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Programming language
Newspeak is a programming language and platform in the tradition of Smalltalk and Self being developed by a team led by Gilad Bracha. The platform includes
Newspeak (programming language)
Newspeak_(programming_language)
MUMPS MuPAD Mystic Programming Language (MPL) Napier88 NASM Neko NELIAC Nemerle NESL Net.Data NetLogo NetRexx NewLISP NEWP Newspeak NewtonScript Nial Nim
List_of_programming_languages
Traditional first example of a computer programming language
scripting language MMIX Mockito Modula-3 Monad MUMPS Nemerle Newspeak Nim OmniMark OpenEdge Advanced Business Language Open Programming Language Oriel ParaSail
Hello,_world
Object-oriented programming language
Smalltalk is a purely object-oriented programming language that was originally created in the 1970s for educational use, specifically for constructionist
Smalltalk
This is a list of notable programming languages with features designed for object-oriented programming (OOP). The listed languages are designed with varying
List of object-oriented programming languages
List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages
Constructed language designed for linguistics research
in English. Marain is also regarded as an aesthetically pleasing language. Newspeak, a government-constructed dialect of English described by George Orwell
Experimental_language
Rhetoric used to influence an audience
of thought hypothesis Loaded question Markedness Neuro-linguistic programming Newspeak Obfuscation Parsing Persuasive definition Precising definition Propaganda
Loaded_language
Intentionally devised human language
By the same token, a constructed language might also be used to restrict thought, as in George Orwell's Newspeak, or to simplify thought, as in Toki
Constructed_language
Design technique in object-oriented programming
as in Eiffel programming language. Even finer control of the visibility of even classes is available in the Newspeak programming language. Responsibility-driven
Responsibility-driven_design
systems and type checking of multiple programming languages. Brief definitions A nominal type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible
Comparison of programming languages by type system
Comparison_of_programming_languages_by_type_system
Early book on computer programming languages (1969)
overview of the state of the art of programming in the late 1960s, and records the history of programming languages up to that time. The book was considered
Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals
Programming_Languages:_History_and_Fundamentals
Object-oriented programming language
Squeak is an object-oriented, class-based, and reflective programming language. It was derived from Smalltalk-80 by a group that included some of Smalltalk-80's
Squeak
American software engineer
the Dart programming language team. He is creator of the Newspeak language, and co-author of the second and third editions of the Java Language Specification
Gilad_Bracha
Computer security model
capability-based programming. The object-capability model was first proposed by Jack Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn in 1966. Some object-based programming languages (e
Object-capability_model
Intentional programs to alter language
Metrication International Phonetic Association Constructed language Gender-neutral language Newspeak Diglossia Otto Basler Simplified Chinese characters Text
Language_reform
of researchers of programming language theory, design, implementation, and related areas. Martín Abadi, for the programming language Baby Modula-3 and
List of programming language researchers
List_of_programming_language_researchers
This article compares the syntax of many notable programming languages. Programming language expressions can be broadly classified into four syntax structures:
Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)
Speech used by the Russian President
человек»?, Argumenty i Fakty, December 17, 2020 Michael S. Gorham, After Newspeak: Language Culture and Politics in Russia from Gorbachev to Putin, Cornell University
Vladimir_Putin's_language
32 bit microprocessor developed by RSRE
sought by conventional RISC architectures. A safety critical programming language named Newspeak was designed by Ian Currie of RSRE in 1984 for use with VIPER
VIPER_microprocessor
English-based controlled language
critical of universal languages. Basic English later inspired his use of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Evelyn Waugh criticized his own 1945 novel Brideshead
Basic_English
American historian of science
example, he introduced the term "cyberspeak", that is a newspeak of cybernetics, i.e., "the language we use to talk about that computer" that was a must in
Slava_Gerovitch
Idea of language as the principal framework in dictating human thought
psychological data. In Orwell's famous dystopian novel, 1984, the fictional language of Newspeak provides a strong example of linguistic determinism. The restricted
Linguistic_determinism
Open-source Smalltalk environment
Pharo is a cross-platform implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 programming language and runtime system. It is based on the OpenSmalltalk virtual machine
Pharo
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
by removing the word "I" from the language. In Orwell's 1984 the authoritarian state created the language Newspeak to make it impossible for people to
Linguistic_relativity
English Language." Orwell wrote a novel, 1984, about a dystopian future controlled through a politically crafted language called "Newspeak." Newspeak is a
Transparency_(linguistic)
1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell
"thoughtcrime", and "Newspeak", as well as the expression "2 + 2 = 5". Time magazine included it on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published
Nineteen_Eighty-Four
Long television commercial
infomercial is a form of television advertisement that resembles regular TV programming yet is intended to promote or sell a product, service or idea. It generally
Infomercial
2011 TV series or program
Wodehouse with Robert McCrum George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, its Newspeak, and business speak with Ian Hislop W. H. Auden's "Funeral Blues", Four
Fry's_Planet_Word
Applying polymorphic functions to arguments of different types
capabilities. Similar arrangements are also possible in languages such as Self and Newspeak. Imagine an operator + that may be used in the following
Ad_hoc_polymorphism
How science fiction has used the science of language as a subject
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This type of language control can be seen in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, in the use of Newspeak, which was aimed at making unorthodox
Linguistics in science fiction
Linguistics_in_science_fiction
Language that deliberately disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words
in George Orwell's 1949 novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, "doublethink" and "Newspeak", despite the term itself not being used in the novel. Another version
Doublespeak
Esperanto the city's second official language. Esperanto has been cited as a possible inspiration for George Orwell's Newspeak. Orwell learned of Esperanto in
Esperanto_in_popular_culture
Soviet military analyst, engineer, mathematician and information scientist
wrote the nation's first scientific PhD dissertation on programming, with the subject "Programming of the outer ballistics problems for the long range missiles"
Anatoly_Kitov
Pan-Turkic auxiliary language with statistical vocabulary
decided to found International Institute of the Language Ortaturk (Anatürk). VATN created an online program to calculate median words for Ortatürk. It is
Ortatürk
Excessive use of words
a 229-page parody of postmodern writing titled "Pomobabble: Postmodern Newspeak and Constitutional 'Meaning' for the Uninitiated". The article consists
Verbosity
special program written in the Autocode-Nairi programming language. In 1970, the content of the academic discipline "Elements of Programming" was developed
Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union
banking systems. It euphemistically uses a type of medically inspired Newspeak to describe citizen disobedience, resistance activity and coercive and
List_of_fictional_computers
Rhetorical technique to create bias
audience by creating a loaded statement. When used seriously, such loaded language can lend false support to an argument through emotional connotation and
Emotive_conjugation
Letters and symbols used by geeks to describe themselves
program available as a web service. Joe Reiss made a similar page available in October 1999. Leet – Online slang and alternative orthography Newspeak –
Geek_Code
Adaptations of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell into other mediums
Duncan MacMillan for the Headlong Theatre Company, which took the novel's Newspeak appendix as its starting point, has toured the UK extensively, as well
Adaptations of Nineteen Eighty-Four
Adaptations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four
American political consultant and pollster (born 1967)
inauguration's crowd size. Conway's phrase reminded some of "Newspeak", an obfuscatory language style that is a key element of the society portrayed in George
Kellyanne_Conway
Marketing strategy
airline miles programs, hotel frequent guest programs, and credit card incentive programs are the most visible customer loyalty marketing programs. Premiums
Loyalty_marketing
Study of circular causal processes
Yourself Books. ISBN 978-0-340-05941-8. Gerovitch, Slava (2002). From newspeak to cyberspeak : a history of Soviet cybernetics. Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cybernetics
Japanese visual kei deathcore band
"Devil's Calling"/"Angel's Cry" (22 July 2020) "Mob Rule" (24 March 2021) "Newspeak" (23 April 2021) "Everything is all lies" (20 October 2023) "Inshu"『因習』(29
Deviloof
Elements of mass media that focus on delivering news
Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble. In television or
News_media
Management of public communication of organizations
procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance." However, when Lee
Public_relations
Computer-based activities as a means of protest
electronic direct action as working toward social change by combining programming skills with critical thinking. But just as hack can sometimes mean cyber
Hacktivism
American television series
designed by Newspeak Agency. Starting June 2, 2014, The Soup began airing live episodes. Originally only to last for one month, the program continued as
The_Soup
Realistic artificially generated media
shifts" that deepfakes represent as a performance genre. While most English-language academic studies of deepfakes focus on the Western anxieties about disinformation
Deepfake
Written declaration of principles and intentions
dissertation structure; tone of conclamation; presence of vocatives; the language can vary, depending on a few factors: Who is the manifesto aimed at? Where
Manifesto
Propaganda tactic
websites that used generative AI to translate CGTN content into local languages without any indication of their origin. The EU's East StratCom Task Force
Information_laundering
Media consisting of both information and entertainment
domestic security threats are considered more serious, and other media programming (even non-news channels) is usually interrupted to announce these events
Infotainment
Public relations tactic using fake grassroots movements
recruitment. The contract is thought to have been awarded as part of a program called Operation Earnest Voice, which was first developed as a psychological
Astroturfing
Editing of video content for malicious intent
in 1991, Adobe released its first version of Premiere for the Mac, a program that has since become an industry standard for editing and is now commonly
Video_manipulation
Type of business activity
for global consumers and is not a simple act of replacing words in one language with words in another. Some data collection is incentivized: a simple form
Market_research
Radio station in Lancaster, United Kingdom
drama, comedy, and entertainment. During evening and weekend hours, programming moves to specialist content where presenters are free (within reason)
Bailrigg_FM
Voice clips generated by AI
adopted language. Most studies focus on detecting audio deepfake in the English language, not paying much attention to the most spoken languages like Chinese
Audio_deepfake
Fictional character
and all the characters are speaking a Russian equivalent of Orwellian Newspeak. To restore normality, Tanya must defeat the Golden Leech. While the series
Tanya_Grotter
Belief in truth based on only intuition
Fake news Fallacy De facto Illusory truth effect Mathiness Misinformation Newspeak Noble lie On Bullshit – an essay by Harry Frankfurt, originally written
Truthiness
Major force in capitalist economies
and hire a staff drawn from locals who had a better understanding of the language and the culture. In 1941–42, however, Ayer closed its foreign offices and
History_of_advertising
California community of artists and environmentalists
message “Stop Bitching, Start a Revolution”. On these trips to sell their newspeak, they would also try to recruit members for their commune. They looked
Zendik_Farm
Form of business solicitation
computers, and in order to fix it, they had to download a specific program. The program gave access to the computer files for the impostors. Cold calling
Cold_calling
Movement in Western philosophy
nichtet' (Heidegger). Language as it is makes no objection to such statements, and to Carnap, as to the Party, that's a sore defect. Newspeak, a reformed grammar
Logical_positivism
Method of direct marketing
during the call. Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing. Telemarketing refers
Telemarketing
Censorship by corporations
Report on how the Community Standards are adhered to in regulating the languages that appear on Facebook. In 1969, Nicholas Johnson, United States Federal
Corporate_censorship
Societal phenomenon
conjugation False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning
Bandwagon_effect
Irish writer
"Poetry in Pavements – Honor Molloy". Writing.ie. Newspeak. "MAP Fund Supports The Three Christs." Newspeak (blog), June 2012. https://newspeakmusic
Honor_Molloy
Advertising signage
digital billboard shows varying imagery and text created with computer programs and software. Digital billboards can be designed to display running text
Billboard
Marketing technique
Various marketing studies analyzed consumer habits related to the time of programming leading to competition between brands in securing their products in network
Product_placement
Communication of Hungary's governing party from 2010 until 2026
"Pro-Peace vs. Pro-War Conceptualizations in the Language of Hungarian Propaganda". Research in Language. 21 (2): 175–190. doi:10.18778/1731-7533.21.2.05
Fidesz_propaganda
October 13, 2019. Bai, Ari (October 10, 2019). "Chinese Censors and American Newspeak". The Free China Post. Retrieved October 12, 2019. "NBA head Adam Silver
NBA criticisms and controversies
NBA_criticisms_and_controversies
Paid commercial segment on television
called a commercial, spot, break, advert, or ad) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization. It conveys a message promoting
Television_advertisement
children's programming does not violate any regulations. Parents have been increasingly vocal about advertainment in children's movies and programs, arguing
Advertainment
Intentionally obfuscating remarks by U.S. federal reserve to prevent market shocks
Newspeak. Fedspeak when used by Alan Greenspan is often called Greenspeak. An alternative definition of Greenspeak is "the coded and careful language
Fedspeak
the omission of relevant information, and the use of emotionally charged language. Propaganda has been widely used throughout history for largely financial
History_of_propaganda
Effect of how information is presented on perception
Freedom of speech Free press Gestell Heresthetic Language and thought Meme Metaphorical Framing Newspeak Overton window Plus-size rather than fat Political
Framing_(social_sciences)
Person hired to increase product demand
2018, Formula 1 announced it intended to replace grid girls with a new program called grid kids that season. The children used would be competitors in
Promotional_model
Illegal alteration of a billboard
used to control electronic billboard displays. The aim is to replace the programmed video with a different video or image. The replaced media may be displayed
Billboard_hacking
Overview of and topical guide to public relations
management: PR techniques concerned with the news media News propaganda Newspeak Plain folks Propaganda film Public service announcement Revolutionary propaganda
Outline_of_public_relations
Advertisement disguised as editorial
which meant the show was tied closer to Nine's breakfast news program Today. These programs feature a traditional daytime show format of light talk, health
Advertorial
Solzhenitzin, Alexander, The Gulag Archipelago, 1973. Benedikt Sarnov,Our Soviet Newspeak: A Short Encyclopedia of Real Socialism., Moscow: 2002, ISBN 5-85646-059-6
Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism
Process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products
the environment. Associations such as the MSC's fishery certification program and seafood ecolabel reward those who practice sustainable fishing. Pressure
Pricing
False or misleading information presented as real
2017 is a neologism (a new or re-purposed expression that is entering the language, driven by culture or technology changes). Fake news is now used by many
Fake_news
Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage
groups Newspeak – Fictional language in the novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Pensée unique – Pejorative term for ideological conformism People-first language –
Political_correctness
Suppression of speech and information
writing, or publishing numerous words and phrases relevant to Islam, in any language or context, including: Allah, al Quran, fatwa, hadith, Haji, Kaaba, imam
Censorship
Archived from the original on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2019-06-09. "Beijing Newspeak :: Sanlitun saga update: anti-drug operation uncovers no drugs". Archived
Racism_in_Asia
Israeli state and citizen advocacy and justification efforts
spoke the language, who became aware of the matter at about the same time: "Does Hananya Naftali understand Malay?" It turns out that the language is ringing
Israeli public diplomacy in the Gaza war
Israeli_public_diplomacy_in_the_Gaza_war
Marketing technique
which had false addresses for the defendant. The court cases had similar language and the defendant agreed to the injunction by the plaintiff, which allowed
Reputation_management
Short-term incentive to initiate trial or purchase
deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as 50% off. Loyal Reward Program: Consumers collect points, miles, or credits for purchases and redeem them
Sales_promotion
Use of polling to manipulate public opinion
"The Ministerial Broadcast", a 1986 episode of the satirical television program Yes, Prime Minister, the Prime Minister's Cabinet Secretary, Sir Humphrey
Push_poll
Idolization of a leader
Melinda A. Egan (2007). Joseph Stalin: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Periodical Literature to 2005. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0810866713
Cult_of_personality
Attempt to influence the decision-making process within a specific group
available to millions of people through the internet and social media programs. 2008 marked a new era of digital elections because of the fast-paced movement
Political_campaign
a public retraction. Chacon later told Brent Bambury of CBC Radio One program Day 6 that he was so shocked at readers' ignorance he felt it was like
Fake news websites in the United States
Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States
Type of editorial tactic used in mass media
sensationalistic news is the intensification of language used in the article. The most common use of sensationalist language is in the headlines of news articles
Sensationalism
Activities related to the exchange of goods
better chance of selling their product to the consumer. A good marketing program would address any potential downsides as well. The sales department aims
Sales
Weaponization of legal systems
citing Iran's link to terrorism as well as a way to disrupt its nuclear program, costing tens of billions to the country's economy and foreign banks doing
Lawfare
Promotion of products and services to children
weekdays, 21 ads per hour on weekends. If a child watches one hour of programming daily, it translates to nearly 160 advertisements seen per week. Since
Advertising_to_children
Political and economic policies implemented by Joseph Stalin
University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4008-7780-5. Gerovitch, Slava (2004). From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. MIT Press. pp. 41–42.
Stalinism
Distortion of historical record
historical context, manipulates statistics, and mistranslates texts in other languages. The revision techniques of historical negationism operate in the intellectual
Historical_negationism
Russian political ideology
Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674009066. Benedikt Sarnov, Our Soviet Newspeak: A Short Encyclopedia of Real Socialism., pp. 446–447. Moscow: 2002, ISBN 5856460596
Russian_nationalism
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places called Newstead, in particular the one in Nottinghamshire, which is named from Old English nīwe ‘new’ + stede ‘monastic site’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a Latinist, a clerk who wrote documents in Latin, from Anglo-Norman French latinier, latim(m)ier. Latin was more or less the universal language of official documents in the Middle Ages, displaced only gradually by the vernacular—in England, by Anglo-Norman French at first, and eventually by English.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Messenger; Ambassador
Girl/Female
Latin
Gentle. Famous bearer: Biblical Damaris was the educated woman who heard Paul speak at the...
Boy/Male
Hindi
White horse.
Male
Hebrew
(תִּירָס) Hebrew name TIYRAC means "desire." In the bible, this is the name of a grandson of Noah. The Anglicized form is Tiras.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variants Mosley. The form Moseley occurs mainly in the West Midlands.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Son of fire
Surname or Lastname
English, German, Danish, and Swedish
English, German, Danish, and Swedish : nickname for someone of an icy and unbending disposition or who had white hair or a white beard, from Old English, Old High German, Old Norse frost ‘frost’, or in the case of the Swedish name from a byname with the same meaning.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Eternal Part of God
Girl/Female
Arabic
Gods Gift
Boy/Male
Hindu
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
NEWSPEAK PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE
v. i.
To speak.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Bespeak
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
v. t.
To speak to; to address.
n.
A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.)
v. t.
To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate.
v. t.
To speak or utter again.
imp.
of Bespeak
v. t.
To bespeak; to indicate.
v. t.
To answer; to echo.
a.
Lacking or wanting language; speechless; silent.
v. t.
To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as, to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
v. t.
To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances.
p. p.
of Bespeak