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The pupil function or aperture function describes how a light wave is affected upon transmission through an optical imaging system such as a camera, microscope
Pupil_function
Part of an eye
the size of the pupil. This is the pupillary light reflex, which is an important test of brainstem function. Furthermore, the pupil will dilate if a
Pupil
Characteristic of an optical system
the ideal, diffraction-limited, imaging system with a circular pupil. Its transfer function decreases approximately gradually with spatial frequency until
Optical_transfer_function
Autocorrelation functions realized in optics
complex. The optical transfer function T(w) of an optical system is given by the autocorrelation of its pupil function f(x,y): T ( w ) = ∫ w / 2 1 ∫ 0
Optical_autocorrelation
Series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes
fundoscopic examination through a dilated pupil. A minimal eye examination consists of tests for visual acuity, pupil function, and extraocular muscle motility
Eye_examination
Computational imaging technique in microscopy
Variants of these algorithms allow for simultaneous reconstruction of the pupil function of an optical system, allowing for the correction of the aberrations
Fourier_ptychography
Excessive constriction of the pupil
constriction of the pupil. The opposite condition, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated
Miosis
up of the sclera, the iris, and the pupil, a black hole located at the center of the eye with the main function of allowing light to pass to the retina
Tadpole_pupil
Virtual aperture in an optical system
In optics, the exit pupil of an optical system is the image of the system's aperture stop created by the optics that follow it in the system. Only rays
Exit_pupil
Physiological response that varies the size of the pupil
of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response (miosis), is the narrowing of the pupil, which
Pupillary_response
Pupillary response
which are nowadays called nystagmus. It is particularly noticeable when pupil function is tested with a light, but is independent of eye movements or changes
Hippus
Proportion of observed intensity to ideal intensity, in astronomical imaging
computes the wave amplitude using the Fourier transform of the aberrated pupil function evaluated at 0,0 (center of the image plane) where the phase factors
Strehl_ratio
the lens, the MTF is the autocorrelation of the pupil function, so it accounts for the finite pupil extent and the lens aberrations. The sensor MTF is
Image_formation
Field of depth extension
This modulation corresponds to a change in complex argument of the pupil function of such an imaging device, and it can be engineered with different goals
Wavefront_coding
Pathological condition of the eye
in decreased function of the iris and pupil, affecting the physical eye and visualization. In the early history of China, double pupils were seen as a
Polycoria
Colored part of an eye
controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the
Iris_(anatomy)
Muscle in the eye which constricts the pupil
eye called the iris. It encircles the pupil of the iris, appropriate to its function as a constrictor of the pupil. The ciliary muscle, pupillary sphincter
Iris_sphincter_muscle
Sensory organ of vision
Fabrice; Ho, Arthur (2010). "The entrance pupil of the human eye: a three-dimensional model as a function of viewing angle". Optics Express. 18 (21):
Human_eye
Inability to focus the eye due to ciliary muscle paralysis
cycloplegic drugs are used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away
Cycloplegia
pupillary function. These include the pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex. Although the pupillary response, in which the pupil dilates or
Pupillary_reflex
Unequal size of the eyes' pupils
lesions of the oculomotor nerve, pupillary function is usually spared, whereas in compressive lesions, the pupil is involved. Pharmacological agents with
Anisocoria
Drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye
ophthalmologist will check the patient's pupil for abnormalities. The doctor will also check muscle function. The ophthalmologist may also measure the
Ptosis_(eyelid)
State of unconsciousness
patients in a coma, hospitals first test all comatose patients by observing pupil size and eye movement, through the vestibular–ocular reflex. (See Diagnosis
Coma
Division of the nervous system supplying internal organs, smooth muscle and glands
a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, its force of contraction, digestion, respiratory
Autonomic_nervous_system
The Stiles–Crawford Effect is quantified as a function of distance (d) away from the center of the pupil using the following equation: η ( d ) = amount
Stiles–Crawford_effect
Negative emotional state
outside world. Pupil size may be an indicator of sadness. A sad facial expression with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases
Sadness
Eye reflex which alters the pupil's size in response to light intensity
or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal
Pupillary_light_reflex
Transparent front layer of the eye
cornea is the transparent front part of the eye which covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea
Cornea
Smooth muscle of the eye
The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially
Iris_dilator_muscle
School where some or all people live on campus
and now extend across many countries. Their functioning, codes of conduct, and ethos vary greatly. Pupils in boarding schools study and live during the
Boarding_school
the Consummation of the Papal Dominion 1822 Alfred (XXX) 1821 "Behold a pupil of the monkish gown," Ecclesiastical Sonnets. In Series Part I.--From the
List of poems by William Wordsworth
List_of_poems_by_William_Wordsworth
Israeli physicist
Shechtman & W. E. Moerner (2017). "Measurement-based estimation of global pupil functions in 3D localization microscopy". Optics Express. 25 (7): 7945. arXiv:1705
Yoav_Shechtman
Physiological and psychological changes in preparation for sexual intercourse
lubrication. In both sexes, pupil dilation is an involuntary physiological response to sexual arousal. However, the degree of pupil dilation varies with individuals
Sexual_arousal
Brain and spinal cord
involved in such autonomic control of the body. Such functions may engage the heart, blood vessels, and pupils, among others. The brainstem also holds the reticular
Central_nervous_system
Reflex action of the human eye
comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape (accommodation) and pupil size. It is dependent on cranial nerve II (afferent limb of reflex), superior
Accommodation_reflex
Real function with finite total variation
Vol'pert 1985) he, jointly with his pupil Sergei Ivanovich Hudjaev, explored extensively the properties of BV functions and their application. His chain
Bounded_variation
Multi-role prism sights created and manufactured by Raytheon ELCAN Optical Technologies
Field of view = 26 degrees at 1×, 6.5 degrees at 4× Entrance pupil diameter = 32 mm Exit pupil diameter = 8 mm Eye relief = 70 mm Specter DR 1.5–6× Length
ELCAN_Specter
Pediatric ICU, now the Weill Cornell Medical Center; on day two, the eye pupils began to dilate, which can indicate brain swelling, and the intracranial
List_of_Equinox_episodes
Inability to focus on distant objects
larger pupils than far-sighted (hypermetropic) and emmetropic individuals, likely due to requiring less accommodation (which results in pupil constriction)
Myopia
Implanted lens in the eye allowing reasonable focus for a range of distances
simultaneously. The function of multifocal IOL depends on the pupil size for refractive types. The concept is based on the principle that the pupil tends to constrict
Multifocal_intraocular_lens
Roman name of today's city of Mainz, Germany
Beginning with a Crescentius in the 1st century, who was regarded as a pupil of Paul of Tarsus, a varying number of bishops are named up to Sidonius [de]
Mogontiacum
Group of eye diseases related to poor retinal and nerve perfusion
with corneal edema, engorged conjunctival vessels, and a fixed and dilated pupil on examination. Opaque specks may occur in the lens in glaucoma, known as
Glaucoma
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
Depth-of-Focus vs. Pupil Fill. "Stochastic Pupil Fill in EUV Lithography". www.linkedin.com. Chen, Frederick (December 21, 2024). "Stochastic Pupil Fill in EUV
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography
Post independence mobilisation of Dalits in Bihar
another gang emerged from the Mahavir's house, and to save themselves, the "pupils of Singhwa" rushed towards Rohan Mahto's house and locked themselves in
Dalits_in_Bihar
Anglican church in Shropshire, England
academy in the manor house and it was recorded that he "preached to his pupils and some few neighbours but never was a publick minister." He was assisted
St Mary's Church, Sheriffhales
St_Mary's_Church,_Sheriffhales
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians, with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in
Ottoman_Empire
Portable electroretinography device
developed by LKC Technologies for assessing retinal function. It enables ERG testing without pharmacologic pupil dilation and without corneal contact electrodes
RETeval
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
or missing areas of vision.[citation needed] Slow recovery of visual function after exposure to bright light (photostress test)[citation needed] Visual
Macular_degeneration
Government building in London
Grade I listed building facing Whitehall, currently used for government functions and as ministerial flats. Admiralty House is a four-storey building of
Admiralty_House,_London
British politician and broadcaster (born 1964)
if you looked, political motivation". One Black former Dulwich College pupil told The Guardian that Farage allegedly made repeated racist remarks targeting
Nigel_Farage
1999 mass shooting in Colorado, U.S.
the fan cultures surrounding Harris and Klebold found that "Columbiners" function similar to other fandoms, engaging in fan art, fan fiction, and cosplay
Columbine High School massacre
Columbine_High_School_massacre
Twilight's friends with the fillies. Chrysalis decides to make Twilight her pupil instead of absorbing her magic, threatening to kill her friends if she does
List of My Little Pony comics issued by IDW Publishing
List_of_My_Little_Pony_comics_issued_by_IDW_Publishing
Organic mental disorder caused by late-stage syphilis
psychoses and dementias by a characteristic abnormality in eye pupil reflexes (Argyll Robertson pupil), and, eventually, the development of muscular reflex abnormalities
General_paresis_of_the_insane
Class of mollusks
of image acuity on accommodation. The unusual off-axis slit and annular pupil shapes in cephalopods enhance this ability by acting as prisms which are
Cephalopod
Emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected event
expansion of the pupil, where as negative valence in surprise is associated with pupil constriction. But, newer studies show pupil dilation for negative
Surprise_(emotion)
State in southern India
with 80,217 teachers in government-aided schools with an average teacher-pupil ratio of 1:26.6. Public schools are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State
Tamil_Nadu
Region of Italy
representatives include Duccio, whose work shows Byzantine influence; his pupil Simone Martini; Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti; Domenico and Taddeo di Bartolo;
Tuscany
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
America's Airpower Strategy". defencesecurityasia.com. 14 May 2026. "Five pupils reported killed in Iran, man injured in Israel as war starts". Premium Times
2026_Iran_war
Businessman and public official (born 1971)
fight over rations. In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him
Elon_Musk
Measurement of pupil size and reactivity
Pupillometry, the measurement of pupil size and reactivity, is a key part of the clinical neurological exam for patients with a wide variety of neurological
Pupillometry
Science regarding functions in organisms or living systems
'nature, origin' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology
Physiology
1346–1353 pandemic in Eurasia and North Africa
western United States. Y. pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894;
Black_Death
Medical condition
include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils. Many cases have a sudden onset, but others worsen over time, resembling
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy
Autoimmune_autonomic_ganglionopathy
Country in West Asia
largest school group and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils. Most Arabs send their children to Arabic-language schools. Education is
Israel
German composer and pianist (1833–1897)
While in Düsseldorf, Brahms participated with Schumann and Schumann's pupil Albert Dietrich in writing a movement each of a violin sonata for Joachim
Johannes_Brahms
Area of one's field of vision outside of the point of fixation
Fabrice; Ho, Arthur (2010). "The entrance pupil of the human eye: a three-dimensional model as a function of viewing angle". Optics Express. 18 (21):
Peripheral_vision
Country in North America
include Santiago Rebull [es], Félix Parra, Eugenio Landesio, and his noted pupil, the landscape artist José María Velasco. In the 20th century artists such
Mexico
Country in Northwestern Europe and the Caribbean
test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams
Netherlands
U.S. state
student enrollment figures. In 2016, California's K–12 public school per-pupil spending was ranked 22nd in the nation ($11,500 per student vs. $11,800
California
Supranational political and economic union
symbol of European student life. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for
European_Union
Pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye
the iris's control over the pupil. Many of these functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The pupil provides a visible example
Uvea
building for St Catherine's Society in St Aldate's, designed by Lutyens' pupil Hubert Worthington, opened. A new police station is built next door. 1 December:
Timeline_of_Oxford
Period of the Second Spanish Republic (1933–1936)
that time religious schools catered for three hundred and fifty thousand pupils in primary education alone). For example, the city council of Cádiz calculated
Second biennium of the Second Spanish Republic
Second_biennium_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic
Government system where political power lies with the people
scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence
Democracy
unfulfilled commitment to expand free school meals to all primary school pupils. 5 September – The UK government sets out its plan to abolish hereditary
2024 in United Kingdom politics and government
2024_in_United_Kingdom_politics_and_government
Assessing Pupils' Progress (APP) has been developed for use in schools in England and Wales to enable them to apply Assessment for Learning (AfL) consistently
Assessing_Pupils'_Progress
Capital of England and the United Kingdom
Black or mixed-Black descent. As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds, with only 23.9% White British. A
London
Measure of lens speed
the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil ("clear aperture"). The f-number is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio
F-number
Hormone and medication
increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha
Adrenaline
Codename of a series of executions
The institute consisted of a number of deputies in charge of defined functions or departments within the administration. On 4 February 1943, Retired
Operation_Silbertanne
2026 shooting by a US immigration agent
wounds: two in the chest, one in the forearm, and one in the head. Her pupils were dilated and blood was pouring from her ear. By 09:45:30 a.m., Good
Killing_of_Renée_Good
Topics referred to by the same term
travels Virtual function, a programming function or method whose behaviour can be overridden within an inheriting class by a function with the same signature
Virtual
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates fight-or-flight responses
at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary system output and function. It is perhaps best known for
Sympathetic_nervous_system
Brazilian land force from 1889 to 1930
capabilities both for war and for participation in society. The army's function was twofold: external defense and maintenance of internal order. These
Brazilian Army in the First Republic
Brazilian_Army_in_the_First_Republic
tank as backrest; it upsets Day's stern teacher, who has just taught his pupils that "there's only one acceptable way to sit on the toilet" (sitting upright
List of Saturday Night Live commercial parodies
List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_commercial_parodies
Public secondary school in Paris, France, established in 1888
history and foreign languages (English and German) offered to advanced pupils. From 1914, boys were admitted to these classes if they had a sister enrolled
Lycée_Molière_(Paris)
Secondary school in Ennis, Ireland
completed. The school had rapidly expanded since 1962, when there were some 370 pupils, 140 of whom were day boys, and only 37 teachers. By 2004, enrollment had
St_Flannan's_College
Literary genre Of German, Swiss or Austrian origin
to enjoy immense publishing success: Hans Dominik (1872-1945). A former pupil of Kurd Laßwitz, Hans Dominik pursued a career as an electrical engineer
German_science_fiction
British politician (born 1980)
had claimed in May 2023 in a letter to Walsall Academy that "one female pupil has developed a UTI" as she did not feel comfortable using gender-neutral
Kemi_Badenoch
1887 Albania: The first Albanian language elementary school open to female pupils. Costa Rica: Legal majority for married women. Costa Rica: Married women
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 19th century
Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)_in_the_19th_century
Attitudes and behaviors towards sex in ancient Rome
man and woman, he emphasizes, should be mutual; Ovid instructs his male pupils to make love to a woman slowly, as he advises men not to conclude the sex
Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome
Pair of telescopes mounted side-by-side
binoculars is larger than the pupil it is going into, any light larger than the pupil is wasted. In daytime use, the human pupil is typically dilated about
Binoculars
Psychedelic drug
dimensions, and temporary dissociation. LSD can induce physical effects such as pupil dilation, decreased appetite, increased sweating, and wakefulness. The physical
LSD
Condition in which a patient is aware but completely paralysed
vary their salivary pH with mental food imagery such as lemons or milk. Pupil dilation of a patient at bedside has also been used to signal responses
Locked-in_syndrome
West Germanic language
and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages
English_language
Portrayal of sexual subject matter
McGivern, Mark; Cosic, Milica (1 December 2022). "Teacher quits after pupils find OnlyFans page she made to pay for sick son's care". Mirror.co.uk. Archived
Pornography
State in southwestern India
two-wheelers rose by 35% compared to the national rate of 15%, and the teacher-pupil ratio rose 50% from 2:100 to 4:100. The Kerala Infrastructure Investment
Kerala
Head teacher Philip Lawrence dies after being stabbed while protecting a pupil from a teenage gang outside his school in Maida Vale. 13 December: 1995
Timeline of London (20th century)
Timeline_of_London_(20th_century)
Israeli military operation against Lebanon
October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024. About half of Lebanon's school pupils have become displaced by Israel's bombardment, according to a senior Education
2024_Lebanon_war
History of lands by the Tigris and Euphrates
necklaces are often made of an external material, added or inlaid: the pupil is made of mother-of-pearl, and the thick, black eyebrows of bitumen. A
Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Garland
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Moon
Boy/Male
Tamil
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Fond Pupil
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pupil of the eye
Boy/Male
Indian
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Durga; Pupil if the Eye
Boy/Male
Tamil
Upamanyu | உபமநà¯à®¯à¯
Name of a devoted pupil
Upamanyu | உபமநà¯à®¯à¯
Girl/Female
Tamil
Blue, Durga, Pupil if the eye
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
A Secret
Boy/Male
Muslim
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
One Liked by Pupil
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Pupil of the Eye
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu
Name of a Devoted Pupil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Star, Pupil of eye, Protector
Girl/Female
Hindu
Pupil of the eye
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Durga; Pupil of the Eye
Girl/Female
Tamil
Blue, Durga, Pupil if the eye
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pupil of the eye
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Husband of Saraswati
Boy/Male
Muslim
Encourager, Instigator
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Son of the Lord Ashvinikumar
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Simple; Honest; Innocent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sword of the Faith
Boy/Male
Indian
A prophets name
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Beautiful Princess
Girl/Female
Norse
Firm helper.
Girl/Female
Welsh Arthurian Legend English
Welsh given name Eluned: From 'cilun' meaning idol.
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Dutch, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi, Polish, Slovenia
Coral; Bitter; Mars; Manly
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
PUPIL FUNCTION
n.
As much as is taken up between the thumb and two first fingers.
n.
A pupil who attends the same school as another.
n.
A pupil; a student.
a.
Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye.
n.
The state of being a pupil.
n.
A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female.
n.
An obliteration of the pupil of the eye.
a.
Of or pertaining to a pupa, or the condition of a pupa.
n. fem.
A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.
n.
One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared.
a.
Very small; little; petty.
n.
A person under a guardian; a ward.
n.
A composition or essay required of a pupil.
n.
An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye.
n.
A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor.
n.
The aperture in the iris; the sight, apple, or black of the eye. See the Note under Eye, and Iris.
a.
Causing dilatation of the pupil.
n.
Pupil of the eye.
n.
Long-continued contraction of the pupil of the eye.
a.
Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward.