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Cyanotoxins produced by blue-green algae
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of cyanotoxins, which are toxins produced by cyanobacteria, sometimes known as blue-green algae. Over 250 different
Microcystin
Chemical compound
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria. It is the most toxic of the microcystins. Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides. The seven
Microcystin-LR
Toxin produced by cyanobacteria
standard analysis was for microcystin-LR. Blooms containing microcystin are a problem worldwide in freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins are cyclic peptides and
Cyanotoxin
Blue-green algal genus used in food
one, produce toxins such as microcystins. Some spirulina supplements have been found to be contaminated with microcystins, albeit at levels below the
Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)
Species of bacterium
hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. Microcystis aeruginosa produces numerous congeners of microcystin, with microcystin-LR being the most
Microcystis_aeruginosa
Peptide consisting of two to twenty amino acids
aeruginosins, cyanopeptolins, microcystins, microviridins, microginins, anabaenopeptins, and cyclamides. Microcystins are best studied because of their
Oligopeptide
Natural freshwater lake in Florida, United States
nutrient-laden waters reaching the lake from farms and other sources. Microcystin was found among the other species involved in the outbreak. In July 2016
Lake_Okeechobee
Indonesian traditional fermented milk
Lactobacillus plantarum strains from dadiah play important roles in removing microcystin-LR, cyanobacterial toxin. This wild strain of Lactobacillus plantarum
Dadiah
Algae used as a dietary supplement
Lake. Earlier studies attributed the presence of cyanotoxins such as microcystin and cylindrospermopsin directly to production by Ap. flos-aquae. However
Klamath_Lake_AFA
Pharmaceutical drug
report suggests that colestyramine may be useful for cyanobacterial (microcystin) poisoning in dogs. Ointments containing colestyramine compounded with
Colestyramine
Chemical compound
function exists between the two, and microcystins have been studied in greater detail. Because of this, facts from microcystins are often extended to nodularins
Nodularin
Genus of crustaceans
and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme were up-regulated in the presence of microcystins in the food of D. magna and with this the enzymes of glycolysis and protein
Daphnia
Amino acid in toxins made by cyanobacteria
include this amino acid include microcystins and nodularins. Along with leucine and arginine, it is found in microcystin-LR, an extremely toxic compound
ADDA_(amino_acid)
Species of marine mammal
from approximately Coal Oil Point to Gaviota State Park. A toxin called microcystin, produced by a type of cyanobacteria (Microcystis), seems to be concentrated
Sea_otter
Genus of bacteria
water masses like Ohio's Grand Lake St Marys. In 2014, detection of the microcystin toxin in treated water of Toledo (OH) resulted in a shutdown of the water
Microcystis
Genus of bacteria
ecology and physiology has been done by Anthony E. Walsby, and the 55.6 kb microcystin synthetase gene which gives these organisms the ability to synthesize
Planktothrix
Inland river delta and estuary in Northern California
bioaccumulation. Microcystins were detected in the tissue of clams at levels much higher than the ambient water around them because of microcystin's ability to
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Sacramento–San_Joaquin_River_Delta
Period with less precipitation than normal
can cause cancer with low exposure over the long term. High levels of microcystin appeared in San Francisco Bay Area salt-water shellfish and fresh-water
Drought
Place in North West, South Africa
industrialised city south of Johannesburg. Bushbabies Monkey Sanctuary Microcystin Eutrophication "Ward 30". "Main Place Hartbeespoort". Census 2011. Carruthers
Hartbeespoort
Substance added to soil to enhance plant growth
Khidekel, Roman; Boyer, Gregory L. (15 May 2013). "Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake". Toxins
Fertilizer
Microcystinase is a protease that selectively degrades microcystin, an extremely potent cyanotoxin that causes marine pollution and can lead to human
Microcystinase
Flooded grassland in Florida, United States
bloom, which include toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa that cause microcystin, a strong kind of hepatotoxin that affects both humans and animals. The
Everglades
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
and humans by the production of powerful toxins (cyanotoxins) such as microcystins, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. Nowadays, cyanobacterial blooms caused
Cyanobacteria
Species of bacterium
Steroidobacter flavus is a microcystin-degrading bacterium from the genus of Steroidobacter which has been isolated from forest soil from the Hainan Island
Steroidobacter_flavus
Reservoir in Derwood, Maryland, United States
Planning Commission warned of the lake water contamination with microcystin. Microcystin is a toxic substance produced by some species of blue-green algae
Lake_Bernard_Frank
Molecule that blocks enzyme activity
the RNA polymerase II enzyme from transcribing DNA. The algal toxin microcystin is also a peptide and is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases. This toxin
Enzyme_inhibitor
Classification of agents that are possibly carcinogenic to humans
N-dimethyl)benzenamine) Michler's ketone (4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone) Microcystin-LR Mirex Mitomycin C Mitoxantrone Molybdenum trioxide 3-Monochloro-1
IARC_group_2B
Genus of bacteria
push lakes towards eutrophication and to produce potentially deadly Microcystin-LR. Spherical colonies of radiating straight trichomes (filaments without
Gloeotrichia
SPX, 13-desmethyl spirolide C standard Microcystins dmMCLR and MCLR, microcystin-LR standards MCRR, microcystin-RR standard NODR, nodularin-R standard
Canadian_Reference_Materials
State park in Ohio, United States
harmful to plants and animals. Humans are also affected by the toxins. Microcystin can harm the liver and cause other health problems including mild rashes
Grand Lake St. Marys State Park
Grand_Lake_St._Marys_State_Park
Peptide chains which contain a circular sequence of bonds
of one residue to the alpha carboxyl group of another residue, as in microcystin and bacitracin. Cyclic depsipeptides, such as aureobasidin A and HUN-7293
Cyclic_peptide
Class of enzymes
acid, a diarrhetic shellfish poison, strong tumor promoter, and microcystin. Microcystin is a liver toxin produced by blue-green algae and contains a cyclic
Protein_phosphatase_1
Species of bacterium
Collado MC, Surono IS, et al. (May 2008). "Effect of glucose in removal of microcystin-LR by viable commercial probiotic strains and strains isolated from dadih
Lactiplantibacillus_plantarum
Dam in North West Province
and flowers are produced. Deteriorating water quality, most notably Microcystin toxin. Hartbeespoort has become a very popular holiday and weekend resort
Hartbeespoort_Dam
Species of mollusc
during algal blooms may result in bioaccumulation of toxic microcystins (microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR) from Microcystis in the gonads, the hepatopancreas
Sinotaia_quadrata
Poisonous biological substance
key modules vertically and not horizontally. Cyanotoxin Microviridin Microcystin Susanne Faltermann; Sara Zucchi; Esther Kohler; Judith F. Blom; Jakob
Cyanopeptolin
Reservoir in Derwood, Maryland
was reopened in summer 2012. In 2010, lake waters tested positive for microcystin, a toxin produced by cyanobacteria that can cause liver damage. The toxin
Lake_Needwood
American limnologist and ecologist
primary production. The murky lakes also had the highest concentration of microcystin, which are a class of toxins produced by cyanobacteria and are potentially
Amina_Pollard
New Zealand microbiologist and marine scientist (born 1976)
Wood has a PhD from Victoria University of Wellington, with a thesis on microcystins in New Zealand freshwater organisms. From 2006 to 2009, Wood worked as
Susie_Wood
Species of bacterium
produce saxitoxin, in turn used for animal testing. Canada (2005), where microcystin synthase genes (McyE highly (> 95%) similar to the version in Microcystis
Aphanizomenon_flos-aquae
Genus of bacteria
Elena; Mulero, Iván; García-Ayala, Alfonsa (2012). "Immunolocalisation of microcystin in colonies of the cynobacterium Rivularia in calcareous streams". Marine
Rivularia_(cyanobacteria)
Lake in central New York
experienced a widespread blue-green algal bloom which tested positive for microcystin toxins, thus no longer making it one of the cleanest lakes in the US
Skaneateles_Lake
Freshwater lake in Northern Ireland
and Ireland's largest lake associated with gastrointestinal bacteria, microcystins and anabaenopeptins presenting an environmental and public health risk"
Lough_Neagh
Farms producing only one crop at a time
quality and safety as these blooms produce potent cyanotoxins such as microcystin, which can bioaccumulate in fish and shellfish. Human consumption can
Monoculture
Wetland in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, United States
attacks. When cyanobacteria release powerful toxins such as microcystin and microcystin-LR, they can harm the human liver, worsen pre-existing colitis
Great_Black_Swamp
Population explosion of organisms that can kill marine life
widespread genus Microcystis, can produce hazardous cyanotoxins such as microcystins, which are hepatotoxins that harm the liver of mammals. Other types of
Harmful_algal_bloom
Amino acids not naturally encoded in the genome
occurring cyanotoxins can also include non-proteinogenic amino acids. Microcystin and nodularin, for example, are both derived from ADDA, a β-amino acid
Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids
Environmental issue in Canada
less than 1% of the phosphorus. Very high levels of the algae toxin microcystin closed Victoria Beach off from the public in the summer of 2003. Grand
Lake_Winnipeg_algae_threat
Genus of bacteria
reproduces by fragmentation and with akinetes. Anabaenopsis can produce microcystins, which are toxic to both humans and animals. The genus is primarily tropical
Anabaenopsis
Toxic chemical substance that damages the liver
be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon
Hepatotoxin
Species of aquatic flowering plant in the family Araceae
extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.) on the growth, microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa". Environmental Science
Pistia
Species of freshwater snail
Claudia (August 2010). "Impact of toxic cyanobacteria on gastropods and microcystin accumulation in a eutrophic lake (Grand-Lieu, France) with special reference
Physella_acuta
Species of bacterium
Guangcan; Liang, Geyu; Pu, Yuepu; Neilan, Brett (9 January 2014). "Microcystin-Degrading Activity of an Indigenous Bacterial Strain Stenotrophomonas
Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila
Stenotrophomonas_acidaminiphila
Class of enzyme complexes
ions and the dark gray compound at center is a peptidomimetic toxin, microcystin, occupying the active site. From PDB: 2IAE. Identifiers Symbol PPP2CA
Protein_phosphatase_2
ESP in Lake Erie. This ESP will measure concentrations of particulate microcystins in the western basin of the lake, every other day. It can also genetically
Environmental Sample Processor
Environmental_Sample_Processor
Tiny lifeforms floating and drifting in the air, carried by the wind
are responsible for the production of a group of hepatotoxins known as microcystins. Because most tourism occurs in summer, many tourists are exposed to
Aeroplankton
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
RW, Dalby KN, Campbell DG, et al. (1995). "The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin binds covalently to cysteine-273 on protein phosphatase 1". FEBS Lett
PPP1CC
Chemical compound
"Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB with TLR4-IN-C34 attenuated microcystin-leucine arginine toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells". Journal of Applied
TLR4-IN-C34
Distributional regression model
A.; Michalak, Anna M. (October 2023). "Geographic redistribution of microcystin hotspots in response to climate warming". Nature Water. 1 (10): 844–854
Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape
Generalized_additive_model_for_location,_scale_and_shape
PD 145065 153049-49-1 C52H69N13O11 CGP 42112 127060-75-7 C52H71N7O12 microcystin-LF 154037-70-4 C52H72N5LuO14 motexafin lutetium 246252-04-0 C52H73N15O12S
List of compounds with carbon numbers 50+
List_of_compounds_with_carbon_numbers_50+
Pore of nanometer size
Matteo Dal (2025-07-18). "Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores". bioRxiv 10.1101/2025.07.15.664886
Nanopore
Species of bacterium
"The genus Limnospira contains only two species, both unable to produce microcystins: L. maxima and L. platensis". iScience. 27 (9) 110845. doi:10.1016/j
Limnospira_platensis
Genus of Cyanobacteria
"The genus Limnospira contains only two species, both unable to produce microcystins: L. maxima and L. platensis". iScience. 27 (9) 110845. doi:10.1016/j
Arthrospira
Lake in Thurston County, Washington state
advisory to avoid swimming there. Samples collected from the lake detected Microcystins levels above state recreation guidelines. The advisory ended on July
Pattison_Lake
Cell and developmental biologist
2013, In : Biochemical Journal. 449, 2, p. 479-489 11 p. Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A
Carol_MacKintosh
Medical condition
combination of a number of factors which include: Vitamin E deficiency Microcystin and nodularin poisoning, via inhibition of protein phosphatases Heavy
Pansteatitis
Chemical compound
2009-10-08. Retrieved 2020-09-27. "Washington State Recreational Guidance for Microcystins (Provisional) and Anatoxin-a (Interim/Provisional)" (PDF). Washington
Anatoxin-a
Genus of bacteria
Jin, R; Zhang, YQ (August 2016). "Steroidobacter flavus sp. nov., a microcystin-degrading Gammaproteobacterium isolated from soil". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Steroidobacter
Bay in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
Tohru; Umehara, Akira; Tsutsumi, Hiroaki (December 2014). "Diffusion of microcystins (cyanobacteria hepatotoxins) from the reservoir of Isahaya Bay, Japan
Isahaya_Bay
Chemical compound
antimicrobial activity. Dehydroalanine is also present in some lantibiotics and microcystins. DHA can be formed from cysteine or serine by simple base catalysis without
Dehydroalanine
Enzyme
SERINE/THREONINE PHOSPHATASE-1 (ALPHA ISOFORM, TYPE I) COMPLEXED WITH MICROCYSTIN-LR TOXIN 1it6: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX BETWEEN CALYCULIN A AND
PPP1CA
Researcher in cyanobacteria, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Linda Lawton, Ph.D., FRSE is a Scottish researcher in microcystins and toxins produced by cyanobacteria and has researched into the impact of the so-called
Linda_Lawton
Golden mussel, medium sized, biofouler
reproduction can be suppressed altogether because cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin) engender massive larval mortalities. The golden mussel's life span is
Limnoperna_fortunei
Cyclamides are biosynthesized through ribosomic pathways. Cyanopeptolin Microcystin "Cyclamides – a wealth of different bioactivities". NaToxAq Toxin of
Cyclamide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Glycoursodeoxycholate (GUDCA) Irinotecan Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) Methotrexate Microcystin Monoglyucuronosyl Olmesartan Ouabain Paclitaxel Phalloidin Pitavastatin
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
Solute_carrier_organic_anion_transporter_family_member_1B3
Lake near Olympia in Washington State
place in 1992 and 1994, and again in October 2011. In September 2011, microcystin was discovered at the lake, at a concentration requiring an advisory
Black_Lake_(Washington)
Secondary metabolides
Siderophores Pyoverdine Enterobactin Myxochelin A Pigments Indigoidine Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins, cyanotoxins from cyanobacteria. Nitrogen storage polymers
Nonribosomal_peptide
Class of pigment proteins in photosynthesising organisms
ratio of biliprotein to microcystin is above 1, the fluorescence signals can estimate very low concentrations of microcystins. A test conducted in 2009
Biliprotein
octreotide 83150-76-9 C49H71N7O17 cilofungin 79404-91-4 C49H74N10O12 microcystin-LR 101043-37-2 C49H80O2 cholesteryladrenate 14940-92-2 C49H96O4 didocosyl
List of compounds with carbon numbers 40–49
List_of_compounds_with_carbon_numbers_40–49
Virus that infects cyanobacteria
toxic to health of humans and other animals through the production of microcystin and cause eutrophication, leading to oxygen minimum zones. Cyanophages
Cyanophage
Toxin produced by microorganisms
(2001-11-01). "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification of microcystins inMicrocystis aeruginosa strain from lake Thanh Cong, Hanoi, Vietnam"
Microbial_toxin
(2017-11-01). "Benthic cyanobacteria: A source of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin in Australian drinking water reservoirs". Water Research. 124: 454–464
Phytobenthos
Reservoir in Somerset, England
were undertaken. In 2006 the lake was found to have an intense bloom of Microcystins which was associated high concentrations of cyanotoxins probably associated
Luxhay_Reservoir
Pore forming toxin
Matteo (2025-07-18). "Sub-Nanomolar Detection and Discrimination of Microcystin Congeners Using Aerolysin Nanopores". bioRxiv 10.1101/2025.07.15.664886
Aerolysin
Species of opossum shrimp
(2018). "Age-dependent antioxidant responses to the bioconcentration of microcystin-LR in the mysid crustacean, Neomysis awatschensis". Environmental Pollution
Neomysis_awatschensis
Taylor, FJ; Williams, DE (1993). "Chemical and biological evidence links microcystins to salmon 'netpen liver disease'". Toxicon. 31 (10): 1315–23. doi:10
Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture
Class of peptides derived from β-amino acids
an essential nutrient. Aspartic acid is structurally a β-amino acids. Microcystins are a class of compounds containing a β-isoaspartyl (i.e. aspartic acid
Beta-peptide
expression of genes in the mcy biosynthetic cluster associated with microcystin production. Lightbulb PCR, which aims to build an inexpensive PCR thermal
Boston Open Source Science Laboratory
Boston_Open_Source_Science_Laboratory
SWNHs nanocomposite, which was used to fabricate an immunosensor towards microcystin-LR. Compared to other nanomaterials, SWNHs increased the sensitivity
Single-walled_carbon_nanohorn
River in Ghana
Addico, Gloria & Lawton, Linda & Edwards, Christine. (2017). Hepatotoxic-Microcystins in Two Drinking Water Reservoirs in the Central Region of Ghana. Toxicology
Kakum_River
compounds called microcystins are produced by some cyanobacteria in the genera Microcystis, Synechococcus, and Anabaena. These microcystins have been found
North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study
North_Atlantic_Aerosols_and_Marine_Ecosystems_Study
Lagoon in Marin County, California, U.S.
sp. are types of toxic cyanobacteria, capable of releasing the toxins microcystin and nodularin into the water. The population of phytoplankton described
Rodeo_Lagoon
Genus of Cyanobacteria
"The genus Limnospira contains only two species, both unable to produce microcystins: L. maxima and L. platensis". iScience. 27 (9) 110845. doi:10.1016/j
Limnospira
Chemical compound
developed which appears to be comparable to HPLC-MS. Cyanotoxin Lyngbyatoxin Microcystin Nodularin Saxitoxin Guanitoxin Fastner J, Heinze R, Humpage AR, Mischke
Cylindrospermopsin
American microbiologist
George S. (August 28, 2020). Schaffner, Donald W. (ed.). "Dissolved Microcystin Release Coincident with Lysis of a Bloom Dominated by Microcystis spp
George_S._Bullerjahn
detected in the Central Basin. These organisms produce toxins, including microcystins and neurotoxins, that are not consistently monitored in the region. A
Central_Basin_of_Lake_Erie
Döhren H, Börner T, Schwecke T (August 2003). "The mcyF gene of the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa encodes an aspartate
Aspartate_racemase
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
Female
Spanish
Variant spelling of Spanish Maite, MAYTE means "rebellious-harvester."
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Sunbirth
Boy/Male
Biblical
Fear.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sindhana | ஸிஂதநாÂ
Always thinking
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Preserver of Yoga
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Pure (as water)
Girl/Female
Hindu
Flowering
Boy/Male
Polish
Alas.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
One who cannot be Conquered; Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Lives by the Linden Tree Valley
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN
MICROCYSTIN