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Classification problem where multiple labels may be assigned to each instance
learning, multi-label classification or multi-output classification is a variant of the classification problem where multiple nonexclusive labels may be
Multi-label_classification
Problem in machine learning and statistical classification
multiclass problems. Multiclass classification should not be confused with multi-label classification, where multiple labels are to be predicted for each
Multiclass_classification
Solving multiple machine learning tasks at the same time
examples of settings for MTL include multiclass classification and multi-label classification. Multi-task learning works because regularization induced
Multi-task_learning
videos for tasks such as object detection, facial recognition, and multi-label classification. See (Calli et al, 2015) for a review of 33 datasets of 3D object
List of datasets in computer vision and image processing
List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing
Table layout for visualizing performance; also called an error matrix
can also be extended to Multi-label classification (where multiple classes can be predicted at once) and soft-label classification (where classes can be
Confusion_matrix
Dividing things between two categories
inference Classification rule Confusion matrix Detection theory Kernel methods Multiclass classification Multi-label classification One-class classification Prosecutor's
Binary_classification
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
Mountain car problem Movidius Multi-armed bandit Multi-label classification Multi expression programming Multiclass classification Multidimensional analysis
Outline_of_machine_learning
Putting things into categories
be called a taxonomy). Or it may refer to the label given to an object by the classifier. Classification is a part of many different kinds of activities
Classification
transformation in multi-label classification. It combines the computational efficiency of the binary relevance method while still being able to take the label dependencies
Classifier_chains
Geoff; Pfahringer, Bernhard (2012). "Scalable and efficient multi-label classification for evolving data streams". Machine Learning. 88 (1–2): 243–272
Massive_Online_Analysis
Categorical perception Categorization Discrimination Master status Multi-label classification Prejudice Self-categorization theory Social stigma Stereotype
Labels_of_primary_potency
Coined term by Ted Nelson in 1974
Gunk (mereology) Multicategory Multiclass classification, Multicriteria classification, Multi-label classification Multigraph Multiple inheritance Polysemy
Intertwingularity
South Wales, 2002. Graves, Alex, et al. "Connectionist temporal classification: labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks." Proceedings
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
Type of supervised learning in machine learning
individually labeled, the learner receives a set of labeled bags, each containing many instances. In the simple case of multiple-instance binary classification, a
Multiple_instance_learning
Indian computer scientist
called Extreme Classification (also known as Extreme Multi-label Classification). Extreme Classification focuses on Multi-Label Classification at the scale
Manik Varma (computer scientist)
Manik_Varma_(computer_scientist)
include multi-task learning (also called multi-output learning or vector-valued learning), transfer learning, and co-kriging. Multi-label classification can
Kernel methods for vector output
Kernel_methods_for_vector_output
Categorization of data using statistics
group-label to each new observation. Classification can be thought of as two separate problems – binary classification and multiclass classification. In
Statistical_classification
Artificial intelligence project
Solving Assistants, Arlington, VA, November 2005. Collective Multi-Label Classification, Nadia Ghamrawi and Andrew McCallum. CIKM'05, Bremen, Germany
CALO
Organization of mental concepts
Characterization (mathematics) Classification (general theory) Knolling Library classification Multi-label classification Pattern recognition Shared intentionality
Cognitive_categorization
Non-parametric classification method
and later expanded by Thomas Cover. In classification, a new example is assigned a label based on the labels of its k nearest training examples; in regression
K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm
Algorithm from machine learning
weights, and thus two hyperplanes. This can then be generalized for multi-label classification. In certain circumstances, it can be shown that the number of
Winnow_(algorithm)
Species of bird
Muhammad Tanvir; Sulaiman, Muhammad; Shahid, Abdul (2021-11-09). "Multi-label classification of research articles using Word2Vec and identification of similarity
Yellow-throated_cuckoo
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is
Stellar_classification
Automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data
instead of simply a single best label. When the number of possible labels is fairly small (e.g., in the case of classification), N may be set so that the probability
Pattern_recognition
American computer scientist
(2021). "Enzyme promiscuity prediction using hierarchy-informed multi-label classification". Bioinformatics. 37 (14): 2017–2024. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab054
Soha_Hassoun
Machine learning algorithm
a discrete set of values are called classification trees; in these tree structures, leaves represent class labels and branches represent conjunctions
Decision_tree_learning
Warning or information added to prescription package
An auxiliary label (also called cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning label) is a label added on to a dispensed medication package
Auxiliary_label
Machine learning practice of supervised learning
Quantification is different from classification, since the goal of classification is to predict the class labels of individual data items, while the
Quantification (machine learning)
Quantification_(machine_learning)
but deliberately omitted Ophiuchus; Princess Beatrice secretly married multi-millionaire property developer Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi at The Royal Chapel
List of The Weekly with Charlie Pickering episodes
List_of_The_Weekly_with_Charlie_Pickering_episodes
Organic RFID Circuit with an Integrated Sensor for Smart Labels" (PDF). 9th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices. Retrieved 26
Smart_label
fuerunt? ("Where are they, those who have gone before us?"). ubi unus, multi sunt where [there is] one, [there] are many ubique, quo fas et gloria ducunt
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
Machine learning technique
order to boost performance on a related task. For example, for image classification, knowledge gained while learning to recognize cars could be applied
Transfer_learning
Machine learning strategy
overwhelmed by uninformative examples. Recent developments are dedicated to multi-label active learning, hybrid active learning and active learning in a single-pass
Active learning (machine learning)
Active_learning_(machine_learning)
Machine learning library for data streams in Python
is a free and open source software machine learning library for multi-output/multi-label and stream data written in Python. scikit-multiflow allows to easily
Scikit-multiflow
Set of methods for supervised statistical learning
classification, multiclass classification, and regression tasks, structured SVM broadens its application to handle general structured output labels,
Support_vector_machine
Statistical measure of a test's accuracy
harmonic mean of micro precision and micro recall. In single-label multi-class classification, micro precision equals micro recall, thus micro F1 is equal
F-score
Pattern-recognition performance metrics
returned). In a classification task, the precision for a class is the number of true positives (i.e. the number of items correctly labelled as belonging
Precision_and_recall
Approach to training in machine learning
In machine learning, one-class classification (OCC), also known as unary classification or class-modelling, is an approach to the training of binary classifiers
One-class_classification
non-experts). Most of these genres were created by music labels to target new audiences, however classification is useful to find music and distribute it. Lists
List of music genres and styles
List_of_music_genres_and_styles
Decision support tool
node represents a class label (decision taken after computing all attributes). The paths from root to leaf represent classification rules. In decision analysis
Decision_tree
Global Shipping Software & Technology Company
Easyship is a multi-carrier shipping software and logistics API platform that connects eCommerce merchants, marketplace sellers and enterprise brands
Easyship
network theory, collective classification is the simultaneous prediction of the labels for multiple objects, where each label is predicted using information
Collective_classification
Subfield of machine learning
among the labels for any instance. It was observed that some conventional classification problems can be generalized in the framework of label ranking problem:
Preference_learning
Machine learning technique
{\displaystyle A,B} : MultiHead ( A Q , B K , B V ) = A MultiHead ( Q , K , V ) {\displaystyle {\text{MultiHead}}(AQ,BK,BV)=A\,{\text{MultiHead}}(Q,K,V)} from
Attention_(machine_learning)
Domain of organisms
archaellum. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in a laboratory and
Archaea
Machine learning problem
the observation should belong to. Probabilistic classifiers provide classification that can be useful in its own right or when combining classifiers into
Probabilistic_classification
Loss function in machine learning
Glasmachers, Tobias; Igel, Christian (2016). "A Unified View on Multi-class Support Vector Classification" (PDF). Journal of Machine Learning Research. 17: 1–32
Hinge_loss
Classification based on users' tags
Folksonomy is a classification system in which end users apply public tags to online items, typically to make those items easier for themselves or others
Folksonomy
Group of samples that have been tagged with one or more labels
Labeled data is a group of samples that have been tagged with one or more labels. Labeling typically takes a set of unlabeled data and augments each piece
Labeled_data
Labeling systems for food and consumer products
Ecolabels (also "eco-Labels") and Green Stickers are labeling systems for food and consumer products. The use of ecolabels is voluntary, whereas green
Ecolabel
Mathematical model used for classification or regression
observation x. Let's say we are given the m {\displaystyle m} class labels (classification) and n {\displaystyle n} feature variables, Y : { y 1 , y 2 , …
Discriminative_model
2017 research paper by Google
model to focus on different parts of the input sequence at different steps. Multi-head attention enhances this process by introducing multiple parallel attention
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Bank of India Governor Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Insurance Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion BSE NSE India INX History COVID-19 impact Economic
Timeline_of_Indian_history
Country that is most developed in terms of its economy and capital markets
progress over legacy labels, contrasting with more conservative frameworks. As of October 7, 2025, 26 markets hold Developed classification, encompassing traditional
Developed_market
part of the Multi-Level Security (MLS) development work applications such as the CUPs print server will understand the MLS sensitivity labels, CUPs will
Multi_categories_security
American social networking service
related to the pandemic. Twitter announced a new policy in which they would label tweets containing misinformation going forward. In April 2020, Twitter removed
X_(social_network)
Machine learning paradigm
First, the task is solved based on an auxiliary or pretext classification task using pseudo-labels, which help to initialize the model parameters. Next, the
Self-supervised_learning
Field of machine learning
unsupervised learning algorithms respectively attempt to discover patterns in labeled and unlabeled data, reinforcement learning involves training an agent through
Reinforcement_learning
Anime-focused imageboard website
of 2021. These datasets have been used to train models for multi-label image classification, automatic tagging, anime-style face detection and segmentation
Danbooru
Social group defined by shared traits
within multi-ethnic states, as opposed to between them, as in other regions of the world. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labelled and characterised
Ethnicity
Topics referred to by the same term
a height classification, of roller coaster Strata SE1, a building in London, England Strata title, a form of ownership devised for multi-level apartment
Strata_(disambiguation)
parts to enable record keeping. Some were multi-coloured, perforated and similar to postage stamps like the label from Ankang shown above, others were crude
Local_postal_surcharge_labels
Hormonal disorder in women
medication commonly used in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is used frequently off-label in the management of PMOS. It is recommended for those with a BMI over 25
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome
Polyendocrine_metabolic_ovarian_syndrome
Minor planet found within the inner Solar System
two most widely used taxonomies now used are the Tholen classification and SMASS classification. The former was proposed in 1984 by David J. Tholen, and
Asteroid
Standardized tag format for references exchange
Magazine Article MPCT Film or broadcast / motion picture Film or Broadcast MULTI Online multimedia Online Multimedia MUSIC Music (score) Music NEWS Newspaper
RIS_(file_format)
Sales certification from the Recording Industry Association of America
to "R40" by Rush in 2017. The Video Box Set (or Multi-Box Music Video Set) award is a classification for video compilations that include three or more
RIAA_certification
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
class label, indicating one of the classes. Consider a two-class prediction problem (binary classification), in which the outcomes are labeled either
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Notion in supervised machine learning
labeled 1, then the middle one must also be labeled 1, so not all labelings are possible. f {\displaystyle f} is a straight line as a classification model
Vapnik–Chervonenkis_dimension
Identification for a good or service
Designer Private Labels A relatively recent innovation in retailing is the introduction of designer private labels. Designer-private labels involve a collaborative
Brand
Application of computer system
application of a computer system to process information with incompatible classifications (i.e., at different security levels), permit access by users with different
Multilevel_security
2018 film by Stefano Sollima
but, however, in April 2017, Sony Pictures signed a multi-year distribution deal with Black Label Media, which saw the North American and select international
Sicario:_Day_of_the_Soldado
Problem setup in machine learning
"understand the labels"—represent the labels in the same semantic space as that of the documents to be classified. This supports the classification of a single
Zero-shot_learning
Racialized classification of people
Black is a racial classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion
Black_people
Home video distribution division of Sony Pictures
distribution of children's content formerly handled by Sony BMG's Sony Wonder label. In Canada, Columbia TriStar Home Video helped distribute tapes from Astral
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment
Loss function used in robust regression
sensitive to outliers in data than the squared error loss. A variant for classification is also sometimes used. The Huber loss function describes the penalty
Huber_loss
Study of lichen taxonomy and evolution
1922, Zahlbruckner issued the multi-volume Catalogus Lichenum Universalis, a comprehensive catalogue and classification of every lichen then known. He
Lichen_systematics
2009 film by Neill Blomkamp
the website D-9.com, which had an application presented by the fictional Multi-National United (MNU). The website had a local alert system for Johannesburg
District_9
Topics referred to by the same term
cubic metre, the unit of volume Magic Circle Music, a heavy metal record label Magic City Misfits, a roller derby team from Jacksonville, FL Maverick City
MCM
American basketball player (born 2002)
female athlete to have an exclusive partnership with Panini, signing a multi-year contract with the trading card company. In the same month, she signed
Caitlin_Clark
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
term "protoscience" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features; however, this label has also been criticised
Science
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
(2010). "On Using Class-Labels in Evaluation of Clusterings" (PDF). In Fern, Xiaoli Z.; Davidson, Ian; Dy, Jennifer (eds.). MultiClust: Discovering, Summarizing
Cluster_analysis
sheet and home networking 2011 David Gesbert For contributions to multi-antenna and multi-user communication theory and their applications 2011 Dennis Goeckel
List of fellows of IEEE Communications Society
List_of_fellows_of_IEEE_Communications_Society
International men's soccer tournament in North America
Coca-Cola bottles, with each bottle containing a sticker printed inside the label. In May 2026, it was announced that the 2026 World Cup would be Panini's
2026_FIFA_World_Cup
Natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide
derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein. Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also
Fiber
Computerized information extraction from images
take many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, multi-dimensional data from a 3D scanner, 3D point clouds from LiDaR sensors,
Computer_vision
Processing of natural language by a computer
processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation. Natural
Natural_language_processing
Predominantly Scottish cloth pattern
association with Scottish families or districts, such as the Loverboy fashion label tartan (2018, three blues, one an over-check). The idea that the various
Tartan
be a largely empty warehouse with a few props and decorations; attendees label the event a "scam" and "farce". In the following week, photos and videos
2024_in_the_United_Kingdom
Decision tree algorithm
misnomer as it implies a binary split, but the ID3 algorithm can split on multi-valued attributes. The ID3 algorithm begins with the original set S {\displaystyle
ID3_algorithm
American psychiatric classification
a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. It
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders
Algorithmic application of graph theory
Connected-component labeling (CCL), connected-component analysis (CCA), blob extraction, region labeling, blob discovery, or region extraction is an algorithmic
Connected-component_labeling
Paradigm in machine learning that uses no classification labels
dataset, before finetuning it for other applications, such as text classification. As another example, autoencoders are trained to produce good features
Unsupervised_learning
2018 text-generating language model
primarily employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually labeled data. This reliance on supervised learning limited their use of datasets
GPT-1
European club football competition
the second qualifying round instead of the first qualifying round. The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting
2025–26 UEFA Conference League
2025–26_UEFA_Conference_League
Ethnic group
European ancestry, African ancestry, or both. The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many
Multiracial_Americans
Musical Instruments Around the World
divided instruments into four groups and assigned Greek-derived labels to the four classifications: chordophones (stringed instruments), membranophones (skin-head
Musical instrument classification
Musical_instrument_classification
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
buffers that serve a similar purpose. To access data in main memory, a multi-step process is used and each step introduces a delay. For instance, to
CPU_cache
American singer and actor (born 1981)
songwriter, and actor. His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum, and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist
Josh_Groban
Mass murder of Circassians by the Russian Empire
civil activists from the organization "Circassian Congress" to shed the label of "extremism" ended with an appeal to the European Court. Before seeking
Circassian_genocide
2023 superhero film by James Wan
days to December 22, 2023. The following month, Warner Bros. signed a new multi-year co-financing deal with Domain Capital for their theatrical films, including
Aquaman_and_the_Lost_Kingdom
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Small Fragrant Flower; Moonlight; A Jasmine Flower
Male
English
 In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain. Anglicized form of Greek Habel, ABEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory." Anglicized form of Hebrew Hebel, meaning "breath, breathing."
Boy/Male
Hindu
With multi-colored body
Boy/Male
Tamil
Mukti, Emancipation, Liberation
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Multi Talented Person; With Good Taste
Female
English
Medieval short form of English Amabel, MABEL means "lovable."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Chirtrang | சிரà¯à®¤à¯à®°à®‚க
With multi-colored body
Chirtrang | சிரà¯à®¤à¯à®°à®‚க
Male
Greek
(á¼Î²ÎµÎ») Greek form of Hebrew Hebel ("breath, breathing"), HABEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory." In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Jain, Marathi
With Multi-coloured Body
Boy/Male
Hindu
Mukti, Emancipation, Liberation
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Freedom from Life and Death; Liberation; Valuable
Girl/Female
Hindu
Salvation, Freedom from life and death
Boy/Male
Muslim
Jurist
Male
Hebrew
(לָ×ֵל) Hebrew name LAEL means "belonging to God" or "by God." In the bible, this is the name of a leader of the Gershon family.
Boy/Male
Indian
Jurist
Boy/Male
Hindu
An idol, All auspicious Lord, Lord Vishnu, Statue
Biblical
mourning to the house of Maachah,meadow of the house of Maachah,also called ABEL-MAIM
Girl/Female
Hindu
A creeper with fragrant flowers
Boy/Male
Muslim
Expounder of Islamic Law.
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Multi Talented
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Light of Human Being
Boy/Male
Muslim
Merry. Gay.
Male
English
Bald
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian
Shining
Male
Hebrew
(×™Ö°×”ï‹× ָתָן) Hebrew name YEHOWNATHAN means "God has given." In the bible, this is the name of many characters, including the eldest son of Saul and a close friend of David. Jehonathan is the Anglicized form.Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Grishm | கà¯à®°à¯€à®·à¯à®®
Heat
Boy/Male
Hindu
Any time young
Girl/Female
Biblical
Broken.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Good Omen; Prophecy
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Story Teller; A Singer
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
MULTI LABEL-CLASSIFICATION
n.
One who labels.
pl.
of Mufti
n.
In mediaeval art, the representation of a band or scroll containing an inscription.
v. t.
To affix in or on a label.
v. t.
To libel mutually.
n.
A slip of silk, paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, usually by an inscription, the contents, ownership, destination, etc.; as, the label of a bottle or a package.
n.
The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediaeval architecture. It always has a /quare form, as in the illustration.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Libel
n.
Confused; Babel-like.
v. t.
To proceed against by filing a libel, particularly against a ship or goods.
imp. & p. p.
of Label
imp. & p. p.
of Libel
v. t.
To affix a label to; to mark with a name, etc.; as, to label a bottle or a package.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Label