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Sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or land area, usually both. However, the meanings of "state" and "very small"
Microstate
Small sovereign states in Europe
A European microstate or European ministate is a very small sovereign state in Europe. In modern usage, it typically refers to the six smallest states
European_microstates
Specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system
In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific configuration of a system that describes the precise positions and momenta of all the individual particles
Microstate (statistical mechanics)
Microstate_(statistical_mechanics)
EEG microstates are transient, patterned, quasi-stable states or patterns of an electroencephalogram. These tend to last anywhere from milliseconds to
EEG_microstates
sources give figures between 161 km2 and 166 km2. European microstate. European microstate. The figure shown is from the CIA Factbook, and includes Henderson
List of countries and dependencies by area
List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
Unrecognised micronation in the North Sea
The Principality of Sealand (/ˈsiːˌlænd/) is an unrecognised micronation on HM Fort Roughs (also known as Roughs Tower), an offshore platform in the North
Principality_of_Sealand
Proposed independent city-state in Europe
Bektashi; pronounced [ʃtɛti sɔvɾan i uɾðɾit bɛktaʃi]) is a proposed European microstate and city-state that would be enclaved entirely within Tirana, the capital
Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order
many microstate members. As of 1980, microstates made up one-quarter of the United Nations membership.[dubious – discuss] The European microstates of Andorra
Microstates and the United Nations
Microstates_and_the_United_Nations
Concept
defined entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic states (microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic
Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)
Peninsula in south-central Europe
south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City. The peninsula is also known as the Italic
Italian_Peninsula
(Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a sovereign landlocked microstate in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range
History_of_Andorra
Function in thermodynamics and statistical physics
_{i}e^{-\beta E_{i}},} where i {\displaystyle i} is the index for the microstates of the system; e {\displaystyle e} is Euler's number; β {\displaystyle
Partition function (statistical mechanics)
Partition_function_(statistical_mechanics)
Liechtenstein and Monaco, it is a surviving example of the typical medieval microstate of Germany, Italy and the Pyrenees. According to legend, San Marino was
History_of_San_Marino
Equation in statistical mechanics
{\displaystyle \Omega } or W {\displaystyle W} ), the number of real microstates corresponding to the gas's macrostate: where k B {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm
Boltzmann's_entropy_formula
Property of a thermodynamic system
variable that quantifies the probabilistic distribution of accessible microstates in a system. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from
Entropy
Ensemble of states at a constant temperature
ensemble. The canonical ensemble assigns a probability P to each distinct microstate given by the following exponential: P = e ( F − E ) / ( k T ) , {\displaystyle
Canonical_ensemble
Observational basis of thermodynamics
configuration, or microstate). Microstates are used here to describe the probability of a system being in a specific state, as each microstate is assumed to
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Road signs in the European microstates Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City (the Holy See) generally conform to the 1968
Road signs in the European microstates
Road_signs_in_the_European_microstates
Range of mountains in southwest Europe
forms a political divide between the states of Spain and France, with the microstate of Andorra sandwiched in between. Historically, the Crown of Aragon and
Pyrenees
Bilateral relations
member state. Among Switzerland's neighbouring countries, all but one (the microstate Liechtenstein) are EU member states (though all including Liechtenstein
Switzerland–European Union relations
Switzerland–European_Union_relations
Joint heads of state of Andorra
state (Catalan: cap d'estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. The co-princes are the
Co-princes_of_Andorra
Relationship overview
Marino Vatican City The third-country European microstates Currently, all of the European microstates have some form of relations with the European Union
Microstates and the European Union
Microstates_and_the_European_Union
Microstate in Western Europe
officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe. Situated on the French Riviera, it is a semi-enclave
Monaco
Kosovo, and five transcontinental countries but excluding five European microstates. Countries are arranged in alphabetical order. At the moment, listings
Lists of most common surnames in European countries
Lists_of_most_common_surnames_in_European_countries
Small independent Italian state (1441–1826)
Repubblica di Cospaia, local dialect: Republica de' Cošpäja) was a small microstate in northern Umbria, now in Italy, that was independent from 1440 to 1826
Republic_of_Cospaia
Group of European states without mutual border controls
The microstate of Monaco is de facto part of the Schengen Area as border controls are administered as part of France. Three other microstates – Andorra
Schengen_Area
Regional trade organisation and free trade area
In response, the Council requested that negotiations with the three microstates on further integration continue, and that a report be prepared by the
European Free Trade Association
European_Free_Trade_Association
Former microstate on the Iberian peninsula
ˈmiʃtu]; Galician: Couto Mixto; Spanish: Coto Mixto) was an independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal. It comprised the villages of
Couto_Misto
Enclaved Holy See's independent city-state
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae), often shortened as the Vatican
Vatican_City
Statistical ensemble of particles in thermodynamic equilibrium
the grand canonical ensemble assigns a probability P to each distinct microstate given by the following exponential: P = e ( Ω + μ N − E ) / ( k T ) ,
Grand_canonical_ensemble
European free trade zone established in 1994
for an evaluation of the EU's relations with the sovereign European microstates of Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, which they described as "fragmented"
European_Economic_Area
Average uncertainty in variable's states
results when the values of the random variable designate energies of microstates, so Gibbs's formula for the entropy is formally identical to Shannon's
Entropy_(information_theory)
Cultural heritage monument in Albania
territorial sovereignty to the Bektashi Order, which will be a "theocratic microstate" much like Vatican City, but smaller. This state would allow alcohol and
World Headquarters of the Bektashi
World_Headquarters_of_the_Bektashi
Statistical mechanics theorem relating non-equilibrium work to free energy differences
and λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} correspond to two ensembles of microstates for which the reaction coordinate is constrained to different values
Crooks_fluctuation_theorem
Supranational political and economic union
similar ties through bilateral treaties. The relationships of the European microstates Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City include the use of the
European_Union
Special administrative region of China
to Hong Kong: "The case of Macau shows that the very small size of a 'microstate' helps central authorities to exercise political control, stifle political
Macau
Ancient Greek social and political organisation
continues. The Copenhagen study rejects either model and proposes instead the microstate. Some scholars are cynical, rejecting the idea that any solution can be
Polis
Economic grouping of countries
is a usually inclusive to microstates; while microstates can be considered small states, not all small states are microstates. There is different criteria
Small_state
Microstate in Central Europe
ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn] ), is a doubly landlocked country in the Central European Alps. A microstate, It is located between Austria to the east and north-east and Switzerland
Liechtenstein
Aspect of consciousness research
EEG microstates were described as "repeating, quasi-stable patterns in an EEG", representing "the atoms of thought". These observations on microstates in
Models_of_consciousness
Repubblica di San Marino) is an integral element of the economy within the microstate. The tourism sector contributes a large part of San Marino's GDP, with
Tourism_in_San_Marino
Measure of the coldness of a system
number of microstates of each system will be denoted by Ω1 and Ω2. Under our assumptions Ωi depends only on Ei. We also assume that any microstate of system
Thermodynamic_beta
International border
ever since. Treaty of Lisbon (1864) - This abolished the Couto Misto microstate, partitioning it between Spain and Portugal, while leaving the Olivenza
Portugal–Spain_border
The following is a list of flags of Denmark. The regions of Denmark do not have flags, instead using "logos" as symbols. These are sometimes misattributed
List_of_Danish_flags
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
the probability of each microstate. If it is assumed that each microstate is equally likely and W is the number of microstates, then Boltzmann's entropy
Boltzmann_constant
Idealization of a large number of atomic-sized systems
classical case, the ensemble is a probability distribution over the microstates. In quantum mechanics, this notion, due to von Neumann, is a way of assigning
Ensemble (mathematical physics)
Ensemble_(mathematical_physics)
Continent
original on 17 March 2026. Retrieved 17 March 2026. not counting the microstate of Vatican City "Member States of the European Union". Europa. Retrieved
Europe
Entirely surrounds the microstate and city-state of Vatican City. San Marino San Marino Italy Rimini (province) Microstate. The microstate as a whole borders
List of national capitals situated on an international border
List_of_national_capitals_situated_on_an_international_border
Space of all possible states that a system can take
a point in phase space is said to be a microstate of the system. (For indistinguishable particles a microstate consists of a set of N! points, corresponding
Phase_space
Liechtenstein is a principality in the Alps and a microstate. Despite its small landmass of only 160 km2 and a population of 38,111 Liechtenstein has a
List of companies of Liechtenstein
List_of_companies_of_Liechtenstein
Spanish virtual airline
in Barcelona and based at Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport, serving the microstate of Andorra. The airline was founded in 2015 by businessman Jorge Soriano [es]
Andorra_Airlines
System for money transfers within the European Union area
Switzerland), the United Kingdom, as well as five EU candidate countries. Some microstates participate in the technical schemes: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and
Single_Euro_Payments_Area
Diocese of the Catholic Church in Spain and Andorra
president of France (as successor to the French king), co-sovereign of the microstate. This makes the bishop of Urgell the sole extant prince-bishop in the
Diocese_of_Urgell
Statistical mechanics hypothesis that all microstates are equiprobable for a given energy
of microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region; i.e., that over long periods of time all accessible microstates are
Ergodic_hypothesis
number of microstates ( ln W {\displaystyle \ln W} ) is known as the information entropy of the system (Usually assuming each microstate is equally
Introduction_to_entropy
1864 treaty between Spain and Portugal
Signed in Lisbon on 29 September 1864, it abolished the Couto Misto microstate. The final act of approving annexes to the treaty was signed at Lisbon
Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1864)
Andorran association football club associated with the Spanish football league system
fixtures at Estadi de la FAF in Encamp. In spite of being based in the microstate of Andorra, the club, voluntarily affiliated to the Catalan Football Federation
FC_Andorra
Symbolic microstate
Symbolic microstate
Republic_of_Vevčani
Area (integration with the EFTA States) History of the European Union Microstates and the European Union Potential enlargement of the European Union Special
Member state of the European Union
Member_state_of_the_European_Union
Low-Density Gases
described as a continuum. Instead, the gas should be described by its microstate determined by the velocity and position of each particle. Since it would
Rarefied_gas_dynamics
Physical quantity of hot and cold
quantum-mechanical oscillators and considers the system as a statistical ensemble of microstates. As a collection of classical material particles, the temperature is
Temperature
Thought experiment in statistical physics
such microstates must be counted as a single microstate. Assuming that the neighborhoods in phase space around any microstate in which all microstates are
Gibbs_paradox
1963 British film by Richard Lester
by Richard Lester. In it, the people of the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, a microstate in Europe, attempt space flight using wine as a propellant. It satirises
The_Mouse_on_the_Moon
Microstate in Southern Europe
ISBN 978-65-997177-9-6. Timothy, Dallen J. (6 November 2020). Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies: Geoploitics, Scale and Resource Limitations. CABI.
Andorra
Airport in Montferrer i Castellbò, Spain
Catalonia, eastern Spain, and serves the city of La Seu d'Urgell and the microstate of Andorra, which is 12 km north of the airport. The airport has a short
Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport
Andorra–La_Seu_d'Urgell_Airport
Minor partner in a formal, free relationship with a typically larger state
as a defining feature of microstates. According to the definition of microstates proposed by Dumienski (2014): "Microstates are modern protected states
Associated_state
Mathematical technique
possible microstate, and also contains an additional summation of each component's contribution to the energy of the system within each microstate. Higher-dimensional
Transfer-matrix method (statistical mechanics)
Transfer-matrix_method_(statistical_mechanics)
Citizenship in multiple countries held by the same person
dual citizenship. (See also Swedish nationality law) The four European microstates surrounded by EU countries (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican
Multiple_citizenship
Monaco is a sovereign city-state, country, and microstate on the French Riviera, along the Mediterranean coast. The country has long been under the control
Music_of_Monaco
European multi-sport event
separate Island Games) provide competition opportunities for the handful of microstates in the European continent. As of 2024 there are no EOC endorsed European
European_Games
Equations on thermodynamic quantities
where Ω ( E ) {\displaystyle \Omega \left(E\right)} is the number of microstates in a small interval between E {\displaystyle E} and E + δ E {\displaystyle
Fundamental thermodynamic relation
Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation
17th century microstate in North Asia
Ukrainian: Якса; Russian: Якса, romanized: Yaksa) was a 17th-century microstate in North Asia with its capital in Albazino existing between 1665 and 1674
Jaxa_(state)
This is a list of diplomatic missions of Malta. Malta, being a microstate has a small, albeit gradually-growing diplomatic network. Honorary consulates
List of diplomatic missions of Malta
List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Malta
1918–1919 Lemko microstate in Europe
Vyslik Republic, Wisłok Republic and Lemko Republic, was a short-lived microstate, an association of thirty three Lemko villages, seated in Komańcza in
Komańcza_Republic
Bilateral relations
for an evaluation of the EU's relations with the sovereign European microstates of Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, which they described as "fragmented"
Monaco–European Union relations
Monaco–European_Union_relations
Military actions during WWII
of San Marino were a series of British aerial bombing attacks on the microstate of San Marino during World War II. Eight air raids were carried out by
Bombing of San Marino in World War II
Bombing_of_San_Marino_in_World_War_II
Autonomous territory of Denmark
Multiple sources: Timothy, Dallen J. (6 November 2020). Tourism in European Microstates and Dependencies: Geopolitics, Scale and Resource Limitations. CABI.
Greenland
European Political Community Summit
predecessor states Geography Areas and populations Countries by area European microstates Largest metropolitan areas Cities Climate Climate change Extreme points
6th European Political Community Summit
6th_European_Political_Community_Summit
Oldest European unification movement
predecessor states Geography Areas and populations Countries by area European microstates Largest metropolitan areas Cities Climate Climate change Extreme points
Paneuropean_Union
Currency of the European Union
officially by the institutions of the European Union, by four European microstates that are not EU members, by one British Overseas Territory, as well as
Euro
of the Republic of San Marino is the only recognized university in the microstate. The Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino was registered in San
List of universities in San Marino
List_of_universities_in_San_Marino
States which did not participate in World War II
which the Battle of San Marino drove them out. The occupation led the microstate to declare war on Germany on 21 September 1944. Earlier, on 26 June, 1944
Neutral powers during World War II
Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II
Lowest theoretical temperature
state of perfect order with only one microstate available. In some systems, there may be more than one microstate at minimum energy and there is some residual
Absolute_zero
Measure of the state of democracy according to The Economist
and the percentage of world population for each type of regime. Some microstates are not considered in the calculation. The following table lists the
The_Economist_Democracy_Index
Eight euro coin denominations ranging from one cent to two euro
a variety of different designs in circulation at once. Four European microstates that are not members of the European Union (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino
Euro_coins
Village in Dzūkija, Lithuania
the so-called Republic of Perloja, an independent, albeit unrecognised microstate that was established in the aftermath of World War I and existed until
Perloja
Capital and largest city of Lithuania
Vilnius Voivodeship surrounded the independent Republic of Paulava. The microstate, known for its Enlightenment values, had its own president, peasant parliament
Vilnius
Court of Revision Crown Council Elections Justice of the peace European microstates and the European Union Foreign relations High Council of Judges and Prosecutors
Corruption_in_Monaco
2025 EU–Central Asia summit
Former Yugoslavia General Overseas territories of member states European microstates Largest trading partners Association Agreements Free trade agreements
2025 European Union–Central Asia summit
2025_European_Union–Central_Asia_summit
National identity card of Switzerland
European Free Trade Association or to the European Union, the European microstates, Georgia, and Turkey. The Swiss identity card first introduced in 1955
Swiss_identity_card
common—language in Monaco, a result of the role France has had over the microstate, since the annexation of the County of Nice, which surrounds Monaco, in
Languages_of_Monaco
Manifold in mathematical physics
especially ambipolar ones, find an application in the study of black hole microstate geometries. Gibbons–Hawking effect Mathur, Samir D. (22 January 2009)
Gibbons–Hawking_space
Sovereign state consisting primarily of a city and its territory
is desert rather than urban area like true city states. Occasionally, microstates with high population densities such as San Marino are cited as city-states
City-state
Island country in Southern Europe
Sultana, Ronald G. (1998). "Career guidance in Malta: A Mediterranean microstate in transition" (PDF). International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling
Malta
to Zbigniew Dumienski, both the Cook Islands and Niue can be seen as microstates, which are defined as: "modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states
Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue
Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue
Term for status of the Pope (1870–1929)
stand-off was ended on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Pacts created a new microstate, that of Vatican City, and opened the way for diplomatic relations between
Prisoner_in_the_Vatican
Island country in Oceania
of Nauru, formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies within the Micronesia subregion of
Nauru
dependencies by area List of European countries by population European microstates Figure given is for European Russia. Excludes annexations that are internationally
List of European countries by area
List_of_European_countries_by_area
Specific probability distribution function, important in physics
given single-particle microstate. Under certain assumptions, the logarithm of the fraction of particles in a given microstate is linear in the ratio
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
Maxwell–Boltzmann_distribution
Energy contained within a system
N {\displaystyle N} microstates. In a system that is in thermodynamic contact equilibrium with a heat reservoir, each microstate has an energy E i {\displaystyle
Internal_energy
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived near a tumulus, mound or hill, Middle English lowe, from Old English hlÄw (see Law 2).Scottish and English : nickname for a short man, from Middle English lah, lowe (Old Norse lágr; the word was adopted first into the northern dialects of Middle English, where Scandinavian influence was strong, and then spread south, with regular alteration of the vowel quality).English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : nickname for a violent or dangerous person, from Anglo-Norman French lou, leu ‘wolf’ (Latin lupus). Wolves were relatively common in Britain at the time when most surnames were formed, as there still existed large tracts of uncleared forest.Scottish : from a pet form of Lawrence. Compare Lowry 1.Americanized spelling of Jewish Lowe.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Kizzie, KIZZY means "cassia," a bark similar to cinnamon.
Female
Italian
This name was invented by the Italian author Luciano Zuccoli for the heroine of his novel L'amore de Loredana. Apparently, it is a feminine form of the surname Loredan, LOREDANA means "laurel grove."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi
Peak; Shade; Bright
Boy/Male
French German American English
Renowned in the land. Roland was a legendary hero who served Charlemagne.
Girl/Female
Indian
Cheek, Face
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from Old English demere, DEEMER means "judge."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Dollinson (see Dollins).
Girl/Female
Danish, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Braid
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
The Sun; A Lotus
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE
MICROSTATE