AI & ChatGPT searches , social queriess for PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Search references for PROGRAMMED LEARNING. Phrases containing PROGRAMMED LEARNING
See searches and references containing PROGRAMMED LEARNING!
Search references for PROGRAMMED LEARNING. Phrases containing PROGRAMMED LEARNING
See searches and references containing PROGRAMMED LEARNING!PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Use of programmed texts or teaching machines
Programmed learning (or programmed instruction) is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully. The method is guided by research done
Programmed_learning
Educational mechanical device
a program for self-instruction. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 387. OCLC 190451. Glaser, Robert, ed. (1965). Teaching machines and programmed learning II:
Teaching_machine
Subset of artificial intelligence
and thus perform tasks without being explicitly programmed. Advances in the field of deep learning have allowed neural networks, a class of statistical
Machine_learning
Educational software application
training programs, materials, or learning and development programs. The learning management system concept emerged directly from e-Learning. Learning management
Learning_management_system
Use of technology in education to enhance learning and teaching
education as well as promote his system he called programmed instruction. Ogden Lindsley developed a learning system, named Celeration, which was based on
Educational_technology
Process of acquiring new knowledge
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behavior, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed
Learning
There are differing definitions of service-learning. Weigert states that in service-learning "three of the elements focus more on the community side of
Service_learning_programs
Field of machine learning
Reinforcement learning is one of the three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning. While supervised learning and
Reinforcement_learning
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". ML involves the study and construction of algorithms that can learn
Outline_of_machine_learning
American psychologist and social philosopher (1904–1990)
was to administer a curriculum of programmed learning. The machine embodies key elements of Skinner's theory of learning and had important implications for
B._F._Skinner
activity (terminal learning objectives). Grolier and TMI marketed Min-Max (a teaching machine) with machine programs and programmed text books. Douglas
History of virtual learning environments
History_of_virtual_learning_environments
Branch of machine learning
In machine learning, deep learning (DL) focuses on utilizing multilayered neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation
Deep_learning
Memorization technique based on repetition
not involve repetition, unlike the usual meaning of rote learning. The machine is programmed to keep a history of calculations and compare new input against
Rote_learning
British cybernetician, educational theorist, and computer scientist (1928–1996)
Skill". Programmed Learning. 4 (2): 74–86. doi:10.1080/1355800670040202. ——— (June 1967). "The Control of Learning in Small Subsystems of a Programmed Educational
Gordon_Pask
Author of mathematics textbooks
Sc. and a DipEd. Stroud was an innovator in programmed learning and the identification of precise learning outcomes, and Nigel Steele calls his textbook
Ken_Stroud
Instructional strategy and educational philosophy
implementation. The idea of mastery learning resurfaced in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a corollary of programmed instruction, a technology invented
Mastery_learning
Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development
but in the 2000s, a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, was recognized as an alternative form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized
Programmed_cell_death
American educational software company
Teri Perl; and Warren Robinett, a former Atari, Inc. employee who had programmed the game Adventure. They saw the Apple II as an opportunity to teach young
The_Learning_Company
Range of neurodevelopmental conditions
Learning disability, primarily learning disorder, or learning difficulty (British English) is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending
Learning_disability
Mode of delivering education to students who are not physically present
education (also known as online learning, remote learning or remote education) through an online school. A distance learning program can either be completely
Distance_education
American psychologist (1888–1979)
chapter 10, The nature and control of the learning process, is directly relevant to the ideas of programmed learning which developed after World War II in
Sidney_L._Pressey
Tabular comparison of deep learning software
compare notable software frameworks, libraries, and computer programs for deep learning applications. Licenses here are a summary, and are not taken to
Comparison of deep learning software
Comparison_of_deep_learning_software
Mainframe computer system
PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations), also known as Project Plato and Project PLATO, was the first generalized computer-assisted
PLATO_(computer_system)
Intelligence of machines
to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field
Artificial_intelligence
Non-centralised form of instruction
seriousness, competition and learning environment Programmed instruction may be isolated & separated from daily practice Programmed instruction does not give
Distributed_learning
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
In deep learning, the transformer is a family of artificial neural network architectures based on the multi-head attention mechanism, in which text is
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Category of learning situation
Non-formal learning includes various structured learning situations which do not either have the level of curriculum, institutionalization, accreditation
Nonformal_learning
Source code that alters its instructions to the hardware while executing
such as buffer overflows. Traditional machine-learning systems have a fixed, pre-programmed learning algorithm to adjust their parameters. However, since
Self-modifying_code
Traditional first example of a computer programming language
Hello World!. The Wikibook Computer Programming has a page on the topic of: Hello world Wikiversity has learning resources about Hello, world The Hello
Hello,_world
Process to create executable computer programs
allowed it to be programmed for different jobs, and by the late 1940s, unit record equipment such as the IBM 602 and IBM 604, were programmed by control panels
Computer_programming
American research psychologist (born 1931)
Association Conference on Programmed Instruction. New York: Basic Systems, Inc. Mechner, F. (1965). Learning by doing through programmed instruction. American
Francis_Mechner
American psychologist (1921–2012)
works. Lumsdaine A.A. & Glaser R. (eds) 1960. Teaching machines and programmed learning I: a source book. Washington D.C. National Education Association
Robert_Glaser
Computational model used in machine learning
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or neural net, is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
General-purpose programming language
has gained extensive use in the machine learning community. It is widely taught as an introductory programming language. Since 2003, Python has consistently
Python_(programming_language)
Non-profit educational organization
interactive learning web platform, an online community forum, chat rooms, online publications and local organizations that intend to make learning software
FreeCodeCamp
comparison of machine learning software such as software frameworks, libraries, and computer programs used for machine learning. Apache OpenNLP — natural
Comparison of machine learning software
Comparison_of_machine_learning_software
A Small Learning Community (SLC), also referred to as a School-Within-A-School, is a school organizational model that is an increasingly common form of
Small_Learning_Community
Programming paradigm
gradient-based optimization of parameters in the program, often via gradient descent, as well as other learning approaches that are based on higher-order derivative
Differentiable_programming
page is a timeline of machine learning. Major discoveries, achievements, milestones and other major events in machine learning are included. History of artificial
Timeline_of_machine_learning
Machine learning paradigm
In machine learning, supervised learning (SL) is a type of machine learning paradigm where an algorithm learns to map input data to a specific output based
Supervised_learning
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a technique to align an intelligent agent with human preferences. It involves
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Learner centric pedagogy
Phenomenon-based learning is a constructivist form of learning or pedagogy, where students study a topic or concept in a holistic approach instead of
Phenomenon-based_learning
Learning that occurs through observing the behaviour of others
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based
Observational_learning
learning models and large language models. More broadly, compute is the computational power or resources necessary for a computer or computer program
Compute_(machine_learning)
Education practice
advantage that blended learning offers is scale, whereas one instructor can only teach so many people. One example is PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic
Blended_learning
Machine learning technique
In machine learning, normalization is a statistical technique with various applications. There are two main forms of normalization, namely data normalization
Normalization (machine learning)
Normalization_(machine_learning)
Largely debunked theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning
Learning styles refer to a range of theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. Although there is ample evidence that individuals
Learning_styles
Concept in education and psychology
Learning through play is a term used in education and psychology to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them. Through play
Learning_through_play
Form of active learning
Inquiry-based learning (also spelled as enquiry-based learning in British English) is a form of active learning that starts by posing questions, problems
Inquiry-based_learning
Pedagogy combining learning objectives with community service
Service-learning is an educational approach that uses community service to meet both classroom learning objectives and societal needs. It has been used
Service-learning
Category of learning situation
Informal learning is characterized by a low degree of planning and organizing of the learning context, learning support, learning time, and learning objectives
Informal_learning
Smart thermostat
Tony Fadell, Ben Filson, and Fred Bould. It is an electronic, programmable, and self-learning Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat that optimizes heating and cooling
Nest_Thermostat
Machine learning that combines deep learning and reinforcement learning
Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. RL considers the problem
Deep_reinforcement_learning
Central government research unit in India
100 books, a major segment of the publications consisted of the 14 Programmed Learning Texts on operational banking published in the initial years of the
National Institute of Bank Management
National_Institute_of_Bank_Management
Type of remote control
A universal remote is a remote control that can be programmed to operate various brands of one or more types of consumer electronics devices. Low-end universal
Universal_remote
Theory and philosophy of learning
action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning, cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning. Experiential learning is often
Experiential_learning
American youth program
motivation, and self-esteem, and for careers. Learning for Life is not considered a traditional scouting program; it does not use the Scout Promise, Scout
Learning_for_Life
E-learning platform
open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. Moodle is used for blended learning, distance
Moodle
American supplemental education program
Sylvan Learning, Inc. (formerly Sylvan Learning Corporation) consists of franchised and corporate supplemental learning centers which provide personalized
Sylvan_Learning
Name used for several lines of minicomputers
Programmed Data Processor (PDP), referred to by some customers, media and authors as "Programmable Data Processor," is a term used by the Digital Equipment
Programmed_Data_Processor
American psychologist
American applied psychologist who researched the use of media and programmed learning. Lumsdaine served in the U.S. Army in World War II. He was recruited
Arthur_A._Lumsdaine
An educational programming language (EPL) is a programming language used primarily as a learning tool, and a starting point before transitioning to more
List of educational programming languages
List_of_educational_programming_languages
2008 meta-study by John Hattie
Visible learning is a meta-study that analyzes effect sizes of measurable influences on learning outcomes in educational settings. It was published by
Visible_learning
Open-source machine-learning software library
differentiable programming through its source-to-source automatic differentiation package, Zygote.jl. Julia is a popular language in machine-learning and Flux
Flux (machine-learning framework)
Flux_(machine-learning_framework)
American psychologist
Roanoke Times. 10 January 1962. p. 15. Retrieved 1 July 2025. "Programmed Learning Firm Incorporated". Palo Alto Times. 12 August 1963. p. 6. Retrieved
Allen_Calvin
U.S. university accreditation organization
The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) is an institutional accreditor in the United States. It has historically accredited post-secondary education institutions
Higher_Learning_Commission
Educational programs for adults
Night self-learning (Korean: 야간자율학습(夜間自律學習); simplified Chinese: 晚自习; traditional Chinese: 晚自習) is a self-administered program available to students from
Night_self-learning
Deep learning training framework
Horovod is a free and open-source distributed deep learning training framework for TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch and Apache MXNet. It is designed to scale
Horovod_(machine_learning)
Free educational software
Chamilo is a free software (under GNU/GPL licensing) e-learning and content management system, aimed at improving access to education and knowledge globally
Chamilo
Subscription based education program for children 2–8
Early Learning Academy, is a digital education program targeted towards children ages 2–8, created by the educational technology company Age of Learning, Inc
ABCmouse
platforms used in data science, which includes programming languages, programming environments, machine learning frameworks, data engineering tools, statistical
List_of_data_science_software
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
programming, learning and probability, has given rise to the fields of statistical relational learning and probabilistic inductive logic programming.
Logic_programming
Transmission of knowledge and skills
the formal schooling system, while informal education is unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are divided
Education
Using game design elements in non-games
trials, including consumer behavior studies, adapting the format of Programmed learning into mobile microlearning to experiment with the impacts of gamification
Gamification
Canada. The Open Learning Division, which is situated in the BC Centre for Open Learning on TRU's Kamloops campus, offers courses and programs through online
Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning
Thompson_Rivers_University,_Open_Learning
Type of approach to problem solving
of Action Learning more precise in the opening chapter of his book which describes that "learning" is the result of combining "programmed knowledge"
Action_learning
Deep learning software
machine learning library, a scientific computing framework, and a scripting language based on Lua. It provides LuaJIT interfaces to deep learning algorithms
Torch_(machine_learning)
Public open university in Manila, Philippines
distance learning programs and the off-campus program that offer a bachelor's degrees in public administration remains a continuing program. It is designed
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Open University
Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila_Open_University
Computer programming concept
Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate
Temporal_difference_learning
American psychologist
learning largely based on B. F. Skinner's work on programmed learning and behavioral modification. In the 60's and 70's, while cooperative learning was
David_W._Johnson_(scholar)
Relationship between proficiency and experience
a learning curve Proficiency (test score)Experience (hours spent)01234503691215Proficiency (test score)Example of a steep learning curve A learning curve
Learning_curve
Non-profit association
organize the Programmed Learning Society. The stated purpose of the Society was to collect, develop, and diffuse information concerned with programmed instruction
International Society for Performance Improvement
International_Society_for_Performance_Improvement
Learning supported by technology
including online learning, mobile learning, blended learning, and any educational software and available resources used in teaching and learning. The main aim
Digital_learning
Language learning platform
Busuu is a language learning platform on web, Windows iOS and Android that allows users to interact with native speakers. In 2021, Chegg acquired Busuu
Busuu
Distance Learning Programs (ADLP) offers "accreditation" for all types of educational programs world-wide, including schools, colleges, distance learning programs
National Academy of Higher Education
National_Academy_of_Higher_Education
American technology company
United States. It is the developer and publisher of Canvas, a web-based learning management system. The company was founded in 2008 by two BYU graduate
Instructure
Subfield of machine learning
Meta-learning is a subfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments. As of
Meta-learning (computer science)
Meta-learning_(computer_science)
Practice of the Religious Society of Friends (or "Quakers")
TERMS: Programmed, Unprogrammed & Semi-programmed Quaker Worship". newassociationoffriends.org. Marian Baker (August 2020). "Learning from Programmed Friends"
Meeting_for_worship
Learning by physical activities
Kinesthetic learning (American English), kinaesthetic learning (British English), or tactile learning is learning that involves physical activity. As
Kinesthetic_learning
Area of automatic programming
programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning
Inductive_programming
ELearning software
eFront is an eLearning platform (also known as a Course Management System (CMS), or Learning Management Systems (LMS), or Virtual Learning Environment (VLE))
EFront_(eLearning_software)
Learning theory involving the construction of mental models
Constructionist learning is a theory of learning centred on mental models. Constructionism advocates student-centered, discovery learning where students
Constructionism (learning theory)
Constructionism_(learning_theory)
Ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge
Lifelong learning is the "ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of learning for either personal or professional reasons. Lifelong learning is important
Lifelong_learning
Instructional learning without errors
Errorless learning was an instructional design introduced by psychologist Charles Ferster in the 1950s as part of his studies on what would make the most
Errorless_learning
Evangelist Christian education organization
workbooks... the materials make heavy use of behavioral objectives, programmed learning, and rewards." D. Fleming and T Hunt in a 1987 article in the education
Accelerated Christian Education
Accelerated_Christian_Education
General-purpose programming language
solving with C++ (6th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-9428-9. OCLC 894992484. "Development of Doom". DoomWiki
C_(programming_language)
Open source platform
implementations for numerous statistical and machine learning algorithms, which are accessible through various programming interfaces. The software is released under
H2O_(software)
Building at the University of Pittsburgh
The Cathedral of Learning is a 42-story skyscraper that serves as the centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh's (Pitt) main campus in the Oakland neighborhood
Cathedral_of_Learning
Education practice
Social and emotional learning (SEL) is an educational method that aims to foster social and emotional skills within school curricula. SEL is also referred
Social–emotional_learning
Simple high-level programming language developed in the 1960s
Programmed Inquiry, Learning, or Teaching (PILOT) is a simple high-level programming language developed in the 1960s. Like its sibling LOGO, it was developed
PILOT
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Learning ocean
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidyasagar | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®¾à®•à®°Â
Ocean of learning
Vidyasagar | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®¾à®•à®°Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Goddess Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning (1)
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
A Goddess of learning
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhya | விதà¯à®¯à®¾,விதà¯à®¯à®¾Â
Knowledge, Learning
Vidhya | விதà¯à®¯à®¾,விதà¯à®¯à®¾Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Surname or Lastname
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát)
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát) : from a medieval personal name (Latin Donatus, past participle of donare, frequentative of dare ‘to give’). The name was much favored by early Christians, either because the birth of a child was seen as a gift from God, or else because the child was in turn dedicated to God. The name was borne by various early saints, among them a 6th-century hermit of Sisteron and a 7th-century bishop of Besançon, all of whom contributed to the popularity of the baptismal name in the Middle Ages, which was not checked by the heresy of a 4th-century Carthaginian bishop who also bore it. Another bearer was a 4th-century gramMarian and commentator on Virgil, widely respected in the Middle Ages as a figure of great learning.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Boy/Male
Indian
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Learning
Girl/Female
Sikh
Knowledge, Learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhyavathi | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Shad Fish
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Goderiche (from Old English GÅdrÄ«c, composed of the elements gÅd ‘good’ + rÄ«c ‘power’).English : from the Middle English personal name Cuterich (from Old English CūðrÄ«c, composed of the elements cūð ‘famous’ + rÄ«c ‘power’).
Female
German
 Contracted form of German Katarine, KATRINE means "pure." Compare with another form of Katrine.
Girl/Female
Indian
Victory, Successful
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
One who Spiritual and Meditate of God
Girl/Female
Tamil
Mrittika | மரதà¯à®¤à®¿à®•à®¾
Mother earth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Godbold.Americanized spelling of German Göbel (see Goebel).
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Swiss, Vietnamese
Origin
Boy/Male
Irish
Fair.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
A Dance Form in South India
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
n.
An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation.
n.
An elaborate instrumental composition for a full orchestra, consisting usually, like the sonata, of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related movements, as the allegro, the adagio, the minuet and trio, or scherzo, and the finale in quick time. The term has recently been applied to large orchestral works in freer form, with arguments or programmes to explain their meaning, such as the "symphonic poems" of Liszt. The term was formerly applied to any composition for an orchestra, as overtures, etc., and still earlier, to certain compositions partly vocal, partly instrumental.
a.
Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use.
n.
Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people.
n.
That which is written or printed as a public notice or advertisement; a scheme; a prospectus; especially, a brief outline or explanation of the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any public exercise, performance, or entertainment; a preliminary sketch.
n.
Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc.
a.
Not exhibiting learning; as, unlearned verses.
v. t.
To be without; to be destitute of, or deficient in; not to have; to lack; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want learning; to want food and clothing.
pl.
of Programma
n.
The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning.
n.
A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.
n.
Same as Programme.
n.
A preface.
n.
A printed programme of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors.
n.
Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.
n.
See Programme.
v. t.
A list of candidates, prepared for nomination or for election; a list of candidates, or a programme of action, devised beforehand.
n.
The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy.
n.
An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.
n.
A beginner in learning; one who is in the rudiments of any branch of study; a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject; a novice.