning
something. "Acts of fictional narration, on the other hand, transfer their referentiality from the actuality of the historical world to the entertained reality
Deixis
Austrian contemporary artist
modes of transcription—Pumhösl reveals that the modernist fantasy of self-referentiality was always haunted by irreducible specificity and cultural instability
Florian_Pumhösl
How humans use words to communicate
Retrieved 2020-02-28. Barkley, C.; Kluender, R.; Kutas, M. (2015). "Referential processing in the human brain: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) study"
Language processing in the brain
Language_processing_in_the_brain
Remembrance of God in Islam
seen as a way to gain spiritual enlightenment and achieve annihilation of self (fana) to seek permanence in God. All Muslim sects endorse individual rosaries
Dhikr
Varying application boundaries
Opaque context Paraconsistent logic Phenomenology (psychology) Precision Referential transparency reflexivity (social theory) Post-normal science Rough fuzzy
Fuzzy_concept
Class of figurative expressions used when discussing communication
London: Basil Blackwell Reddy 1979, p. 299 Reddy, M. J. (1973). Formal referential models of poetic structure. In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting
Conduit_metaphor
Branch of legal theory
disorder. Luhmann also provides a theory of change: although the law is self-referential (autopoietic) it must respond to external developments in society and
Legal_evolution
Concept in situation theory
well-founded set theory, especially when modelling information flow and self-referential structures. Building on Peter Aczel's work in non-well-founded set
Situation_semantics
Muslim theologian of Quran (728–812)
as the Warsh dot for [/e/] and other graphical variants were adopted to encode vowel and consonant distinctions absent in the Arabic linguistic system
Warsh
Expression of time reference in grammar
mood. Particular tense forms need not always carry their basic time-referential meaning in every case. For instance, the historical present is a use
Grammatical_tense
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
Boy/Male
British, English, Nigerian, Norwegian
Rock
Boy/Male
Welsh
peace'.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English selle, a rough hut of the type normally occupied by animals, hence a topographic name for someone who lived in a hut like this. In many cases the name may have been in effect a metonymic occupational name for a herdsman.Americanized spelling of Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish Széll, a topographic name for someone who lived in a spot exposed to the wind, from Hungarian szél ‘wind’.German : variant of Selle.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sword
Boy/Male
Biblical
A rock.
Boy/Male
British, English, Hebrew
A Tree
Girl/Female
British, English
Soft
Male
English
(סֶלַע) Anglicized form of Hebrew Cela, SELA means "a rock." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of the capital city of Edom, possibly an early name for Petra. In use as a unisex name.
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Greek SolomÅn, SELYF means "peaceable."Â
Girl/Female
Egyptian
Male
Yiddish
(סֶעף) Variant spelling of Yiddish Zeff, SEFF means "wolf."
Biblical
a rock
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Reverential Salutation
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : from the Middle English personal name Saulf, Old English Sǣwulf, composed of the elements sǣ ‘sea’ + wulf ‘wolf’.
Girl/Female
Hebrew Biblical
Rock.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Sword
Boy/Male
Indian
Sword
Female
Egyptian
, a form of Isis.
Girl/Female
African, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, Greek, Hawaiian, Hebrew
Saviour; Ewe of West Africa; Goddess of the Moon; Cliff; Rock
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi, Swahili
Sword; Brave; Sword of Religion
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
Girl/Female
Biblical
Made warm.
Male
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THINH means "prosperous."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Golden Creeper
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset)
English (Somerset) : probably a variant of Raison.
Girl/Female
Hindu
A box
Surname or Lastname
English or Scandinavian
English or Scandinavian : variant spelling of Dalby.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, Greek
Son of Dennis; Dennis' Son
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Indian
One without sorrow, Mercury, Sweet heart, Beloved
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord Shiva
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
SELF REFERENTIAL-ENCODING
a.
Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence; having a reverent quality; reverent; as, reverential fear or awe.
n.
The act of governing one's self, or the state of being governed by one's self; self-control; self-command.
n.
Control of one's self; restraint exercised over one's self; self-command.
n.
Self-deceit.
n.
Self-denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice.
a.
Refusing to gratify one's self; self-sacrificing.
n.
Restraint over one's self; self-control; self-command.
n.
Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction.
n.
Self-love.
n.
The idolizing of one's self; immoderate self-conceit.
n.
Self.
a.
Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as, notes for referential use.
a.
Self-repelling.
n.
Imposture practiced on one's self; self-deceit.
a.
Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting.
n.
Self-communion.
n.
Self-devotion.
n.
Faith in one's self; self-reliance.
a.
Giving, indicating, or having a preference or precedence; as, a preferential claim; preferential shares.
a.
Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant.