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Nonlinear optical process
Second-harmonic generation (SHG), also known as frequency doubling, is the lowest-order wave-wave nonlinear interaction that occurs in various systems
Second-harmonic_generation
Nonlinear optical process
Harmonic generation (HG, also called multiple harmonic generation) is a nonlinear optical process in which n {\displaystyle n} photons with the same frequency
Harmonic_generation
Microscope imaging technique
Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a nonlinear optical effect known as second-harmonic generation (SHG). SHIM has been established as
Second-harmonic imaging microscopy
Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy
Surface second harmonic generation is a method for probing interfaces in atomic and molecular systems. In second harmonic generation (SHG), the light frequency
Surface second harmonic generation
Surface_second_harmonic_generation
Laser science process
High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a non-linear process during which a target (gas, plasma, solid or liquid sample) is illuminated by an intense laser
High_harmonic_generation
Nonlinear optical process
techniques such as sum frequency generation spectroscopy. A special case of sum-frequency generation is second-harmonic generation, in which ω 1 = ω 2 {\displaystyle
Sum-frequency_generation
Nonlinear optical process
wavelength of the initial photons. The half-harmonic generation process is the inverse of second-harmonic generation and can occur in optical parametric oscillators
Half-harmonic_generation
Branch of physics
give rise to a host of optical phenomena: Second-harmonic generation (SHG), or frequency doubling, generation of light with a doubled frequency (half the
Nonlinear_optics
terms required to fully describe the second order polarisation response. Nonlinear optics Second-harmonic generation Crystal symmetry Dailey, Christopher
Kleinman_symmetry
Autocorrelation functions realized in optics
autocorrelation signal is generated by the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation (SHG). Other techniques based on two-photon absorption may also
Optical_autocorrelation
Chemical compound
used in optical modulators and for non-linear optics such as second-harmonic generation (SHG). Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDP), with slightly different
Monopotassium_phosphate
Nonlinear optical device
to achieve the conversion: second-harmonic generation (SHG, also called frequency doubling), or sum-frequency generation which sums two non-similar frequencies
Optical_frequency_multiplier
Electrical resistance attributed to contacting interfaces
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and the electric-field induced second harmonic generation. In the semiconductor industry, Cross-Bridge Kelvin Resistor(CBKR)
Contact_resistance
Method of measuring spectral phase of ultrashort laser pulses
addition, other non-linear effects besides second harmonic generation may be used, such as third harmonic generation (THG) or polarization gating (PG). These
Frequency-resolved optical gating
Frequency-resolved_optical_gating
Chemical compound
transmission out to 4500 nm where the crystal is effectively opaque. Its second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient is about three times higher than KDP. It has
Potassium_titanyl_phosphate
Surface-sensitive spectroscopy technique
in 1987 by Yuen-Ron Shen and his students as an extension of second harmonic generation spectroscopy and rapidly applied to deduce the composition, orientation
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy
Sum_frequency_generation_spectroscopy
Fluorescence imaging technique
two-photon-based lithography. Using two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation–based microscopy, it was shown that organic porphyrin-type molecules
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Two-photon_excitation_microscopy
rectification also occurs on metal surfaces by similar effect as surface second harmonic generation. The effect is however influenced e. g. by nonequilibrium electron
Optical_rectification
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
transistors, solar cells, LEDs, lasers, single-photon sources, second-harmonic generation, quantum computing, cell biology research, microscopy, and medical
Quantum_dot
Coherent delocalized electron oscillations
based on surface plasmons were developed. In surface second harmonic generation, the second harmonic signal is proportional to the square of the electric
Surface_plasmon
Optical phenomenon
The team investigated the hyper Rayleigh scattering (at the second harmonic generation frequency) from chiral nanohelices made of silver. Valev and his
Hyper–Rayleigh_scattering
A nonlinear Rayleigh−Gans−Debye model was used to investigate second-harmonic generation in malachite green molecules adsorbed on polystyrene particles
Rayleigh–Gans_approximation
Chemical compound
between 5 and 35 μm. The shorter periods of this range are used for second-harmonic generation, while the longer ones for optical parametric oscillation. Periodic
Lithium_niobate
Induced shape change in macromolecules
called second-harmonic generation (SHG) has been recently applied to the study of conformational change in proteins. In this method, a second-harmonic-active
Conformational_change
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina. Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001)
Light
Chemist
pathways. Her early work considered how molecular structure impacted second-harmonic generation. Cole studied the origins of the nonlinear optics observed in
Jacqui_Cole
Technique in nonlinear optics
compute the nonlinearly-generated signal amplitude in the case of second harmonic generation, where a strong pump at ω 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{1}} produces
Quasi-phase-matching
issues that come with it. In addition, most FROGs use a thin second-harmonic generation (SHG) crystal and a spectrometer, adding signal strength requirements
GRENOUILLE
Type of symmetry
as the piezoelectric effect and the frequency doubling effect (second-harmonic generation). In addition, in such crystals, one-photon absorption (OPA) and
Centrosymmetry
Wave with frequency an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
1st harmonic; the other harmonics are known as higher harmonics. As all harmonics are periodic at the fundamental frequency, the sum of harmonics is also
Harmonic
Algebraic object with geometric applications
2 ) {\displaystyle \chi ^{(2)}} gives the Pockels effect and second harmonic generation, and χ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}} gives the Kerr effect
Tensor
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
non-linear optical processes such as two-photon fluorescence or second harmonic generation. In scanning multiphoton microscopes the high intensities are
Microscopy
Tissue in the body that is not hardened by ossification
Transmission Light Confocal Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Second Harmonic Generation Optical coherence tomography Resolution 0.25 μm Axial: 0.25–0
Soft_tissue
used as nonlinear optical materials. They are more efficient at second-harmonic generation than crystals of the same material without periodic structure
Periodic_poling
Electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies
long-standing problems in the field of on-chip clock signal generation: arbitrary frequency generation and instantaneous frequency switching. Starting from a
Frequency_synthesizer
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina. Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001)
Visible_spectrum
Chemical compound
structure, similar to that of GaS. It is a photoconductor, a second harmonic generation crystal in nonlinear optics, and has been used as a far-infrared
Gallium(II)_selenide
Chemical compound
chemical and mechanical properties. This crystal is often used for second harmonic generation (SHG, also known as frequency doubling), for example of Nd:YAG
Lithium_triborate
Electromagnetic waves that travel along an interface
components in chip-scale photonic circuits. In surface second harmonic generation, the second harmonic signal is proportional to the square of the electric
Surface_plasmon_polariton
Study of photonic circuits for computation
such as logic gates, require nonlinear optics techniques like second-harmonic generation. Bogaerts, Wim; Pérez, Daniel; Capmany, José; Miller, David A
Programmable_photonics
American scientist (born 1953)
Richmond, G. L.; Robinson, J. M.; Shannon, V. L. (1988-01-01). "Second harmonic generation studies of interfacial structure and dynamics". Progress in Surface
Geraldine_L._Richmond
American chemist
(SFDI); and a type of optical tomography combining techniques for second harmonic generation tomography (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF). In
Bruce_J._Tromberg
Thin semiconductors
consequences of that are: nonlinear optical phenomena, such as second-harmonic generation. When the crystal is excited by a laser, the output frequency
Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers
non-linear optical processes such as two-photon fluorescence or second harmonic generation. In scanning multiphoton microscopes the high intensities are
Wide-field multiphoton microscopy
Wide-field_multiphoton_microscopy
Non-destructive material testing using ultrasonic waves
; Kim, J.-Y.; Jacobs, L. J.; Qu, J. (2015-03-01). "Review of Second Harmonic Generation Measurement Techniques for Material State Determination in Metals"
Ultrasonic_testing
Chemical compound
sulfide demonstrates nonlinear optical activities, including second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw
Gallium(II)_sulfide
Form of electromagnetic radiation
pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina. Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001)
Infrared
Public university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
co-discoverer of protactinium; Peter Franken, who first demonstrated the second-harmonic generation; Juris Upatnieks and Emmett Leith, inventors of 3D holography;
University_of_Michigan
Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
spectroscopic measurements including fluorescence, Raman scattering, and second-harmonic generation. In their simplest form, SPR reflectivity measurements can be
Surface_plasmon_resonance
Structure formed by reflecting faces
leading to the generation of microresonator frequency combs, low-power parametric processes such as down-conversion, second-harmonic generation, four-wave
Optical_microcavity
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
Frizyuk, I. Volkovskaya, D. Smirnova, A. Poddubny, M. Petrov, "Second-harmonic generation in Mie-resonant dielectric nanoparticles made of noncentrosymmetric
Mie_scattering
Photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium
; Modotto, D.; Wabnitz, S.; Pierobon, R.; Pavesi, L. (2011). "Second-harmonic generation in silicon waveguides strained by silicon nitride". Nature Materials
Silicon_photonics
Optical process
Upconversion should be distinguished from two-photon absorption and second-harmonic generation. These two physical processes have a similar outcome to photon
Photon_upconversion
Natural emission of light by biological structures
microscopy using multiphoton-excited native fluorescence and second harmonic generation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
Autofluorescence
Statistic used for nonlinear interactions
He, Maosheng; Forbes, Jeffrey M. (2022-12-07). "Rossby wave second harmonic generation observed in the middle atmosphere". Nature Communications. 13
Bispectrum
Any laser not classified as continuous-wave
maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials (e.g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and
Pulsed_laser
Inertial wave in rotating fluids
Maosheng; Forbes, Jeffrey M. (7 December 2022). "Rossby wave second harmonic generation observed in the middle atmosphere". Nature Communications. 13
Rossby_wave
Device that emits light via optical amplification
maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials (e.g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators).
Laser
System for describing optical polarization
optical processes, such as multi-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation. The Mueller tensor can be connected back to the laboratory-frame
Mueller_calculus
Class of chemical compounds
⋅H 2 O: The First Rare-Earth-Metal Iodate Fluoride with Large Second Harmonic Generation Response". Chemistry: A European Journal. 25 (5): 1221–1226. doi:10
Iodate_fluoride
Chemical compound
synthesis, crystallizes in the P21 space group, and exhibits second-harmonic generation. Several terbium sulfate-based solid state materials have been
Terbium(III)_sulfate
Class of chemical compounds
(2015-03-10). "Phase-Change Behavior and Nonlinear Optical Second and Third Harmonic Generation of the One-Dimensional K(1–x)CsxPSe6 and Metastable β-CsPSe6"
Selenophosphate
Type of semiconductor laser diode
of solid-state lasers and fiber lasers High-power/high-energy second harmonic generation (blue/green light) Laser machining: laser cutting, laser drilling
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser
Laser source with equal intervals of spectral lines
modulation the second harmonic can be generated in a long crystal so that by consecutive sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation the spectrum
Frequency_comb
Ultrafast laser spectroscopic technique
spectroscopic technique. It is a variant of sum-frequency generation (of which the second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a special case) but applied to the detection
Fluorescence_upconversion
Sheng-Ping (November 2025). "π-Conjugated unit bridge for giant second-harmonic generation and birefringence in hybrid materials with dual heteroleptic polyhedra"
Giant_birefringence
Protein fiber made by spiders
(2019). "Observation of Spider Silk by Femtosecond Pulse Laser Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy". Surf. Interface Anal. 51 (1): 50–56. arXiv:1812.10390
Spider_silk
Type of laser
triborate (BiBO) crystals were more efficient than BBO or LBO for second harmonic generation in mode-locked lasers and do not have the disadvantage of being
Diode-pumped solid-state laser
Diode-pumped_solid-state_laser
Measure of positive and negative charges
ISBN 978-0-486-42830-7. Pierre-François Brevet (1997). Surface second harmonic generation. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes. p. 24.
Electric_dipole_moment
American physicist and businessman
systems. Lawandy's group was the first to observe optically encoded second-harmonic generation in bulk glasses and predicted the delocalization of carriers in
Nabil_M._Lawandy
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
; Ciattoni, A.; Scalora, M. (2011). "Singularity-driven second- and third-harmonic generation at epsilon-near-zero crossing points". Phys. Rev. A. 84
Metamaterial
Refractive property of materials
for this purpose. Birefringence also plays an important role in second-harmonic generation and other nonlinear optical processes. The crystals used for these
Birefringence
Vector field describing the density of electric dipole moments in a dielectric material
^{(2)}} is the second-order susceptibility (describing phenomena such as the Pockels effect, optical rectification and second-harmonic generation), and χ (
Polarization_density
American engineer & educator (1931–2011)
gaussian beam spread on phase-velocity matching in CW optical second-harmonic generation," Phys. Rev. A4, 139 (July 1965). A. E. Siegman, "Unstable optical
Anthony_E._Siegman
self-organisms. It is also a nonlinear optical material with a second-harmonic generation efficiency 1.68 times that of KDP. L-arginine maleate dihydrate
Organic nonlinear optical materials
Organic_nonlinear_optical_materials
American physicist (1922–2020)
tweezers, Ashkin is also known for his studies in photorefraction, second harmonic generation, and non-linear optics in fibers. Recent advances in physics and
Arthur_Ashkin
sulfate anions. Iodate sulfates have been investigated as optical second harmonic generators, and for separation of rare earth elements. Related compounds
Iodate_sulfate
Degree of polarization
are important in nonlinear optics and lead to effects such as second-harmonic generation (such as used to convert infrared light into visible light, in
Electric_susceptibility
Chemical compound
Tl[NbOCl4] and Tl[NbOBr4] — Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Optical Second Harmonic Generation". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 631 (6–7):
Niobium_oxychloride
Nonlinear form of the Schrödinger equation
including but not limited to self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, second-harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering, optical solitons, ultrashort pulses
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Nonlinear_Schrödinger_equation
Dutch–American physicist (1920–2017)
of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in 1961, Bloembergen studied how a
Nicolaas_Bloembergen
of lasing and which has nonlinear characteristics suitable for second harmonic generation. Such materials have the potential to simplify the design of high
List_of_laser_types
Way to produce very short laser bursts
Nonlinear optics, such as second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators, and generation of terahertz radiation.
Mode_locking
American physicist (1928–1999)
at the University of Michigan observed for the first time the second-harmonic generation. This event launched a golden age in optical physics that has
Peter_Franken
Kim, Sehwan; Hill, Michael G.; Wong, Brian J. F. (2024-07-01). "Second harmonic generation microscopy of electromechanical reshaping on corneal collagen"
Electromechanical_reshaping
Method of measuring ultrashort laser pulses
specific phase characteristics. The MIIPS method is also based on second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a non-linear crystal; however, instead of temporally
Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan
Multiphoton_intrapulse_interference_phase_scan
Type of chemical compound
metal-mixed chalcogenides with phase-matching abilities and large second-harmonic generation responses". Dalton Transactions. 46 (9): 2778–2784. doi:10.1039/C7DT00087A
Selenidogermanate
THz spectroscopy. With Walter Margulis, he discovered efficient second-harmonic generation in optical fibers, and his optical precursor studies are particular
Ulf_Lennart_Österberg
Physicist and academic leader
nanostructured materials. In 2009, he and his colleagues used second-harmonic generation imaging to study electromagnetic responses in G-shaped gold nanostructures
Ventsislav_K._Valev
Chinese physical chemist
Professor Kenneth B. Eisenthal. His PhD dissertation titled: Second Harmonic Generation Studies of Chemistry at Liquid Interfaces. He did his postdoctoral
Wang_Hongfei
nonlinear metamaterials. In NIMs, nonlinear phenomena such as second-harmonic generation and parametric amplification can take on highly unusual characteristics
Nonlinear_metamaterial
Chemical compound
Hatami, Fariba; Masselink, W. Ted; Vučković, Jelena (2009-12-07). "Second harmonic generation in gallium phosphide photonic crystal nanocavities with ultralow
Gallium_phosphide
Storage with three-dimensional resolution for information
showed that this could lead to three-dimensional data storage. Second-harmonic generation has been demonstrated as a method to read data written into a
3D_optical_data_storage
French company
Boudrioua, Azzedine; Kremer, Régis; Moretti, Paul (March 2005). "Second harmonic generation in helium-implanted periodically poled lithium niobate planar
Neyco
Chemical compound
uniaxial birefringence and can be phase-matched for type I (ooe) second-harmonic generation from 409.6 to 3500 nm. The temperature sensitivity of the indices
Barium_borate
Squarates Nonlinear Optical Crystal NaHC 4 O 4 ·H 2 O with Strong Second Harmonic Generation and Giant Birefringence". ACS Materials Letters. 4 (4): 572–576
Iodate_nitrate
Chemical compound
phosphate (KTP) – another popular non-linear crystal Second-harmonic generation (SHG) Third-harmonic generation (THG) Two-photon absorption (TPA) Organic nonlinear
Potassium dideuterium phosphate
Potassium_dideuterium_phosphate
Inverse of the average of the inverses of a set of numbers
In mathematics, the harmonic mean is a kind of average, one of the Pythagorean means. It is sometimes used for ratios and rates such as speeds, and is
Harmonic_mean
Model of phonons-polaritons
diffraction, interferometric probing, and terahertz field induced second-harmonic generation are useful in some applications where real-space imaging is not
Polaritonics
Scanning voltage microscopy Scattering from rough surfaces Second-harmonic generation Second-harmonic imaging microscopy Security seal Selective laser melting
List_of_laser_articles
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
Daughter of Ares.
Boy/Male
Indian
Second
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Greek, Latin
A State of Order or Agreement; Unity; Concord; Musically in Tune; A Tuneful Sound
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Harmony
Girl/Female
Indian
Second
Female
Greek
(ΑÏμονία) Greek name HARMONIA means "concord, harmony." In mythology, this is the name of the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her Latin name is Concordia.
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Estmond, ESMOND means "gracious protector."Â
Female
English
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Seònaid, SEONA means "God is gracious."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, from the German personal name Harman, HARMON means "bold/hardy man."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, Greek, Latin
A State of Order or Agreement; Unity; Concord; Harmony; Agreement
Girl/Female
Tamil
Second
Girl/Female
English
Unity; concord; musically in tune. Harmonia was the mythological daughter of Aphrodite.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Richward, a Norman personal name composed of the Germanic elements rīc ‘power(ful)’ + ward ‘guard’.French : from Old French record, recort ‘recollection’, ‘account’, ‘testimony’, and by extension ‘witness’, hence perhaps a nickname for someone who had given evidence in a court of law, or a metonymic occupational name for a clerk who recorded court proceedings.New England variant of French Ricard, reflecting an Americanized spelling of the Canadian pronunciation.
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word harmony, from Greek Harmonia, HARMONY means "concord, harmony."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, Greek, Latin
A State of Order or Agreement; A Beautiful Blending; Agreement; Concord; Musical Combination of Chords; Harmony; Joining
Female
English
From the name of the state of Arizona in the United States of America, a place considered sacred by the Native Americans. It was named after Sedona Miller Schnebly (1877-1950), the wife of the city's first postmaster. Meaning unknown.
Girl/Female
Latin American
Concord.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Harmony, HARMONIE means "concord, harmony."
Girl/Female
Biblical
Second.
Girl/Female
English
Unity; concord; musically in tune. Harmonia was the mythological daughter of Aphrodite.
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
Antony and Cleopatra'. An officer in Ventidius's army.
Girl/Female
Teutonic
Powerful.
Boy/Male
German, Teutonic
People's Rule
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, French, Gaelic, Indian, Irish, Muslim, Tamil
Beautiful Lady; From Ireland; Poetic Name for Ireland
Female
Egyptian
, the the daughter of Psametik II.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Assamese, Bihari, Farsi, Greek, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Iranian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Punjabi, Russian, Sikh, Telugu
Shining; Life; Loving or Affectionate; Alive; Beautiful; Fashionable: Gift of God; Perfect; Fashionable
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sada Shiv | ஸதாஷிவ
Pure, Eternally pure
Girl/Female
Native American
Disaplines.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pearl
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
SECOND HARMONIC-GENERATION
n.
The second part in a concerted piece.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide.
a.
Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion.
adv.
In the second place.
a.
Concordant; musical; consonant; as, harmonic sounds.
a.
Alt. of Harmonical
a.
The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.
a.
Producing mathematically perfect harmony or concord; sweetly or perfectly harmonious.
n.
A musical note produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number producing some other; an overtone. See Harmonics.
a.
Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.
imp. & p. p.
of Second
a.
To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.
pl.
of Harmony
a.
Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.
n.
Alt. of Harmonite
n.
The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.
a.
Having the power of second-sight.
n.
See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.
a.
Not harmonic.
adv.
Secondly; in the second place.