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Organic chemical transformations
basic steps: selective radical generation, radical cyclization, and conversion of the cyclized radical to product. Radical cyclization reactions produce mono-
Radical_cyclization
Chemical process
primary radical intermediate 29, which underwent a 5-exo-trig cyclization to afford reactive species 30. A subsequent 5-exo-dig radical cyclization lead
Cascade_reaction
Organic addition reaction which involves free radicals
self-terminating oxidative radical cyclization, inorganic radicals oxidize alkynes to ketones through an intramolecular radical cyclization. This reaction is not
Free-radical_addition
Formation of a thioether (–S–) compound from a thiol (–SH) and an alkene ( >C=C< )
the cyclization towards the thermodynamically or kinetically favored product respectively. This section examines intramolecular thiol-ene cyclization reactions
Thiol-ene_reaction
Chemical reaction to produce organic compounds
asymmetric variants. 5-Exo cyclization, which establishes a five-membered ring with an exocyclic alkene, is the most facile cyclization mode in intramolecular
Intramolecular_Heck_reaction
Concept in organic chemistry
various addition cyclization reactions, and predict when those cyclizations may experience severe steric hindrance during the cyclization step. They were
Baldwin's_rules
rearrangements are the cyclization of 5-hexenyl and the ring-opening of cyclopropylmethyl: 5-hexenyl radical undergoes cyclization to produce a five-membered
Radical_clock
Chemical reaction
The Masamune-Bergman cyclization or Masamune-Bergman reaction or Masamune-Bergman cycloaromatization is an organic reaction and more specifically a rearrangement
Bergman_cyclization
Chemical reaction
Löffler–Hofmann reaction, as well as Löffler's method) is a radical amine cyclization, forming a 5- (or in rare cases, 6-) membered ring. In the reaction
Hofmann–Löffler_reaction
Laboratory synthesis of natural chemicals
efficient reported to date. A key step is the Grewe cyclization that is analogous to the cyclization of reticuline that occurs in morphine biosynthesis
Total synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids
Total_synthesis_of_morphine_and_related_alkaloids
Use of natural catalysts to perform chemical transformations
environment of an ene-reductase through a reductive, baldwin favored, radical cyclization terminated by enantioselective HAT from NADPH. The second category
Biocatalysis
Chemical compound
after acid workup, p-cresol. Marc Julia, Michel Maumy (1976). "Free-Radical Cyclization: Ethyl 1-Cyano-2-Methylcyclohexanecarboxylate". Organic Syntheses
Sodium_p-toluenesulfonate
Chemical compound
15227/orgsyn.061.0022. Yılmaz, M.; Yılmaz, E. V. B.; Pekel, A. T. (2011). "Radical Cyclization of Fluorinated 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds with Dienes Using Manganese(III)
Manganese(III)_acetate
insertion, polymerization (atom transfer radical polymerization), atom transfer radical cyclization (ATRC), radical fluorination and proton reduction. Morra
Artificial_metalloenzyme
Organic reaction used to convert arenes to cyclohexadienes
Rajesh (2007). "Formation of Benzo-Fused Carbocycles by Formal Radical Cyclization onto an Aromatic Ring". Organic Letters. 9 (14): 2677–2680. doi:10
Birch_reduction
Chemical compounds containing C–Li bonds
radical intermediate of the corresponding structure. Secondly, anionic cyclizations are often more regio- and stereospecific than radical cyclization
Organolithium_reagent
Chemical organic reaction
alpha-stannoimidoyl radical. Through radical cyclization a five membered ring is formed followed by the propagation of a new tin radical. The final step is
Fukuyama_indole_synthesis
Chemical compound
"Samarium(II) iodide-induced reductive cyclization of unactivated olefinic ketones. Sequential radical cyclization/intermolecular nucleophilic addition
Samarium(II)_iodide
American organic chemist (born 1977)
Hydronitration General Redox-Neutral Platform for Radical Cross-Coupling (2024) Practical Radical cyclization with Arylboronic Acids and Trifluoroborates (2011)
Phil_S._Baran
Chemical compound
(±)-Beyer-15-ene-3β,19-diol by Manganese(III)-Based Oxidative Quadruple Free-Radical Cyclization". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 63 (22): 7945–7952. doi:10.1021/jo981238x
Osmium_tetroxide
Reaction in organic chemistry
reaction scheme shows the Pschorr cyclization for the example of phenanthrene: In the course of the Pschorr cyclization, a diazotization of the starting
Pschorr_cyclization
Pain medication of the opiate family
"Convergent synthesis of (±)-dihydroisocodeine in 11 steps by the tandem radical cyclization strategy. A formal total synthesis of (±)-morphine". Journal of the
Morphine
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions
Radical_(chemistry)
electron-deficient olefin. Pronin and co-workers applied this method to radical cyclization process in the synthesis of (±)-Emindole SB. Hydroarylation was first
Metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer
Metal-hydride_hydrogen_atom_transfer
Class of organosilicon compounds of the form R3Si–O–CR=CR2
Rajesh (2007). "Formation of Benzo-Fused Carbocycles by Formal Radical Cyclization onto an Aromatic Ring". Org. Lett. 9 (14): 2677–2680. doi:10.1021/ol070849l
Silyl_enol_ether
Chemical compound
1998 using radical cyclization of epoxides. Their method employed bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride to effect radical cyclization, forming key
Protolichesterinic_acid
British chemist
inspired by the antibacterial, pleuromutilin through SmII-mediated radical cyclization cascades of dialdehydes, prepared by a one-pot, copper catalyzed
David_J._Procter
Study of compounds with carbon to zinc bonds
Maoecrystal V: Early-Stage C–H Functionalization and Lactone Assembly by Radical Cyclization". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (39): 14552–5. Bibcode:2013JAChS
Organozinc_chemistry
Chemical reaction
and cyclize. This reaction is a useful strategy for heterocycle formation. In the example below, Parham cyclization was used to in the cyclization of an
Metal–halogen_exchange
Photochemical reaction
supported by the observation that alkyl radicals generated by Barton conditions can undergo radical cyclization while analogous intermediates generated
Barton_nitrite_ester_reaction
Chemical compound
and merrilactone A. A regioselective epoxide opening and 5-exo dig radical cyclization to forge the core of ceratopicanol. Addition of a hydrochloride salt
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III)_chloride
Macromolecule involving monomeric sequence-control
for sequence control in vinyl polymers via iterative controlled radical cyclization". Nature Communications. 7 11064. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711064H. doi:10
Sequence-controlled_polymer
Light-induced oxidation reaction
1021/cr00047a003. Stork, Gilbert; P. Sher; H. Chen (October 1986). "Radical Cyclization-Trapping in the Synthesis of Natural Products. A Simple, Stereocontrolled
Photooxygenation
Damage to DNA as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation or radiomimetic compounds
free-radical attacks on the deoxyribose moieties in both strands of DNA. Many radiomimetic compounds are enediynes, which undergo the Bergman cyclization reaction
Free_radical_damage_to_DNA
Chemist
synthesis of (.+-.)-dihydroisocodeine in 11 steps by the tandem radical cyclization strategy. A formal total synthesis of (.+-.)-morphine". Journal of
Kathlyn_A._Parker
Japanese chemist
-K. Jow, and M. Cheung, Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 6373–6374 (1995). “Radical Cyclization of 2-Alkenylthioanilides: A Novel Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted
Tohru_Fukuyama
manganese(III) acetate, tandem intramolecular cyclization reactions may occur. Generally, exo cyclization of terminal double bonds is favored, as shown
Manganese-mediated coupling reactions
Manganese-mediated_coupling_reactions
Motor vehicle
The Radical SR8 is a British sports car made by Radical Sportscars. Dominic Dobson drove one to victory in the 2015 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb
Radical_SR8
Branch of photochemistry
applied to the [4+2] cyclization (Diels–Alder reaction). Bis-enones, similar to the substrates used for the photoredox [2+2] cyclization, but with a longer
Photoredox_catalysis
Chemical compound
a β-ketoester with manganese(III) acetate to initiate a cascade radical cyclization, producing an ageliferin skeleton. Palau'amine is a proteasome inhibitor
Palau'amine
Compounds complexed to a transition metal
function as a radical generator for DNA crosslinking upon cyclization. This reaction is hindered by the high thermal barrier to cyclization in which most
Metalloenediynes
Molecule with a ring of bonded atoms
reactions; the Nazarov cyclization reaction, originally being the cyclization of a divinyl ketone; various radical cyclizations; ring-closing metathesis
Cyclic_compound
2006). "Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-tetrahydrolipstatin via a radical cyclization based strategy". Tetrahedron Letters. 47 (26): 4393–5. doi:10.1016/j
Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors
Discovery_and_development_of_gastrointestinal_lipase_inhibitors
Chemical compound
and include central steps such as annululation, olefin metathesis, radical cyclization, and trapping reactions. The most heavily cited synthesis in the
Capnellene
Chemical reaction of esters with halide anions
Roger; Zabrowski, Daniel L. (1992-11-24). "Use of atom-transfer radical cyclizations as an efficient entry into a new "serotonergic" azanoradamantane"
Krapcho_decarboxylation
Political party in Argentina
The Radical Civic Union (Spanish: Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) is a major political party in Argentina. It has reached the national government on ten occasions
Radical_Civic_Union
2023). "6.6 Radical Reactions - Organic Chemistry | OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 5 July 2025. Wolff, Manfred E. (1 May 2002). "Cyclization of N-Halogenated
Free-radical_reaction
Stereoisomerism due to hindered rotation
"Relaying Asymmetry of Transient Atropisomers of o-Iodoanilides by Radical Cyclizations". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (43): 14994–14995
Atropisomer
Indian synthetic organic chemist and stereochemist
reactions involving cationic and radical processes he developed widened the understanding of free radical cyclization chemistry. Ghatak documented his
Usha_Ranjan_Ghatak
Chemical compound
cyclization to cyclopentenones in the presence of an unsaturated ester. Tandem intermolecular-intramolecular cyclization of homopropargylic radicals leads
Trimethylenemethane
Branch of organic chemistry
X−Sn(R3)3 Organotin compounds are also used extensively in radical chemistry (e.g. radical cyclizations, Barton–McCombie deoxygenation, Barton decarboxylation
Organotin_chemistry
Covalent bond
Chantal T.; Ryu, Ilhyong; Schiesser, Carl H. (2002). "5-Azahexenoyl radicals cyclize via nucleophilic addition to the acyl carbon rather than 5-exo homolytic
Carbon–nitrogen_bond
Chemical compound
methyl radical coupling and aromatization, on a Cu(111) surface. A solution-phase synthesis was reported in 2023 via acid-mediated cyclization of alkynes
Circumcoronene
Concept in communication theory
The law of the suppression of radical potential is an idea first described by Brian Winston in his book, Misunderstanding Media. It states that when a
Law of the suppression of radical potential
Law_of_the_suppression_of_radical_potential
Organic chemist
chloride. Multicomponent Cyclization One area of interest to the RajanBabu group is catalytic multicomponent addition/cyclization reactions. This methodology
T._V._Rajan_Babu
American organic chemist and professor of chemistry
transfer and functional group transfer, and encompassing radical addition (ATRA), cyclization (ATRC) and annulation. He introduced sunlamps as convenient
Dennis_P._Curran
Chemical compound
footprint product of the reaction between melatonin and hydroxyl radical. Cyclized tryptamine Tan, Dun-Xian; Hardeland, R.; Manchester, L. C.; Galano
Cyclic_3-hydroxymelatonin
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
spontaneously in the presence of persulfate radicals. Alternatively, prebiotic synthesis of the citric acid cycle could have beginnings in the interstellar
Citric_acid_cycle
Aryl-aryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt
One intramolecular variation which gives better results is the Pschorr cyclization: The group Z can be CH2, CH2CH2, NH and CO (to fluorenone) to name just
Gomberg–Bachmann_reaction
Human enzyme involved in inflammation
pentadienyl radical at carbon 11. The 11-peroxyl radical cyclizes at carbon 9 and the carbon-centered radical generated at C-8 cyclizes at carbon 12
Cyclooxygenase-2
Organic reaction
Pages 6349-6352 doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)93891-2 Asymmetric cyclization reactions. Cyclization of substituted 4-pentenals into cyclopentanone derivatives
Hydroacylation
UK organisation representing Humanistic Judaism
on the human significance of each event. A central principle of HJUK is radical inclusion. The organisation is particularly welcoming to those from mixed
Humanistic_Judaism_UK
Chemical compound
photo-dissociation to form Cl radicals. These then readily form chlorine monoxide, and this cycle can continue until two radicals react to form dichlorine
Chlorine_monoxide
intramolecular cyclized rings (i.e. intramolecular cyclization). The unique alternating chain propagation/intramolecular cyclization process eventually
Knotted_polymers
Type of battery
exhibit weak cyclability. Polymeric electrodes in organic radical batteries are electrochemically active with stable organic radical pendant groups
Polymer-based_battery
Political alignment in the right-wing spectrum
that are marked by ultraconservatism, authoritarianism, ultranationalism, radical anti-communism, ethnic nationalism, and nativism. This political spectrum
Far-right_politics
Political preference that leans towards the far-right
In the politics of the United States, the radical right is a political preference that leans towards ultraconservatism, white nationalism, white supremacy
Radical_right_(United_States)
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living
Antioxidant
Process or characteristic limited to the structure of a single molecule
rings of these sizes. For the formation of different ring sizes via cyclization of substrates of varying tether length, the order of reaction rates (rate
Intramolecular_reaction
Any organic compound containing one double and two triple bonds
Bergman cyclization unfavorable due to steric hindrance. For Bergman cyclization to occur, the epoxide must be removed. Myers-Saito cyclization is another
Enediyne
British chemist (born 1973)
(2002). "Amino acid derived heterocycles: Lewis acid catalyzed and radical cyclizations from peptide acetals". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 67 (12): 3985–3988
Matthew_Todd_(chemist)
Chemical compound
Commonly, an isonitrile is chosen to give a labile terminal amide to enable cyclization. For example, the direct 2,5-DKP ring formation via such an activated
2,5-Diketopiperazine
Effects of radical activists for a cause
The radical flank effect refers to the positive or negative effects that radical activists for a cause have on more moderate activists for the same cause
Radical_flank_effect
Political party in Greece
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance, best known by the syllabic abbreviation SYRIZA, is a centre-left and former left-wing political
Syriza
Chemical group (–C4H9) derived from butane
chemistry for kinetic stabilization. The effect of the tert-butyl group on cyclization reactions is called the Thorpe–Ingold effect. The tert-butyl effect is
Butyl_group
Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound
molecule and two parts of acetylene into pyridine is called Bönnemann cyclization. This modification of the Reppe synthesis can be activated either by
Pyridine
1955–1975 war in Southeast Asia
and proletarian internationalism for the communists. The communists' radical push for centralized control led to a prolonged civil conflict marked by
Vietnam_War
Chemical reaction
The Haber–Weiss reaction generates •OH (hydroxyl radicals) from H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and superoxide (•O2−) catalyzed by iron ions. It was first proposed
Haber–Weiss_reaction
Chemical reaction which forms a cyclic molecule
net reduction of the bond multiplicity". The resulting reaction is a cyclization reaction. Many but not all cycloadditions are concerted and thus pericyclic
Cycloaddition
Chemical compound found in all domains of life with largely unexplored effects
homoalanine radical The reactions that produce, consume, and regenerate SAM are called the SAM cycle. In the first step of this cycle, the SAM-dependent
S-Adenosyl_methionine
Radicals centered on boron atoms
Kiichiro (1987-04-01). "Et3B-induced radical addition of R3SnH to acetylenes and its application to cyclization reaction". Journal of the American Chemical
Boryl_radicals
Chemical compound
deprotection and purification, but other methods have also been explored. PMAA cyclization proved to be the main cause of termination, and this was reduced by changing
Poly(methacrylic_acid)
1970 book by Tom Wolfe
Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers is a 1970 book by Tom Wolfe. The book, Wolfe's fourth, is composed of two essays: "These Radical Chic Evenings"
Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers
Radical_Chic_&_Mau-Mauing_the_Flak_Catchers
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer radical
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Mechanism of Organolanthanide-Mediated Phosphinoalkene Hydrophosphination/Cyclization. A Density Functional Theory Analysis". Organometallics. 24 (21): 4995
Hydrophosphination
Radical monopoly is a concept defined by philosopher and author Ivan Illich in his 1973 book, Tools for Conviviality, and revisited in his later work
Radical_monopoly
Collection of short stories
asserting instead a variety of voices or perspectives reflective of the radical subjectivity of modern experience. Kennedy finds this proliferation in
Short_story_cycle
Jewish nationalist movement
against Palestinians for political means was essentially the same as that of radical conservative Zionist groups. In response to the revolt, the British appointed
Zionism
Antifungal medication used for dermatophytoses
an acyl-CoA starter unit. The 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain undergoes cyclization/aromatization, using cyclase/aromatase, respectively, through a Claisen
Griseofulvin
Chemical compound
conformation. Once this conformation is achieved, zirconocene-mediated cyclization of Structure 5 can occur, and oxidizing the resulting hydroxy group with
Resiniferatoxin
Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
causes certain alanine molecules to become free radicals, and, as these radicals are stable, the free radical content can later be measured by electron paramagnetic
Alanine
Multi-year debt crisis in multiple EU countries, 2009–2010
de facto refusal (PM David Cameron vetoed the project) to engage in any radical revision of the Lisbon Treaty. John Rentoul of The Independent concluded
Euro_area_crisis
Overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry
addition Nucleophilic addition Condensation reaction Cyclization Bergman cyclization Nazarov cyclization reaction Elimination reaction Beta elimination Cope
Outline_of_organic_chemistry
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024
April 2020. Maguire, Patrick (31 March 2020). "Keir Starmer: The sensible radical". New Statesman. London. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Boyden
Keir_Starmer
Chemical compound
sublimable solid. As a stable aminoxyl radical, it has applications in chemistry and biochemistry. TEMPO is used as a radical marker, as a structural probe for
TEMPO
national assembly from 2004 to 2007 as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS). Ranković is now a member of the Serbian Progressive Party
Branko_Ranković
Chemical compound
S2CID 5290737 Chen, Gu-Zhou; Hong, Ran (2022-10-19). "A bioinspired cyclization toward koumine and gelsemine". Cell Reports Physical Science. 3 (10):
Gelsemine
Class of aromatic organic chemicals found in plants
v7i3.14686. hdl:1807/60332. Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and Diterpenes"
Terpenoid
Category of radical molecules
Chantal T.; Ryu, Ilhyong; Schiesser, Carl H. (2002). "5-Azahexenoyl radicals cyclize via nucleophilic addition to the acyl carbon rather than 5-exo homolytic
N-philes
French businessman (born 1962)
the Copenhagen Fashion Summit, Kering's François-Henri Pinault Shares a Radical New Vision of Sustainability". Vogue.com. Retrieved 19 May 2019. Guilbault
François-Henri_Pinault
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
Girl/Female
Arabic
Neat
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern, Sanskrit
Magical
Girl/Female
Muslim
One who is full of shame
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Veiled; Covered
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern
Rose
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil, Traditional
Lover of Krishna; Successful; Prosperous
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Content; Satisfied
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Pleasure
Female
Romanian
Romanian name derived from the Slavic word rod, RODICA means "fertile."
Girl/Female
Indian
Content, Satisfied
Girl/Female
Australian, Romanian
Renowned Ruler
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Lovely tune.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God's Kindness
Boy/Male
Egyptian
Medical.
Male
Celtic
, sportive.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
One who is Full of Shame
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Wife of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Arabic, French
Satisfied; Content
Girl/Female
Muslim
Veiled, Covered
Girl/Female
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Thankful
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal, Constant, Perpetually
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Indian, Irish, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish
Breath; Highborn and Steadfast; Child; Breathing Spirit; Son; Vapour
Girl/Female
Indian
Intention, Determination
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chest
Girl/Female
Hindu
To listen, Obedient
Boy/Male
Arabic
Gratified; Delighted; Happy; Prosperous; King
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Acaph, ASAPH means "collector, gatherer." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including King David's chief musician.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Lord
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Flame
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
RADICAL CYCLIZATION
a.
Of or pertaining to a radius or ray; consisting of, or like, radii or rays; radiated; as, (Bot.) radial projections; (Zool.) radial vessels or canals; (Anat.) the radial artery.
adv.
In a radical manner; at, or from, the origin or root; fundamentally; as, a scheme or system radically wrong or defective.
a.
Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower.
a.
Of or pertaining to the nodes; from a node to the same node again; as, the nodical revolutions of the moon.
n.
One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative.
a.
Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below.
n.
Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as, the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence.
a.
Of or pertaining to a race or family of men; as, the racial complexion.
n.
Radial plates in the calyx of a crinoid.
a.
Equally radical.
n.
A radicle.
n.
A rootlet; a radicel.
a.
Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs.
a.
Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as, the medical properties of a plant.
a.
Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form.
n.
A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom.
n.
A radical quantity. See under Radical, a.
a.
A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.
a.
Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party.