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Light wave refraction with opposite properties to those usually observed
In optics, negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly
Negative_refraction
Material with a negative refractive index
and Atwater achieved negative refraction in the visible spectral regime. Besides reversed values for the index of refraction, Veselago predicted the
Negative-index_metamaterial
Property in optics
In optics, the refractive index (also called refraction index or index of refraction), often denoted n, is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (c)
Refractive_index
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
parts of) negative refractive index and imaging by flat lens using left handed metamaterials were demonstrated. Negative index of refraction in the optical
Metamaterial
Formula for refraction angles
Snell–Descartes law, and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light
Snell's_law
Class of antennas
metamaterial. DPS has a conventional positive index of refraction, while the DNG has a negative refractive index. Both slabs are impedance-matched to the outside
Metamaterial_antenna
Type of transmissive optical device
permittivity "ε" and magnetic permeability "μ" an index of refraction "n" is derived. The index of refraction determines how light is bent on traversing from one
Superlens
Physical phenomenon relating to the direction of waves
medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How
Refraction
Material designed to manipulate sound waves
metamaterials: negative refraction, imaging, lensing and cloaking. Springer, Dordrecht 2013, ISBN 978-94-007-4812-5. Phononic crystals Negative refractive index
Acoustic_metamaterial
Type of electromagnetic metamaterial
envisioned the possibility of refraction with a negative sign, according to Maxwell's equations. A refractive index with a negative sign is the result of permittivity
Photonic_metamaterial
Deviation of light as it moves through the atmosphere
This refraction is due to the velocity of light through air decreasing (the refractive index increases) with increased density. Atmospheric refraction near
Atmospheric_refraction
the proof of principle for functioning metamaterials with a negative index of refraction in the microwave- (at 10.5 Gigahertz) and optical range. This
History_of_metamaterials
Optical device which transmits and refracts light
transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while
Lens
Light rays follow quickest paths
propagation of light, ordinary reflection, ordinary refraction, and the extraordinary refraction of "Iceland crystal" (calcite) – are also consequences
Fermat's_principle
Structure in some metamaterials
for the synthesis of left-handed and negative refractive index media, where the necessary value of the negative effective permeability is due to the presence
Split-ring_resonator
Soviet/Russian physicist
this paper he was able to show that refractive index may also be negative. He hypothesized that negative refraction can occur if both the (electric) permittivity
Victor_Veselago
with a negative refractive index", and "backward-wave media". NIMs where the negative index of refraction arises from simultaneously negative permittivity
Electromagnetic_metamaterial
Metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature
light reaching a negative index material through air would not cross the normal. Rather, it would bend the opposite way. Negative refraction was first reported
Plasmonic_metamaterial
Refractive property of materials
Birefringence, also called double refraction, is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation
Birefringence
"Bouncing back" of waves at an interface
List of reflected light sources Negative refraction Ocean surface wave Reflection coefficient Reflectivity Refraction Ripple tank Signal reflection Snell's
Reflection_(physics)
used to refer to other lenses that provide a negative index of refraction. Flat lenses require a refractive index close to −1 over a broad angular range
Flat_lens
Shielding an object from view using materials made to redirect light
properties of light, including reflection, refraction, and color. He developed a simplified equation for refraction without trigonometric functions. About
Metamaterial_cloaking
Frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source
shift depends on the refractive index of the medium a wave is traveling through. Some materials are capable of negative refraction, which should lead to
Doppler_effect
Mythical object that grants invisibility
Zhang. Nature advance online publication 11 August 2008. Optical Negative Refraction in Bulk Metamaterials of Nanowires by Jie Yao, Zhaowei Liu, Yongmin
Cloak_of_invisibility
American physicist
focuses on electromagnetic metamaterials, or materials with a negative index of refraction. Smith obtained his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in physics from the University
David_R._Smith_(physicist)
uses in the studies on optical waveguides, photonic-crystal fibers, negative refraction and photonic topological insulators. The software also serves as
MPB_(software)
Equation to derive time of sunset and sunrise
considering the effect of atmospheric refraction. The equation above neglects the influence of atmospheric refraction and the non-zero angle subtended by
Sunrise_equation
Feldspathoid mineral in the cancrinite group
uniaxial negative, meaning it has one optic axis and that the index of refraction for the ordinary ray is greater than the index of refraction for the
Sacrofanite
Numerical method in computational electromagnetics
Simulation of negative refraction from a metasurface at 15 GHz for different angles of incidence. The simulations are performed through the method of
Method of moments (electromagnetics)
Method_of_moments_(electromagnetics)
Indian physicist and administrator
interfaces — governing the refraction of electron matter waves across potential boundaries in a manner directly parallel to the refraction of light at dielectric
Ravindra Kumar Sinha (physicist)
Ravindra_Kumar_Sinha_(physicist)
Use of plasmons for data transmission in circuits
losses can occur due to decoupling in situations where a refractive element with a different refractive index is used. However, some steps have been taken to
Plasmonics
Russian-Finnish scientist
(2004). "News note on negative refraction in chiral media" (PDF). Pendry, J. B. (2004-11-19). "A Chiral Route to Negative Refraction". Science. 306 (5700):
Sergei_Tretyakov_(scientist)
British physicist
Citation laureates in Physics "for their prediction and discovery of negative refraction." In 2019, Pendry won the SPIE Mozi Award "in recognition of his
John_Pendry
Rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light as it travels through a chiral material
the index of refraction n, defined as the speed of light (in free space) divided by its speed in the medium. The difference in the refractive indices between
Optical_rotation
State of a matter that cannot be seen
appear to be above the water's surface. For a metamaterial to produce negative refraction, it must have a structural array smaller than the wavelength of the
Invisibility
Optical principle
Huygens principle of double refraction, named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens, explains the phenomenon of double refraction observed in uniaxial anisotropic
Huygens principle of double refraction
Huygens_principle_of_double_refraction
United States DOE national laboratory in Ames, Iowa
osgBullet software won a 2010 R&D 100 Award. Research confirming negative refraction can be observed in photonic crystals in the microwave region of the
Ames_National_Laboratory
Theory in optics
multiple-prism dispersion theory has been extended to include positive and negative refraction. Also, higher order phase derivatives have been derived using a Newtonian
Multiple-prism dispersion theory
Multiple-prism_dispersion_theory
List of physics and engineering textbooks covering electromagnetism
Applications, Springer, 2010. Eleftheriades GV, Balmain KG, (Eds), Negative-Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications, Wiley-IEEE
List of textbooks in electromagnetism
List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism
American scientist, educator and academic
PV Parimi, WT Lu, P Vodo, S Sridhar, "Imaging by flat lens using negative refraction", Nature 426 (6965), 404-404, 2003 S Sridhar, "Experimental observation
Srinivas_Sridhar
Equation
generalized refraction equations for both positive and negative refraction, thus providing a clear link between diffraction theory and generalized refraction. From
N-slit interferometric equation
N-slit_interferometric_equation
Argentine physicist
creating lenses that can surpass the diffraction limit without using negative refraction materials. Roberto Merlin was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He
Roberto_Merlin
of the effects most studied is the negative index of refraction first proposed by Victor Veselago in 1967. Negative index materials, exhibit optical properties
Nonlinear_metamaterial
Apparent curve that separates earth from sky
atmospheric refraction. Refraction can make distant objects seem higher or, less often, lower than they actually are. An unusually large refraction may cause
Horizon
Difference in shape from a mirror image
state of electromagnetic waves in chiral media and can cause a negative index of refraction for waves of one handedness when the effect is sufficiently large
Chirality
Series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes
eyeglass prescription. A refraction procedure consists of two parts: objective and subjective. An objective refraction is a refraction obtained without receiving
Eye_examination
an important step towards later controlling the refractive index. Finally, negative index of refraction was achieved for terahertz wavelengths at 200 terahertz
Terahertz_metamaterial
Igneous rock-forming feldspar mineral
translucent Specific gravity 2.5–2.6 Optical properties Biaxial negative Refractive index nα = 1.514 – 1.529 nβ = 1.518 – 1.533 nγ = 1.521 – 1.539 Birefringence
Microcline
material, in both cases with very unusual optical properties such as negative refraction. Arguably amongst the most startling properties of metamaterials
METATOY
Laser physicist and author/editor
diffraction, refraction, and reflection, in a generalized and unified quantum approach that includes positive and negative refraction. He also derived
F._J._Duarte
Surgery to treat common vision disorders
ophthalmologists use to measure the refraction of the eye and the shape of the cornea, such as corneal topography. While refractive surgery is becoming more affordable
Refractive_surgery
Cyclosilicate mineral group
82–3.32 Polish luster Vitreous Optical properties Double-refractive, uniaxial negative Refractive index nω = 1.635–1.675 nε = 1.610–1.650 Birefringence −0
Tourmaline
Journal
thorium-229 New gravimeter-on-a-chip is tiny yet extremely sensitive Negative refraction of electrons spotted in graphene Rocky planet found in habitable
Physics_World
exhibit a number of behaviours similar to photonic crystals, including negative refraction, beam splitting, and wave trapping. They may also feature large stopbands
Platonic_crystal
(born 1943) United Kingdom "for their prediction and discovery of negative refraction." Imperial College London —N/a Sheldon Schultz (1933–2017) United
List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics
List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics
Quantum phenomena
ISBN 978-1-108-61756-7. Retrieved 2026-02-26. Pendry, J. B. (2007). "PHYSICS: Negative Refraction for Electrons?". Science. 315 (5816): 1226–7. doi:10.1126/science
Klein_paradox
American mathematician (born 1940)
The refraction coefficient can be created so that the new material has a desired wave-focusing property, or it may have a negative refraction property
Alexander_Ramm
Model of optics describing light as geometric rays
screen. Refraction occurs when light travels through an area of space that has a changing index of refraction. The simplest case of refraction occurs when
Geometrical_optics
Nanomaterial
PMID 22968228. Scholia has a profile for nanorod (Q2684948). Nanorods show negative refraction in near-IR (EE Times, December 5, 2005) [1] S. Ramanathan, S. Patibandla
Nanorod
Mineral group, calcium phosphate
16–3.22 Polish luster Vitreous Optical properties Double refractive, uniaxial negative Refractive index 1.634–1.638 (+0.012, −0.006) Birefringence 0.002–0
Apatite
Topics referred to by the same term
Instrumentation Module Negative index metamaterial, a metamaterial which can direct and regulate wave propagation due to its negative refractive index Net interest
NIM
Complete reflection of a wave
θ2 coincide with the angles of incidence and refraction as defined above. Obviously the angle of refraction cannot exceed 90°. In the limiting case, we
Total_internal_reflection
Academic journal
ISSN 0010-7514. PMID 17729558. S2CID 121097963. Pendry, J. B. (2009-01-01). "Negative refraction". Contemporary Physics. 50 (1): 363–374. Bibcode:2009ConPh..50..363P
Contemporary_Physics
American optical physicist
proposed and demonstrated the first optical MM that exhibits negative index of refraction and the nanostructures that show artificial magnetism across
Vladimir_Shalaev
Canadian materials scientist
Paper Award (2014). Eleftheriades, G. V.; Balmain, K. G. (2005). Negative-refraction metamaterials : fundamental properties and applications. John Wiley
George_V._Eleftheriades
deflected away from the line of refraction. Normal refraction occurs when light passes through the line of refraction. Veselago used this theory to work
Illusion_optics
German physicist (born 1965)
into science ... Leonhardt, Ulf (2009). "Perfect imaging without negative refraction". New Journal of Physics. 11 (9) 093040. arXiv:0909.5305. Bibcode:2009NJPh
Ulf_Leonhardt
Degree to which an optical system converges or diverges light
positive optical power, while diverging lenses have negative power. When a lens is immersed in a refractive medium, its optical power and focal length change
Optical_power
Award
disease - structural similarities in physics" 2005 John Pendry, "Negative refraction, the perfect lens and metamaterials" 2004 Michael Pepper, "Semiconductor
Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal
British physicist (1937–2018)
ISSN 1367-2630. Boardman, A. D.; King, N.; Velasco, L. (2005). "Negative Refraction in Perspective". Electromagnetics. 25 (5). Informa UK Limited: 365–389
Allan_Boardman
which describes the difference between the highest and lowest index of refraction for the mineral. Apachite is an anisotropic mineral, so the velocity of
Apachite
Numerical technique
[1] Cummer Steven A (2004). "Perfectly Matched Layer Behavior in Negative Refractive Index Materials". IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
Perfectly_matched_layer
Inability to focus on distant objects
Irvin M. (1949). Clinical Refraction. Chicago: The Professional Press. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart (1969). The Practice of Refraction (8th ed.). St. Louis: The
Myopia
that are capable of negative values for index of refraction (NIMs), and metamaterials that are capable of zero index of refraction (ZIMs). Complicated
Tunable_metamaterial
Rare mineral, a silicate of magnesium and aluminium
from 1.701 to 1.718 with a birefringence of 0.006–0.007, biaxial negative. Refractive index values may correspond to colour: brownish green specimens will
Sapphirine
Branch of physics that studies light
of refraction occurs when there is an interface between a uniform medium with index of refraction n1 and another medium with index of refraction n2.
Optics
N. (2006). "REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Spatial dispersion and negative refraction of light". Physics-Uspekhi. 49 (10): 1029. Bibcode:2006PhyU...49
Spatial_dispersion
Three-dimensional packing problem
possible candidate of optical metamaterials (i.e. materials with a negative refractive index) which find applications in super lenses or optical cloaking
Sphere_packing_in_a_cylinder
Indian space scientist (born 1931)
introduction of a patch antenna loaded with materials delivering a negative refractive index. He and his other partners opined that the antenna suits perfectly
Shiv_Prasad_Kosta
Periodic optical nanostructure that affects the motion of photons
wavelength inside a material requires dividing that by the average index of refraction. The repeating regions of high and low dielectric constant must, therefore
Photonic_crystal
Professor of applied physics / materials science
PMID 17479631. Lezec, H. J.; Dionne, J. A.; Atwater, H. A. (2007). "Negative Refraction at Visible Frequencies". Science. 316 (5823): 430–432. Bibcode:2007Sci
Harry_Atwater
American mathematician (born 1973)
; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Pendry, J. B. (2002). "All-angle negative refraction without negative effective index". Physical Review B. 65 (20) 201104. Bibcode:2002PhRvB
Steven_G._Johnson
mediums Negative phasevelocity Negative phase–velocity medium Negative phase–velocity mediums Negative probability Negative refraction Negative refractive index
Index_of_physics_articles_(N)
American physicist (1933–2017)
LLC. Schultz is best known for his work on metamaterials and negative-index of refraction, which he and his research group have demonstrated experimentally
Sheldon_Schultz
Russian physicist (1910–1969)
Research on negative refraction and backward-wave media: A historical perspective (PDF). 2005 EPFL Latsis Symposium - Negative Refraction: Revisiting
Georgii_Malyuzhinets
Equations of light transmission and reflection
interface between a medium with refractive index n1 and a second medium with refractive index n2, both reflection and refraction of the light may occur. The
Fresnel_equations
Lithography technique
John B. (2003-03-10). "Limitations on subdiffraction imaging with a negative refractive index slab". Applied Physics Letters. 82 (10): 1506–1508. arXiv:cond-mat/0206568
Contact_lithography
ISBN 978-1-4419-1150-6. Eleftheriades, George V.; Balmain, Keith (July 2005). Negative-refraction metamaterials: fundamental principles and applications. John Wiley
Artificial_dielectrics
Sulfate mineral
viewed under polarized light and it is dependent on the mineral's index of refraction. Devilline is a rare and unusual secondary mineral found in the oxidized
Devilline
Applied to electromagnetism
circularly polarized waves. Circular birefringence can yield a negative index of refraction for waves of one handedness when the effect is sufficiently large
Chiral_media
Unit of measurement of optical power
dioptres. If the curvature of a surface of a lens is C and the index of refraction is n, the optical power of that surface is φ = (n − 1)C. For a curved
Dioptre
(2000) S. Foteinopoulou, E.N. Economou, C.M. Soukoulis, "Refraction at Media with Negative Refractive Index", Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 107402 (2003) J. Zhou, Th
Eleftherios_Economou
American electrical engineer and academic
paper PD14. Eleftheriades, George V; Keith G. Balmain (July 2005). Negative-Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications. Wiley-IEEE
Richard_W._Ziolkowski
Book by Isaac Newton
of refrangibility" (angle of refraction), and that this angle cannot be changed by additional reflection or refraction or by passing the light through
Opticks
Measure of how strongly an optical system converges or diverges light
usage was to define the "focal length" as the EFL times the index of refraction of the medium. For a system with different media on both sides, such as
Focal_length
Transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light
polarization is deviated by different refraction only: Rochon prism Sénarmont prism Both polarizations are deviated by refraction: Wollaston prism Nomarski prism
Prism_(optics)
contributions to the science and the technological applications of negative-refraction electromagnetic materials" 2007: Alberto Moreira - "for development
IEEE_Kiyo_Tomiyasu_Award
Effect of a material on light
seen that the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Since that refractive index varies with wavelength
Dispersion_(optics)
calculated density being 3.11 g•cm−3. Takedaite is optically uniaxial Negative. The refractive indices are: ω = 1.726, ε = 1.630, and the Vickers microhardness
Takedaite
Characteristic of an optical system
which the system can accept or emit light. By incorporating index of refraction in its definition, NA has the property that it is constant for a beam
Numerical_aperture
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name ASHKII means "boy."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name ASKOOK means "snake."
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name ZIHNA means "spins."
Female
Native American
Native American Sioux name WITASHNAH means "virginal."
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name CHOOVIO means "antelope."
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name YAMKA means "blossom."
Female
Native American
Native American Algonquin name WIKIMAK means "wife."
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name WUTI means "woman."
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name WAKI means "shelter."
Male
Native American
Native American Sioux name CHAYTON means "falcon."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name CHOGAN means "blackbird."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name ABOOKSIGUN means "wildcat."
Female
Native American
Native American Sioux name WEEKO means "pretty."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name CHANSOMPS means "locust."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name ABUKCHEECH means "mouse."
Male
Native American
Native American Algonquin name ACHAK means "spirit."
Female
Native American
Native American name APONI means "butterfly."
Female
Native American
Native American Dakota name ZITKALA means "bird."
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name YOKI means "rain."
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Demolishing Negative Energy
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, Hebrew, Italian, Latin
Bitter
Boy/Male
Greek
Name of Dionysus.
Girl/Female
Indian
Adorning the world daughter, Queen of the world
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Durga, One who strives with pertinacity of purpose, One who makes the people obtain the divine wisdom by reducing the ignorance
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
The Holy Trinity
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Swift; Quick
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Slave of the Guardian
Girl/Female
Hindu
A bond between friendship and Love
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
A Little Fire
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, French, Malaysian, Muslim
Gentle; Soft-spoken; Patient; Mild; Humane; Mild-tempered
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
NEGATIVE REFRACTION
a.
Indicating or expressing relation; refering to an antecedent; as, a relative pronoun.
v. t.
To reject by vote; to refuse to enact or sanction; as, the Senate negatived the bill.
a.
Denying; renouncing; negative.
a.
Denying; implying, containing, or asserting denial, negation or refusal; returning the answer no to an inquiry or request; refusing assent; as, a negative answer; a negative opinion; -- opposed to affirmative.
a.
Metalloidal; nonmetallic; -- contracted with positive or basic; as, the nitro group is negative.
a.
Expressing denial; belonging to negation; negative.
a.
Having the nature of a plant; vegetable; as, vegetive life.
a.
Asserting absence of connection between a subject and a predicate; as, a negative proposition.
a.
Having relation or reference; referring; respecting; standing in connection; pertaining; as, arguments not relative to the subject.
a.
Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as, a legatine constitution.
adv.
In a negative manner; with or by denial.
n.
The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.
a.
Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride.
n.
That side of a question which denies or refuses, or which is taken by an opposing or denying party; the relation or position of denial or opposition; as, the question was decided in the negative.
imp. & p. p.
of Negative
a.
Of or pertaining to a legate; as, legatine power.
a.
Negative; nonmetallic; acid; -- opposed to positive, metallic, or basic.
n.
A proposition by which something is denied or forbidden; a conception or term formed by prefixing the negative particle to one which is positive; an opposite or contradictory term or conception.
a.
Not positive; without affirmative statement or demonstration; indirect; consisting in the absence of something; privative; as, a negative argument; a negative morality; negative criticism.
a.
Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as, native silver.