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Abstraction of parallel computer architecture
In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their
Parallel_programming_model
Area of research
A programming model is an execution model coupled to an API or a particular pattern of code. In this style, there are actually two execution models in
Programming_model
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
machine Manycore Parallel communication Parallel programming model Parallelization contract Serializability Synchronous programming Transputer Vector
Parallel_computing
synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept
List of concurrent and parallel programming languages
List_of_concurrent_and_parallel_programming_languages
Computer programming paradigm
In computer programming, dataflow programming is a programming paradigm that models a program as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations
Dataflow_programming
Parallelization across multiple processors in parallel computing environments
the performance of a data parallel programming model. Locality of data depends on the memory accesses performed by the program as well as the size of the
Data_parallelism
High-level computer programming conceptualization
language and insert API calls to parallel execution models via a programming model. Such parallel programming models can be classified according to abstractions
Programming_paradigm
Parallel programming model paradigm in computer science
computer science, partitioned global address space (PGAS) is a parallel programming model paradigm. PGAS is typified by communication operations involving
Partitioned global address space
Partitioned_global_address_space
Use of many processors to perform simultaneous operations
parallel programming model for developing high-performance embedded system applications. Goodyear MPP was an early implementation of a massively parallel computer
Massively_parallel
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
wait-free algorithms Random-access machine Parallel programming model XMTC Parallel external memory (Model) Fortune, Steven; Wyllie, James (1978-05-01)
Parallel_RAM
Model for designing parallel algorithms
Dataflow programming Grid computing LogP machine Parallel computing Parallel programming model Leslie G. Valiant, A bridging model for parallel computation
Bulk_synchronous_parallel
Parallel programming language
Chapel, the Cascade High Productivity Language, is a parallel programming language that was developed by Cray, and later by Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Chapel_(programming_language)
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Model of concurrent computation
could be carried out in parallel. Decoupling the sender from communications sent was a fundamental advance of the actor model enabling asynchronous communication
Actor_model
Extension of the C programming language
Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of the C programming language designed for high-performance computing on large-scale parallel machines, including
Unified_Parallel_C
Executing several computations during overlapping time periods
system programming, with a concurrent programming model based on communicating sequential processes (CSP) Haskell – concurrent, and parallel functional
Concurrent_computing
Programming paradigm based on modeling the logic of a computation
Datalog, answer set programming), and algebraic modeling systems. Declarative programming is often defined as any style of programming that is not imperative
Declarative_programming
Programming language by IBM
Non-blocking algorithm Parallel programming model Unified Parallel C Ebcioğlu, Kemal; Saraswat, Vijay; Sarkar, Vivek. "X10: Programming for Hierarchical Parallelism
X10_(programming_language)
Computing technique used to achieve parallelism
style of parallel programming and can be considered a subcategory of MIMD in that it refers to MIMD execution of a given ("single") program. It is also
Single_program,_multiple_data
Molecular Dynamics Program) is computer software for molecular dynamics simulation, written using the Charm++ parallel programming model (not to be confused
NAMD
Sequence in computer science
scan functions provided by a few programming languages and libraries: The directive-based OpenMP parallel programming model supports both inclusive and exclusive
Prefix_sum
Component of a computer process
interpreters. In programming models such as CUDA designed for data parallel computation, an array of threads run the same code in parallel using only its
Thread_(computing)
Message-passing system for parallel computers
standard parallel message passing. Threaded shared-memory programming models (such as Pthreads and OpenMP) and message-passing programming (MPI/PVM)
Message_Passing_Interface
Computer system that provides behavior needed by running code
implementation details of parallel runtime systems. A notable example of a parallel runtime system is Cilk, a popular parallel programming model. The proto-runtime
Runtime_system
Type of integrated circuit
working in parallel, an MPPA chip can accomplish more demanding tasks than conventional chips. MPPAs are based on a software parallel programming model for developing
Massively parallel processor array
Massively_parallel_processor_array
Computer programming language designed for digital image processing
Photoshop also uses Halide. Cuneiform (programming language) Algorithmic skeleton Parallel programming model Hardesty, Larry (2012-08-02). "Writing graphics
Halide_(programming_language)
Method of improving computer program speed
original on 14 July 2014. Rünger, Gudula (2006). "Parallel Programming Models for Irregular Algorithms". Parallel Algorithms and Cluster Computing. Lecture Notes
Automatic_parallelization
Parallel computing platform and programming model
parallel programming to use GPU resources, in contrast to prior APIs like Direct3D and OpenGL, which require advanced skills in graphics programming.
CUDA
Parallel programming model
high-level parallel programming model for parallel and distributed computing. Algorithmic skeletons take advantage of common programming patterns to
Algorithmic_skeleton
abstraction to implement a data parallel programming model. This is the reason why ZPL achieves such good performance: having no parallel directives or other forms
Z-level_programming_language
Computer programming paradigm
dataflow programming, reactive programming, and distributed data processing. Stream processing systems use streaming algorithms to trace parallel processing
Stream_processing
System with multiple networked computers
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Parallel programming model – Abstraction of parallel computer architecture Shared nothing architecture –
Distributed_computing
Behavioral rules for all elements of a programming language
Python, the execution model of the Unified Parallel C (UPC) programming language, a discussion of various classes of execution model such as for imperative
Execution_model
Algorithms which recursively solve subproblems
Mathematical induction – Form of mathematical proof MapReduce – Parallel programming model Heuristic (computer science) – Type of algorithm, produces approximately
Divide-and-conquer_algorithm
Open standard for parallelizing
to the supercomputer. An application built with the hybrid model of parallel programming can run on a computer cluster using both OpenMP and Message
OpenMP
Programming language for statistics
Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland. The language was inspired by the S programming language
R_(programming_language)
Formal model in concurrency theory
highly influential in the design of the occam programming language and also influenced the design of programming languages such as Limbo, RaftLib, Erlang,
Communicating sequential processes
Communicating_sequential_processes
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
parallel programming models can be used to effectuate a higher degree of parallelism via the simultaneous execution of separate portions of a program
Computer_cluster
is done by the library. MSDN describes the Parallel Patterns Library as an "imperative programming model that promotes scalability and ease-of-use for
Parallel_Patterns_Library
Computer memory design used in multiprocessing
descriptions of redirect targets Partitioned global address space – Parallel programming model paradigm in computer science Scratchpad memory (SPM) Uniform memory
Non-uniform_memory_access
The parallelization contract or PACT programming model is a generalization of the MapReduce programming model and uses second order functions to perform
Parallelization_contract
Digital processing technique
Parallel multidimensional digital signal processing (mD-DSP) is defined as the application of parallel programming and multiprocessing to digital signal
Parallel multidimensional digital signal processing
Parallel_multidimensional_digital_signal_processing
The C-family programming languages share significant features of the C programming language. Many of these 70 languages were influenced by C due to its
List of C-family programming languages
List_of_C-family_programming_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
PGAS may refer to: Partitioned global address space, a parallel programming model in computer science Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia, an
PGAS
Parallel programming model
MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm
MapReduce
Way of setting up and executing parallel computer programs
In parallel computing, the fork–join model is a way of setting up and executing parallel programs, such that execution branches off in parallel at designated
Fork–join_model
time available to a parallel application. A very common parallel programming model is referred to as the bulk synchronous parallel model which often employs
Lightweight kernel operating system
Lightweight_kernel_operating_system
Programming language
Descent Into Limbo". "The Go Memory Model". Retrieved January 5, 2011. Tang, Peiyi (2010). Multi-core parallel programming in Go (PDF). Proc. First International
Go_(programming_language)
Ability to execute a task in a non-serial manner
(CONCUR) OpenMP Parallel computing Partitioned global address space Pony (programming language) Processes Ptolemy Project Rust (programming language) Sheaf
Concurrency (computer science)
Concurrency_(computer_science)
How individuals react to fear-inducing messages
The extended parallel process model (EPPM) is a fear appeal theory developed by communications scholar Kim Witte that illustrates how individuals react
Extended parallel process model
Extended_parallel_process_model
Higher-level programming standard for heterogeneous computing
SYCL (pronounced "sickle") is a higher-level programming model to improve programming productivity on various hardware accelerators. It is a single-source
SYCL
Type of machine learning model
into other programming languages. They were originally used as a code completion tool, but advances have moved them towards automatic programming. Services
Large_language_model
Ocean circulation model
The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) is a three-dimensional ocean circulation model designed primarily for studying the ocean climate system. The model is
Parallel_Ocean_Program
Fortran software and development tools
parallel programming support through compiler directives Coarray Fortran — parallel programming model introduced in Fortran 2008 ScaLAPACK — parallel
List of Fortran software and tools
List_of_Fortran_software_and_tools
Programming paradigm
Process-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that separates the concerns of data structures and the concurrent processes that act upon them.
Process-oriented_programming
Software design pattern
358s Computer programming portal Asynchrony (computer programming) Object pool pattern Concurrency pattern Grand Central Dispatch Parallel Extensions (
Thread_pool
The LogP machine is a model for parallel computation. It aims at being more practical than the PRAM model while still allowing for easy analysis of computation
LogP_machine
Use of a GPU for computations typically assigned to CPUs
and C#. Alea GPU also provides a simplified GPU programming model based on GPU parallel-for and parallel aggregate using delegates and automatic memory
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Programming language
Esterel is a synchronous programming language for the development of complex reactive systems. The imperative programming style of Esterel allows the simple
Esterel
Compiler for Haskell programming language
monadic I/O, mutable arrays, unboxed data types, concurrent and parallel programming models (such as software transactional memory and data parallelism)
Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler
Programming language for programming reactive systems
The SIGNAL programming language. Unification of Synchronous and Asynchronous Models for Parallel Programming Languages —Proposes parallel languages based
Synchronous programming language
Synchronous_programming_language
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported. A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article
Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages
Open standard for parallel computing
specification extends existing developer programming models to enable multiple hardware architectures through a data-parallel language, a set of library APIs,
OneAPI_(compute_acceleration)
Computer interface
Parallel Port interfacing with Windows NT/2000/XP Parallel port complete: programming, interfacing & using the PC's parallel printer port PyParallel -
Parallel_port
Method to solve optimization problems
mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also
Linear_programming
Microprocessor with more than one processing unit
microcode or picocode. Parallel programming techniques can benefit from multiple cores directly. Some existing parallel programming models such as Cilk Plus
Multi-core_processor
a parallel programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon by the SCandAL project and released in 1993. It integrates various ideas from parallel algorithms
NESL
General-purpose programming language
Unified Parallel C are nearly supersets of C. Comparison of Pascal and C Comparison of programming languages List of C compilers List of C programming books
C_(programming_language)
Chinese artificial intelligence company
Each expert model was trained to generate just synthetic reasoning data in one specific domain (math, programming, logic). Expert models were used instead
DeepSeek
Computer science concept
of programming models such as Map Reduce, where a reduction operator is applied (mapped) to all elements before they are reduced. Other parallel algorithms
Reduction_operator
.NET managed concurrency library
APIs Async model Parallel LINQ TPL LINQ EF WPF WCF WF WCS WinForms ASP.NET ADO.NET Framework Class Library Common Language Runtime Parallel Extensions
Parallel_Extensions
Programming language running on the Erlang virtual machine
high-level general-purpose programming language that runs on the BEAM virtual machine, which is also used to implement the Erlang programming language. Elixir builds
Elixir_(programming_language)
Fortran parallel programming extension
coarray-based extensions to Fortran designed to provide a productive parallel programming model. Compared to Fortran 2008, Rice's new coarray-based language extensions
Coarray_Fortran
package, which provides a common C++ interface over various parallel programming models, including OpenMP, POSIX Threads, and CUDA. Most Trilinos packages
Trilinos
Portability across Diverse Computer Architectures analyzed multiple parallel programming models across a diverse set of architectures in order to determine the
Performance_portability
Class of data processing algorithms
Kento Sato, and Satoshi Matsuoka (2011) Physis: An Implicitly Parallel Programming Model for Stencil Computations on Large-Scale GPU-Accelerated Supercomputers
Iterative_Stencil_Loops
Microsoft programming language
strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. It is most often used
F Sharp (programming language)
F_Sharp_(programming_language)
Equal sharing of all resources by multiple identical processors
sacrifice of programmability: Serious programming challenges remain with this kind of architecture because it requires two distinct modes of programming, one
Symmetric_multiprocessing
Programming abstraction
blocks to operate in parallel and to use all available multiprocessors. CUDA is a parallel computing platform and programming model that higher level languages
Thread block (CUDA programming)
Thread_block_(CUDA_programming)
American electronics products business
allow the reading and programming of a variety of memory devices. In the early 1980s, the System 29 series emerged. The first model, the 29A, added user
Data_I/O
Transfer of computational tasks to a separate processor or an external platform
and low latency for communication between nodes. In a shared memory model, parallel processes have access to all memory as a global address space. Multiple
Computation_offloading
High-performance computing facility in Pakistan
MPI/LAM, OpenMP, OpenCL and OpenACC programming models. It also describes the use of an elastic parallel programming model intended to execute application
Pakistan Supercomputing Centre
Pakistan_Supercomputing_Centre
Declarative logic programming language
logic programming language. While it is syntactically a subset of Prolog, Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down evaluation model. This
Datalog
Form of parallelization of computer code
and VHDL. Algorithmic skeleton Data parallelism Fork–join model Parallel programming model Reinders, James (10 September 2007). "Understanding task and
Task_parallelism
British American computer scientist
open-source projects to add explicit BSP programming as well as other high-performance parallel programming models derived from BSP. Popular examples are
Leslie_Valiant
index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC (which have their own page), esoteric programming languages, and
List_of_programming_languages
Parallel processing technique
parallel programming model that would allow the programming to target the model without knowing the specifics of the target architecture. This model would
SWAR
Sharing of data between running processes in a computer system
Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0124077263. Parallel Programming: Techniques and Applications Using Networked Workstations and Parallel Computers. Pearson. ISBN 978-0131405639
Inter-process_communication
Programming language
following: Programming language — artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages
Outline of the C++ programming language
Outline_of_the_C++_programming_language
Programming paradigm based on asynchronous data streams
In computing, reactive programming is a declarative programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change. With this paradigm
Reactive_programming
is a parallel extension of the C programming language. The Split-C project website describes Split-C as: a parallel extension of the C programming language
Split-C
documentation and model examples. Synchronous programming language Dataflow programming Globally asynchronous locally synchronous Formal verification Model checking
SIGNAL_(programming_language)
Parallel computing execution model
Single instruction, multiple threads (SIMT) is an execution model used in parallel computing where a single central "control unit" broadcasts an instruction
Single instruction, multiple threads
Single_instruction,_multiple_threads
Application programming interface
Programming Interface (GPI) is an application programming interface (API) for the development of scalable, asynchronous and fault tolerant parallel applications
Global Address Space Programming Interface
Global_Address_Space_Programming_Interface
General-purpose programming language
data type, structured programming (Fortran 77), array programming, modular programming, generic programming (Fortran 90), parallel computing (Fortran 95)
Fortran
Programming language
Shared-Memory Parallel Programming for Node.js". oracle. Retrieved 10 March 2025. Pony is itself inspired by the design of E's programming model Liam Tung
Pony_(programming_language)
Mathematics optimization problem
Tensor Contraction Expressions into Parallel Programs. 7th International Workshop on High-Level Parallel Programming Models and Supportive Environments (HIPS
Matrix_chain_multiplication
Programming paradigm based on block-based control flow
(programs, process models) J. Darlinton; M. Ghanem; H. W. To (1993), "Structured Parallel Programming", In Programming Models for Massively Parallel Computers
Structured_programming
Computer science constructs
and deferreds are constructs used for synchronizing program execution in some concurrent programming languages. Each is an object that acts as a proxy for
Futures_and_promises
Multi-paradigm system programming language
D is a systems programming language. Like C++, and unlike application languages such as Java and C#, D supports low-level programming, including inline
D_(programming_language)
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : nickname for a tall person, from Old English lang, long, Old French long ‘long’, ‘tall’ (equivalent to Latin longus).Irish (Ulster (Armagh) and Munster) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Longáin (see Langan).Chinese : from the name of an official treasurer called Long, who lived during the reign of the model emperor Shun (2257–2205 bc). his descendants adopted this name as their surname. Additionally, a branch of the Liu clan (see Lau 1), descendants of Liu Lei, who supposedly had the ability to handle dragons, was granted the name Yu-Long (meaning roughly ‘resistor of dragons’) by the Xia emperor Kong Jia (1879–1849 bc). Some descendants later simplified Yu-Long to Long and adopted it as their surname.Chinese : there are two sources for this name. One was a place in the state of Lu in Shandong province during the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 bc). The other source is the Xiongnu nationality, a non-Han Chinese people.Chinese : variant of Lang.Cambodian : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Model; Example
Boy/Male
Egyptian
To model.
Biblical
parables; governing
Biblical
a parable; governing
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Model, Paragon
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Model state of india
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Model; Idea
Girl/Female
Czech, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Finnish, German, Hebrew, Irish, Jewish, Polish
Friend; Beautiful; Model of Righteous Convert; Friendship
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
All's Well That Ends Well.' A follower of Bertram, Count of Rousillon.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Model, Example
Girl/Female
Biblical
A parable, governing.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name from Middle English combere, an agent derivative of Old English camb ‘comb’, referring perhaps to a maker or seller of combs, or to someone who used them to prepare wool or flax for spinning. This was an alternative process to carding, and caused the wool fibers to lie more or less parallel to one another, so that the cloth produced had a hard, smooth finish without a nap.English : variant of Coomber.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Kommer or Kammer.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : habitational name from any of several places so named, for example in Westphalia and Switzerland.German : nickname from Middle High German heiden ‘heathen’, Old High German heidano, apparently a derivative of heida ‘heath’, modeled on Latin paganus (see Pain 1). The nickname was sometimes used to refer to a Christian knight who had been on a Crusade to fight in the Holy Land.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : of uncertain origin; possibly a shortened form of any of various ornamental names formed with German Heide- ‘heath’, for example Heidenberg, Heidenkorn, Heidenkrug, Heidenwurzel.English : variant spelling of Hayden.Dutch : shortened form of vanderHeiden.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from the medieval personal name Benedict (Latin Benedictus meaning ‘blessed’). This owed its popularity in the Middle Ages chiefly to St. Benedict of Norcia (c.480–550), who founded the Benedictine order of monks at Monte Cassino and wrote a monastic rule that formed a model for all subsequent rules. No doubt the meaning of the Latin word also contributed to its popularity as a personal name, especially in Romance countries.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Allegory; Parable
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish (of Norman origin), and northern French
English and Irish (of Norman origin), and northern French : habitational name from any of several places in northern France, such as Nogent-sur-Oise, named with Latin Novientum, apparently an altered form of a Gaulish name meaning ‘new settlement’.The Anglo-Norman family of this name is descended from Fulke de Bellesme, lord of Nogent in Normandy, who was granted large estates around Winchester after the Conquest. His great-grandson was Hugh de Nugent (died 1213), who went to Ireland with Hugh de Lacy, and was granted lands in Bracklyn, County Westmeath. The family formed itself into a clan on the Irish model, of which the chief bore the hereditary title of Uinsheadun (Irish Uinnseadún), from their original seat at Winchester. They have been Earls of Westmeath since 1621. The name is now a common one in Ireland, and has been adopted there by some who have no connection with the clan.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Allegory, Parable
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
Girl/Female
English
The first appearance of daylight; daybreak.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Water
Boy/Male
Indian
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lotus, Water
Female
Swiss
, God's oath.
Girl/Female
Hebrew, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Grace
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern
Intelligence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Rashwina | ராஷà¯à®µà¯€à®¨à®¾
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Hardiman.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, German, Latin
Industrious; Striving; Rival
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING-MODEL
n.
A comparison; a similitude; specifically, a short fictitious narrative of something which might really occur in life or nature, by means of which a moral is drawn; as, the parables of Christ.
v. t.
Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like.
imp. & p. p.
of Parallel
v. i.
To be parallel; to correspond; to be like.
v. t.
To represent by parable.
adv.
In a parallel manner; with parallelism.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Parallel
a.
Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as, a parallel case; a parallel passage.
v. t.
To render parallel.
a.
Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as, parallel lines; parallel planes.
v. t.
To equal; to match; to correspond to.
v. t.
To produce or adduce as a parallel.
n.
A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc.
a.
Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.
n.
One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map.
a.
Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel.
n.
One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress.
v. t.
To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else.
n.
A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope.
n.
A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page.