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Research field that may become a science
Philosophers use protoscience to understand the history of science and distinguish protoscience from science and pseudoscience. The word "protoscience" is a hybrid
Protoscience
Unscientific claims presented as scientific
be better described as ideas that are "not yet generally accepted". Protoscience is a term sometimes used to describe a hypothesis that has not yet been
Pseudoscience
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
later disproven, or because they are preliminary theories also known as protoscience which go on to become mainstream after empirical confirmation. Some theories
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Science of mapping the universe
cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more
Cosmography
rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter
History_of_chemistry
British poet and mystic (1857–1942)
occultism—viewed as a spiritual tradition rather than as aspects of protoscience or as the pathology of religion." He was a Freemason, as well as being
A._E._Waite
Overview of and topical guide to alchemy
guide to alchemy: Alchemy – A philosophical tradition recognized as protoscience, that includes the application of Hermetic principles, and practices
Outline_of_alchemy
Pseudoscientific system of knowledge based on the Vedas
Vedic science refers to a pseudoscientific system of knowledge based on the Vedas, a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Wikiquote
Vedic_science
Indian government ministry for alternative medicine systems
Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific but is occasionally considered a protoscience, or trans-science system instead. Naturopathy is considered to be a form
Ministry_of_Ayush
Transition from solid to gas without melting
electronics and other applications.[citation needed] In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine
Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation_(phase_transition)
Interpretation of out-of-body experiences
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Astral_projection
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
prehistoric science, as did religious rituals. Some scholars use the term "protoscience" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some
Science
American paranormal investigators and authors
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Ed_and_Lorraine_Warren
Urban legend based on a region in North Atlantic
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Bermuda_Triangle
Legendary creature in folklore of the Americas
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Chupacabra
1967 film allegedly containing footage of Bigfoot
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Patterson–Gimlin_film
Scientific study of matter's behavior and properties
glass, and making alloys like bronze. Chemistry was preceded by its protoscience, alchemy, which operated a non-scientific approach to understanding the
Chemistry
Self-proclaimed medium offering pseudoscientific medical advice
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Anthony_William
Israeli-British illusionist and self-proclaimed psychic (born 1946)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Uri_Geller
American remote viewing pioneer (1933–2013)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Ingo_Swann
Allegedly unexplained human incineration
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Spontaneous_human_combustion
Pseudoscientific concept
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Remote_viewing
Perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Shadow_person
Paranormal sight of the future
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Precognition
1977 book by Jay Anson
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
The_Amityville_Horror
encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Protoscience, early sciences, and natural philosophies such as alchemy and astrology
History_of_science
Mythological human with acquired ability to transform into a wolflike creature
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Werewolf
Scientist trained in the study of chemistry
method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word chemist is derived from the Neo-Latin noun chimista
Chemist
The Renaissance starting in the 14th century saw the establishment of protoscience that eventually became modern science. This was a period of great social
History_of_creationism
Supposed 1943 US Navy experiment
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Philadelphia_Experiment
American phone and television psychic (1962–2016)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Miss_Cleo
U.S. Army investigations of psychic phenomena
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Stargate Project (U.S. Army unit)
Stargate_Project_(U.S._Army_unit)
Pseudoscientific belief
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Law of attraction (New Thought)
Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)
Claimed form of extrasensory perception
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Clairvoyance
American reality show personality
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Tyler_Henry
Set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, and mediums
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Cold_reading
Knowledge of the hidden or the paranormal
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Occult
American psychic medium
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Thomas_John_(medium)
Hollow Earth Biology in fiction Fantasy tropes Outline of science fiction Protoscience "Parasitism and Symbiosis". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 10 January
List of science fiction themes
List_of_science_fiction_themes
Divination game
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Charlie_Charlie_challenge
Belief in the connection of unrelated events
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Magical_thinking
Branch of engineering dealing with hypothetical models
science, given the lack of experimental confirmation. By analogy with protoscience, it might be considered a form of protoengineering. Due to the difficulty
Exploratory_engineering
Study of demons or beliefs about demons
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Demonology
Branch of natural philosophy
interpreted in a spiritual sense, less than as a practical tradition or protoscience. This interpretation claimed that the obscure language of the alchemical
Alchemy
Wine box claimed to be haunted
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Dybbuk_box
Study of paranormal and psychic phenomena
consider parapsychology to be a pseudoscience in his essay "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". Parapsychology relies on an ill-defined ontology
Parapsychology
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
scientific theory. This view regards memetics as a theory in its infancy: a protoscience to proponents, or a pseudoscience to some detractors. One frequent criticism
Meme
French apothecary, astrologer and seer (1503–1566)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Nostradamus
Phenomena not subject to the laws of nature
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Supernatural
Conspiracy theory of reptilian humanoids
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Reptilian_conspiracy_theory
Haunted doll and fictional character
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Annabelle_(doll)
Technique of describing someone or something in a word or short phrase
ideological debate, in pseudoscience, and even in the early stages of science (protoscience).' Society portal Psychology portal Archetype Association fallacy Attributional
Labelling
Mythical creature in Scottish folklore
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Loch_Ness_Monster
Spirit of a deceased person in South and South East Asia
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Bhoota_(ghost)
Urban legend
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Black-eyed_children
Imperial dynasty of China (618–907)
historian Joseph Needham labelled the work of the Taoist alchemists as "protoscience rather than pseudoscience". However, the close connection between Taoism
Tang_dynasty
Laws in physics about force and motion
last of the magicians" to describe his place in the transition between protoscience and modern science. The suggestion has been made that alchemy inspired
Newton's_laws_of_motion
Mythical ape-like creature from Asia
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Yeti
Creature of Arkansas folklore
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Fouke_Monster
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
List of reportedly haunted locations in India
List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India
the ancient world encompasses the earliest history of science from the protoscience of prehistory and ancient history to late antiquity. In ancient times
Science_in_the_ancient_world
Jungian concept of the meaningfulness of acausal coincidences
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Synchronicity
Mansion in San Jose, California
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Winchester_Mystery_House
American psychic medium (born 1969)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
John_Edward
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
List_of_cryptids
1976 book by Helen Schucman
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
A_Course_in_Miracles
Parapsychological and spiritual concept
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Aura_(paranormal)
Concept in popular psychology
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Empath
Brazilian faith healer and convicted sex offender (born 1942)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
João_Teixeira_de_Faria
Pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine
some of its adherents (often sincerely). Tuomela R (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). Rational Changes
Homeopathy
Using tarot cards to perform divination
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Tarot_card_reading
Fake mummified body of a half-monkey half-fish
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Fiji_mermaid
American clairvoyant (1877–1945)
October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2012. Tuomela, R (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). Rational Changes
Edgar_Cayce
Alleged creature in Wexford County, Michigan
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Michigan_Dogman
Claim of supernatural activity
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Enfield_poltergeist
Natural science during the Renaissance
polymath (1535–1615) Magia Naturalis – Book by Giambattista della Porta Protoscience – Research field that may become a science Thomas Vaughan – Welsh philosopher
Natural_magic
Practice of predicting information about a person's life
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Fortune-telling
American psychiatrist (1918–2007)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Ian_Stevenson
Study of a social phenomenon
of this is the science chemistry, which traces its origins from the protoscience of alchemy. The vast diversity in pseudosciences further complicates
History_of_pseudoscience
Psychic research organisation, 1966–1968
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
British_Premonitions_Bureau
Pseudoscience that studies creatures
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Cryptozoology
American astrologer and psychic
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Jeane_Dixon
House or other building perceived as being inhabited by spirits
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Haunted_house
Pseudoscientific divination based on the movements of the stars
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Astrology
shift 'Pataphysics [sic] Pathological science Philosophy of science Protoscience Pseudomathematics Pseudophilosophy Pyramidology Definition: "A pretended
List_of_pseudoscience_topics
Supernatural being originating in folklore
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Ghost
American purported psychic medium
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Matt_Fraser_(psychic)
Seeking visions in a reflective surface
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Scrying
Research program at Princeton University that studied parapsychology
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab
Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab
Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices
Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-262-03742-6. Tuomela, R (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). Rational Changes
Quackery
Cryptid in Louisiana folklore
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Honey_Island_Swamp_monster
Person who conducts scientific research
Independent scientist Licensure Mad scientist Natural science Nobel Prize Protoscience Normative science Pseudoscience Scholar Science Social science Related
Scientist
American writer (1874–1932)
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Charles_Fort
Practice of supernatural beings and forces
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Magic_(supernatural)
Paranormal terminology and recordings
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Electronic_voice_phenomenon
Purported control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Spirit_possession
Genoeconomics is an interdisciplinary field of protoscience that aims to combine molecular genetics and economics. Genoeconomics is based on the idea that
Genoeconomics
Claim of special powers
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Fasting_girl
Substance in spiritualism
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
Ectoplasm_(paranormal)
Book written by Gary Schwartz and William L. Simon
Fallacy Falsifiability Fringe science Groupthink Hypnosis Junk science Protoscience Pseudoscience Scientific evidence Scientific method Superstition Uncertainty
The_Afterlife_Experiments
PROTOSCIENCE
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PROTOSCIENCE
Boy/Male
Native American
Soaring turkey vulture.
Boy/Male
German
Knight.
Girl/Female
German American Spanish
Noble protector.
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish
God is Gracious; Gift from God
Female
French
French form of Roman Latin Lucia, LUCIE means "light."Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
Princess iranian
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Flemings.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
The Earth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from the personal name Atkin.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Beautiful; Goddess
PROTOSCIENCE
PROTOSCIENCE
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PROTOSCIENCE