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Family of voting systems
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party
Party-list proportional representation
Party-list_proportional_representation
Type of mixed electoral system
compensatory tier with party lists, in a way that produces proportional representation overall. Like proportional representation, MMP is not a single system
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
Ongoing debate on electoral reform
Proportional representation in the United Kingdom has been a political debate on electoral reform in British politics for many years. The Northern Ireland
Proportional representation in the United Kingdom
Proportional_representation_in_the_United_Kingdom
Family of electoral systems
Semi-proportional representation characterizes multi-winner electoral systems which allow some representation of smaller parties or candidates, but produce
Semi-proportional representation
Semi-proportional_representation
Proportional multi-winner electoral system in US
Proportional representation (PR) in the United States refers to the multi-winner proportional electoral systems currently used in several cities and in
Proportional representation in the United States
Proportional_representation_in_the_United_States
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
Proportional representation (PR) is achieved by any electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected
Proportional_representation
Variant of party-list voting system
commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries
Closed_list
MP without a geographic constituency
without supporting other candidates from the same party. Supporters of party-list proportional representation sometimes retort that the public often has little
List_MP
Personalized list proportional voting system
Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates
Open_list
Legislature elected in 2026
through party-list proportional representation (closed list). In between elections, members of the legislature may not necessarily be of the same party or
7th_Senedd
System favoring larger parties over smaller ones
systems are contrasted with proportional representation systems, wherein control of the body or district is divided proportionally to the number of votes.
Winner-take-all_system
Multi-winner electoral system
transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV), also known as PR-STV and "proportional representation by means of the single transferable
Single_transferable_vote
Feature of the democratic process in the Philippines
elected by party-list proportional representation. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines created the party-list system. Originally, the party-list was open
Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines
Proportional-representation electoral system
seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal
Sainte-Laguë_method
Type of mixed electoral system
first-past-the-post (single member plurality) voting (FPTP/SMP) with party-list proportional representation (list-PR). The system has been applied in the election of national
Mixed-member majoritarian representation
Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation
Type of electoral system
to party-list proportional representation, but there are other electoral systems using party-lists including the general ticket (party block voting) and
Party-list_system
Lower house of the States General
seating arrangement. Seats are filled through elections using party-list proportional representation. The house is located in the Binnenhof in The Hague; although
House of Representatives (Netherlands)
House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)
Individual not affiliated to any political party
districts and party-list proportional representation. In addition, legal reforms prohibit akims and their deputies from holding positions in party branches
Independent_politician
competing in legislative elections according to a party-list proportional representation system. As a consequence, it is rare for any single political
List of political parties in Peru
List_of_political_parties_in_Peru
Welsh nationalist political party
joint Plaid Cymru/Green Party ticket The 2026 election used a different voting system with full party-list proportional representation in 16 six-member constituencies
Plaid_Cymru
Grouping of candidates for election
the registration of the list. Electoral lists are required for party-list proportional representation systems. An electoral list is made according to the
Electoral_list
Technique used for elections
local list systems of party-list proportional representation hold elections in small (local) electoral districts, while still maintaining proportional representation
Localized_list
Lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia
the 2007 and 2011 Russian legislative elections, a full party-list proportional representation with 7% electoral threshold system was used, but this was
State_Duma
Regional elections in Russia
the rest 225 – by party-list proportional representation with a 5% threshold. Party lists should have a federal part (country-wide list) with up to 15 candidates
2026_Russian_elections
Proportional multi-winner electoral system in Canada
using proportional representation between the 1920s and 1950s. Federal adoption of PR has been historically supported by the New Democratic Party and the
Proportional representation in Canada
Proportional_representation_in_Canada
250 members of the Assembly of the Republic are elected by proportional representation in eleven multi-member constituencies based on the country's
List of electoral systems by country
List_of_electoral_systems_by_country
Lower house, Parliament of Slovenia
for a four-year term. 88 members are elected using the party-list proportional representation system and the remaining two, using the Borda count, by
National_Assembly_(Slovenia)
Boundary review in Wales for 2026
election should use 16 six-member constituencies under a party-list proportional representation system, replacing the existing 40 constituencies and five
2026 review of Senedd constituencies
2026_review_of_Senedd_constituencies
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
For party-list proportional representation elections the number of seats for a political party is determined by the number of votes. Only parties crossing
Apportionment_(politics)
Unicameral legislature of Venezuela
state-based voting districts, and partly on a state-based party-list proportional representation system. Each of the 23 states and the Capital District elects
National Assembly of Venezuela
National_Assembly_of_Venezuela
2026 election for members of the House of Representatives
remaining 110 members from a single nationwide constituency via party-list proportional representation, as mentioned in article 84 of the Constitution of Nepal
2026 Nepalese general election
2026_Nepalese_general_election
Lower house of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The chamber consists of 42 members which are elected by party-list proportional representation. 28 members are elected from the Federation of Bosnia and
House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina
House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
Fully proportional representation (FPR) is a family of multiwinner voting systems that extends the property of proportional representation (PR) by requiring
Fully proportional representation
Fully_proportional_representation
Lower house in the Parliament of Kazakhstan
elections introduced a party-list proportional representation system, with 98 of the 107 seats being contested via proportional representation. The reforms solidified
Mäjilis
General election held in Wales on 7 May 2026
size of the Senedd from 60 members to 96, the adoption of party-list proportional representation, the reduction of the number of constituencies to sixteen
2026_Senedd_election
2020 political party in South Korea
Korea formed in order to run for party-list proportional representation in 2020 South Korean legislative election. The party was originally established by
Platform_Party
Canadian hybrid proportional electoral system
Rural–urban proportional systems were first devised in Denmark and Iceland; Denmark's implementation used party-list proportional representation in urban
Rural–urban proportional representation
Rural–urban_proportional_representation
Lower house in the National Assembly of Thailand
through single constituency elections and 100 elected through party-list proportional representation. Thus, returning to a fully elected bicameral National Assembly
House of Representatives (Thailand)
House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)
Type of electoral district
Republic of China on the mainland, which is elected using Party-list proportional representation. Some countries which allow for overseas citizens to vote
Overseas_constituency
Thai political party
sister Yingluck Shinawatra was nominated head of PTP's party-list proportional representation and contender of prime minister Abhisit. One of her main issues
Pheu_Thai_Party
Form of political manipulation
alongside voting systems establishing proportional representation such as party-list proportional representation or single transferable voting can reduce
Gerrymandering
Family of voting systems
(2005), for the next election, the system was changed to party-list proportional representation. South Korea: (1988-2024) National Assembly used parallel
Mixed_electoral_system
Multiple-winner electoral system
apportionment commonly used to calculate apportionments for party-list proportional representation. However, PAV allows voters to support only the candidates
Proportional_approval_voting
National legislature of Iceland
has 63 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation. Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir became speaker of the Althing
Althing
forming a new political alliance with opposition parties to run a single proportional representation list against the LDP, potentially including Komeito
2026 Japanese general election
2026_Japanese_general_election
Unicameral legislature of Angola
constituencies, by party-list proportional representation using the d'Hondt method. The other 130 are selected by party-list proportional representation using closed
National_Assembly_(Angola)
Legislative body of the Weimar Republic
universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage, using a system of party-list proportional representation. All citizens who had reached the age of 20 were allowed
Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)
Correction method used in some voting systems
The equivalent of this type of compensation in case of party-list proportional representation is the spare vote. Most mixed compensatory electoral systems
Compensation (electoral systems)
Compensation_(electoral_systems)
(nationwide). It is a party-list proportional representation, adopt a closed list system. The nationwide proportional representation system was introduced
South Korean proportional constituency
South_Korean_proportional_constituency
Unicameral legislature of Mozambique
directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation and serve five-year terms. Parties must receive at least five percent of
Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)
Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Mozambique)
Legislature of South Ossetia
using a mixed system of Party-list proportional representation (17) and Single-member district (17). South Ossetia has a multi-party system, and currently
Parliament_of_South_Ossetia
Political party in South Korea
was an electoral alliance and political party formed in order to run for party-list proportional representation in the 2024 South Korean legislative election
Democratic_Alliance_of_Korea
Representative subdivisions
single-winner contests tend to produce two-party systems, and proportional representation (PR) methods tend to produce multi-party systems. However, some PR systems
Electoral_district
Lower house of Togo
members who are elected for six-year terms in a party list proportional representation system. List of presidents of the National Assembly of Togo Senate
National_Assembly_(Togo)
Lower chamber of the Czech Republic parliament
and deputies are elected for four-year terms using the party-list proportional representation system with the Imperiali and Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas
Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic
Mixed electoral system
groups of members, such as a winner-take-all system with party-list proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common
Parallel_voting
Phenomenon in electoral systems
guaranteed – they have no party at all, and so obviously cannot win votes under MMP's party-list proportional representation. However, some countries,
Overhang_seat
allocated among parties using the D'Hondt method of party list proportional representation. Parties select candidates using a closed list. Thus, voters
Israeli_system_of_government
Party-list addition system in elections
in elections conducted according to the party-list proportional representation system, which allows parties to specify electoral alliances. The system
Apparentment
Devolved parliament of Wales
using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. Since May 2026, elections use closed list proportional representation, and Senedd terms last for
Senedd
Unicameral legislature of Benin
109 members, who are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation and serve seven-year terms. The first parliament of an independent
National_Assembly_(Benin)
members elected to 4-year terms in direct elections through a party-list proportional representation system. The Senate has 7 permanent commissions and a board
Government_of_Colombia
Assembly of the Fourth Republic. The elections were held using party-list proportional representation. The elections had been scheduled for June 1956; however
1956 French legislative election
1956_French_legislative_election
be filled using a proportional representation system and a further 26 members would be appointed. The party list for the proportional voting had reservations
Elections_in_Nepal
Supreme legislature of the Netherlands
Representatives have been elected for four years using party-list proportional representation, while the 75 members of the Senate are elected by the States-Provincial
States General of the Netherlands
States_General_of_the_Netherlands
Electoral district for the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Representatives (with the other 64 being elected through a system of party-list proportional representation). The country is currently divided into 254 congressional
Congressional districts of the Philippines
Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines
the Grand National Assembly of Turkey will be elected by party-list proportional representation in 87 electoral districts, by the D'Hondt method, with an
Next Turkish parliamentary election
Next_Turkish_parliamentary_election
Belgian lawyer and jurist (1841–1901)
described in 1878, for allocating seats to candidates in party-list proportional representation elections. The method has been adopted by a number of countries
Victor_D'Hondt
municipality of Bucharest, as well as the Romanian diaspora using party-list proportional representation. Law no. 208/2015 outlines that each constituency is to
Next Romanian parliamentary election
Next_Romanian_parliamentary_election
Candidates require 5% of their party's vote total in their constituency in order to override the default party-list order A party may earn seats even if they
List of legislatures by country
List_of_legislatures_by_country
Body governing the capital of France
council are elected using closed party-list proportional representation in a two-round system with a majority bonus. A party list which garners an absolute majority
Council_of_Paris
Administrative authority of Yerevan, Armenia
and largest city of Armenia. It has 65 members elected by party-list proportional representation system, headed by the Mayor of Yerevan. The council monitors
Yerevan_City_Council
party-list proportional representation (using territorial lists) and 58 members (using a national list) to realize semi-proportional representation.
2002 Hungarian parliamentary election
2002_Hungarian_parliamentary_election
Method by which voters make a choice between options
in multi-member districts at any level.[citation needed] Party-list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system and is used by
Electoral_system
Unicameral legislature of Costa Rica
elected by direct, universal, popular vote on a closed party list, proportional representation basis, by province, for four-year terms. A 1949 constitutional
Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica
Electoral system quota formula
electoral thresholds and to calculate apportionments under party-list proportional representation when using the largest remainder method. In such cases,
Hare_quota
Dutch political term
open list party-list proportional representation, votes cast to the lijstduwer add up to the total number of votes, and hence seats for the party. The
Lijstduwer
prefecture-wide Tokyo PR block which elects 19 members by party list proportional representation. In addition to the block seats, Tokyo has 30 constituencies
2026 Japanese general election in Tokyo
2026_Japanese_general_election_in_Tokyo
Election systems
voting[further explanation needed] Open list representation, a form of party-list proportional representation where "preference votes" are used to express
Preferential_voting
Tool used to make legislatures more proportional
with a further 4 "North Atlantic seats" elected separately by proportional representation in the Faroe Islands and Greenland (which are not treated as
Leveling_seat
Lower house of the Argentine National Congress
23 provinces of Argentina (plus the Federal Capital) by party list proportional representation. Elections to the Chamber are held every two years, so that
Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies
parallel voting. Half of the seats (225) are elected by party-list proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold in number of votes. The other
2026 Russian legislative election
2026_Russian_legislative_election
Territorial subdivision of South Africa
province is governed by a unicameral legislature elected by party-list proportional representation, and a Premier elected by the legislature. The provincial
Administrative divisions of South Africa
Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa
Legislature of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland
are elected by party-list proportional representation, and electoral lists must obtain at least 7% of the valid vote to win representation. The office of
Grand_Council_of_Geneva
Former European Parliament constituency
elections it elected 8 MEPs using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation, until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January
North West England (European Parliament constituency)
North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)
Political party in South Korea
for proportional representation. Yong Hye-in was elected under the party-list proportional representation. After the election, Yong rejoined the party. The
Basic_Income_Party
Vote share required for representation
situations. For example, in some party-list proportional representation systems, an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum
Electoral_threshold
party-list proportional representation (using territorial lists) and 58 members (using a national list) to realize semi-proportional representation.
1998 Hungarian parliamentary election
1998_Hungarian_parliamentary_election
Legislature of Timor-Leste
Parliament has 65 members, elected every five years through party-list proportional representation voting. The three main components concerning parliament
National Parliament of Timor-Leste
National_Parliament_of_Timor-Leste
for France, this election was conducted under a system of party-list proportional representation, unlike other legislative elections of the Fifth Republic
1986 French legislative election
1986_French_legislative_election
the Northern Kanto PR block which elects 19 members by party list proportional representation. In addition to the block seats, Northern Kanto has 33 constituencies
2026 Japanese general election in Northern Kanto
2026_Japanese_general_election_in_Northern_Kanto
Local council of Busan, South Korea
First-past-the-post voting system and 5 members elected in Party-list proportional representation. Negotiation groups can be formed by five or more members
Busan_Metropolitan_Council
Former European Parliament constituency
European Parliament (MEPs) using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January
South East England (European Parliament constituency)
South_East_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)
House of Representatives were contested, and filled using party-list proportional representation for a nominal four-year term. The election follows the PvdA's
2010_Dutch_general_election
Legislative assembly of a province in Nepal
party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of the total number as women through the party-list proportional representation. A party with
Provincial assemblies of Nepal
Provincial_assemblies_of_Nepal
party-list proportional representation with seats allocated via the d'Hondt method in multi-seat constituencies, with a 5% threshold for single parties and
Next Polish parliamentary election
Next_Polish_parliamentary_election
South African legislature
through a system of party list proportional representation with closed lists. In other words, each voter casts a vote for one political party, and seats in
Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature
Eastern_Cape_Provincial_Legislature
Lower chamber of parliament in Burundi
constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the D'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent
National_Assembly_(Burundi)
Lower house of the Parliament of Cambodia
Parliament (MPs). Members are elected for five-year terms by party-list proportional representation, using capital/provinces as constituencies of 1 to 12 members
National_Assembly_(Cambodia)
members of the unicameral National Assembly are elected by party-list proportional representation. The number of seats is at least 101, and rises when allocation
2026 Armenian parliamentary election
2026_Armenian_parliamentary_election
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Well Proportioned
Female
French
French form of German Elise, ÉLISE means "God is my oath."Â
Female
Hebrew
(לִי×ַתּ) Hebrew name LIAT means "you are mine."
Male
Irish
Short form of Irish Gaelic Parthalán, possibly PARTH means "son of Talmai."
Boy/Male
Indian
Proportionate
Male
Native American
Native American Miwok name LISE means "salmon head rising above water." Compare with feminine Lise.
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Latin Valentinus, BÃLINT means "healthy, strong."
Female
English
 Variant spelling of English Liza, LISA means "God is my oath." Compare with another form of Lisa.
Female
English
English pet form of Latin Patricia, PATTY means "patrician; of noble birth."
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : metonymic occupational name for a cobbler, or perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a maker of cobblers’ lasts (see Laster).German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a porter, from Middle High German last; German Last or Yiddish last ‘burden’, ‘load’.Dutch : metonymic occupational name as in 2, from Middle Dutch last ‘load’, ‘burden’; or a nickname for an awkward character, from Dutch last ‘trouble’, ‘nuisance’.French : habitational name from a place so named in Puy-de-Dôme.
Male
English
 Variant spelling of English Perry, PARRY means "wanderer." Welsh surname transferred to forename use, from an Anglicized form of ap Harry, meaning "son of Harry."
Female
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of German Liese, LISE means "God is my oath."Â Compare with masculine Lise.
Male
English
Pet form of English Martin, MARTY means "of/like Mars."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Positive
Female
Italian
 Short form of Italian Elisabetta, LISA means "God is my oath." Compare with another form of Lisa.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish
Jewish : shortened form of some Ashkenazic surname such as Littman or Litwin.English : variant of Light ‘little’.Dutch and North German : from a short form of a Germanic personal name formed with liut ‘people’, ‘tribe’ as the first element.
Female
English
Short form of English Elisabeth, LIS means "God is my oath."Â
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Cunning.
Male
Welsh
 Welsh surname transferred to forename use, from an Anglicized form of ap Harry, PARRY means "son of Harry." Compare with another form of Parry.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shilpita | ஷிலà¯à®ªà®¿à®¤à®¾
Well proportioned
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and Irish
Scottish and Irish : habitational name from Crichton, near Edinburgh, first recorded c.1128 in the form Crectune, in 1287 as Crecton, and in 1360 as Creychtona. The name is probably an early hybrid compound of Old Welsh creic ‘rock’ + Older Scots tun ‘farm’, ‘settlement’ (Old English tūn). In the British Isles, this spelling of the name is now found chiefly in northern Ireland; the more usual Scottish forms are Crichton and Crighton.Irish : sometimes used for Gaelic Ó Creacháin or Ó Criocháin (see Crehan 2).English : habitational name from Creighton in Staffordshire or Creaton in Northamptonshire, both named with Celtic creig ‘rock’ + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Happiness; Daughter; Flower; Goddess Durga; Great Achiever
Boy/Male
Muslim
New-born child
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Turberville.
Female
Serbian
Serbian name SREBRENKA means "silver."
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish, Hebrew
Life; The Juniper Tree; Alive; Living
Girl/Female
English
Beloved. Feminine of David.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Winner of Snow Land
Girl/Female
Hindu
Shore, Musical instrument, Goddess of wealth
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English
White Wave; God has been Gracious; Variant of Jenny which is a Diminutive of Jane and Jennifer
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
PARTY LIST-PROPORTIONAL-REPRESENTATION
a.
According to measure or proportion; proportionable; proportionate.
v.
One concerned or interested in an affair; one who takes part with others; a participator; as, he was a party to the plot; a party to the contract.
a.
Capable of being proportioned, or made proportional; also, proportional; proportionate.
n.
A roll or catalogue, that is row or line; a record of names; as, a list of names, books, articles; a list of ratable estate.
v.
To adjust in a suitable proportion, as one thing or one part to another; as, to proportion the size of a building to its height; to proportion our expenditures to our income.
v. t.
To cover with list, or with strips of cloth; to put list on; as, to list a door; to stripe as if with list.
adv.
In proportion; in due degree; adapted relatively; as, all parts of the building are proportionally large.
v. t.
To inclose for combat; as, to list a field.
a.
Having a due proportion, or comparative relation; being in suitable proportion or degree; as, the parts of an edifice are proportional.
v. t.
To enroll; to place or register in a list.
n.
To list; to like.
imp. & p. p.
of Proportion
a.
Relating to, or securing, proportion.
adv.
In a proportionate manner; with due proportion; proportionally.
adv.
Proportionally.
n.
Any number or quantity in a proportion; as, a mean proportional.
v.
To make proportional; to adjust according to a settled rate, or to due comparative relation; to proportion; as, to proportionate punishment to crimes.
n.
An inclination to one side; as, the ship has a list to starboard.
a.
Adjusted to something else according to a proportion; proportional.
a.
Constituting a proportion; having the same, or a constant, ratio; as, proportional quantities; momentum is proportional to quantity of matter.