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See searches and references containing LEXICAL DIFFUSION!LEXICAL DIFFUSION
Theory of sound changes in linguistics
Lexical diffusion is the hypothesis that a sound change is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable
Lexical_diffusion
Proposed subgroup of Austronesian languages
reinterprets the Greater North Borneo branch as a "zone of lexical diffusion", considering its lexical innovations are sparsely attested among the languages
Greater North Borneo languages
Greater_North_Borneo_languages
Indo-Aryan language
Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7
Marathi_language
Chinese linguist (born 1933)
Computer formed the basis for Wang's theory of language change known as lexical diffusion. An important early paper outlining this theory was "Competing Changes
William_Shi-Yuan_Wang
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
Wittmann, Henri (2001). "CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1-9". Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French. The Linguist List. Eastern
Creole_language
occasionally from speaker to speaker, which is an example of sound change by lexical diffusion. The Middle English merger of the vowels with the spellings ⟨our⟩
English-language vowel changes before historical /r/
English-language_vowel_changes_before_historical_/r/
Geographic areas of indigenous languages
language families of the Americas, and use this word as a case study of lexical diffusion due to trade and contact. In California, identical roots for ‘dog’
Linguistic areas of the Americas
Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas
School of German historical linguists
questioned this hypothesis from two perspectives. First, adherents of lexical diffusion (where a sound change affects only a few words at first and then gradually
Neogrammarian
Topics referred to by the same term
one Lexical diffusion of sound changes across a language Diffusion (cryptography), the spreading of influence of bits in a cipher Error diffusion in image
Diffusion_(disambiguation)
Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
areal diffusion, when features are adopted by contiguous languages over a geographical area. The borrowing may be phonological, morphological or lexical. A
Comparative_method
State in western India
Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7
Maharashtra
Historical script used in the Maratha Empire
23 October 2025. Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 9788171880577
Modi_script
Phonetic process
(1992). Sound Change in Progress: a study of phonological change and lexical diffusion, with reference to glottalization and r-loss in the speech of some
Glottalization
Sounds spelled with the digraph ⟨th⟩
for lexical diffusion for [f] and the results found from Glaswegian speakers confirm this.[citation needed] The existing and particular lexical distribution
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨th⟩
Type of linguistic change
Arnhem Land, Australia: Morphosyntactic convergence and massive lexical diffusion in the Yuulgnu languages Ritharngnu, Dhayʔyi, and others and the "Prefixing"
Language_convergence
Reconstructed ancestor of the Australian language family
for unusually widespread diffusion and "there is no evidence that any of lexical, morphological, or phonological diffusion have been of unusual frequency
Proto-Australian_language
distinction) the complete merger of the two lexical sets under /æɪ/ — the completion of a slow process of lexical diffusion." Walters (2001) reports the survival
Phonological history of English diphthongs
Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs
Group of Sino-Tibetan languages of western Guizhou, China
(Sino-Tibetan) indicating a certain amount of language contact and lexical diffusion in the language. The extinction of Longjia and Luren, and the endangered
Cai–Long_languages
Compound or phrase with an interpolated word in the middle
head right out. Interfix Affix Clitic Diacope Expletive infixation Lexical diffusion Portuguese personal pronouns § Syntax on future verbs Separable verb
Tmesis
Dravidian language
ISBN 978-3-447-04455-4. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2001). "Areal and Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change: Evidence from Dravidian". Comparative Dravidian Linguistics
Telugu_language
Modern Hellenic language
languages. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 823–836. Joseph, Brian D. (2012). "Lexical diffusion and the regular transmission of language chang in its sociohistorical
Tsakonian_Greek
French-based creole language spoken in Mauritius
l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 1, 1972. [3] Wittmann, Henri. « Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French. » CreoList debate, parts
Mauritian_Creole
Linguistic hypothesis on the origin of the English language
of California Press. Heath, Jeffrey (1981). "A case of intensive lexical diffusion". Language. 57: 335–367. doi:10.2307/413694. JSTOR 413694. Bakker
Middle English creole hypothesis
Middle_English_creole_hypothesis
Mongolian variety of Inner Mongolia, China
kill'), thus /i/ (<*i) does occur in pharyngeal words as well. Through lexical diffusion, /i/ <*e is to be observed in some words such as /in/ < *ene ‘this’
Chakhar_Mongolian
Movement to teach "correct" Cantonese pronunciation in Hong Kong
Walsh, 1907. Bauer, R. S. Alveolarization in Cantonese: A case of lexical diffusion. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7, 1979, 132–141. Zee, E. Change
Proper Cantonese pronunciation
Proper_Cantonese_pronunciation
Style of Devanagari used for writing the Marathi language
Directorate of Languages. Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 9788171880577
Balbodh
Linguistic process
University of Brasília. Jespersen 2025, pp. 5–7. Tottie, Gunnel (1991). "Lexical diffusion in syntactic change: Frequency as a determinant of linguistic conservatism
Jespersen's_cycle
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
unshifted voiceless stops is highly regular and not the result of lexical diffusion; it even occurs in the conjugation paradigms of strong verbs, e.g
High_German_consonant_shift
Swiss-French linguist and dialectologist (1854–1926)
erroneously cited as its source. His work was in the early tradition of lexical diffusion, which sees sound changes as spreading word-by-word according to their
Jules_Gilliéron
Rare disorder in which a person's lexicon is perceived as taste
Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language (as well as some colors and emotions) causes individuals
Lexical–gustatory_synesthesia
Type of linguistic change
from above and below refer to consciousness and not social class. Lexical diffusion is a major kind of change. It includes changes of words, sounds, mergers
Change_from_above
Australian Aboriginal languages
Strait Islander Studies Heath, Jeffrey, 1990, A case of intensive lexical diffusion: Arnhem Land, Australia Van Egmond, M-E. (2012). "Enindhilyakwa phonology
Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages
Generalization of inflection
different vowel used in the preterite singular and past participle. Lexical diffusion Realizational morphology "Paradigm". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Morphological_leveling
French-creole language of the western Indian Ocean
Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières.[3] Wittmann, Henri (2001). "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI
Bourbonnais_Creole
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
past decades, however, this has been challenged by the theory of lexical diffusion, which argues that sound change need not necessarily affect all possible
Sound_change
Hypothesis concerning the internal classification of the Indo-Aryan language family
Maithili and broadly Eastern IA, but Southworth suggests cases of lexical diffusion from east to west bypassing the Madhyadeśa languages, and thus linguistic
Inner–Outer_hypothesis
English Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptist minister (1761–1834)
Edinburgh. pp. 69–70. Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7
William_Carey_(missionary)
Reconstructed ancestor of the Palaungic languages
that Palaungic and Khmuic share many lexical items, but considers this phenomenon to be a result of lexical diffusion due to intense language contact. Sidwell
Proto-Palaungic_language
Metrical feature found in Roman comedy
Final -o in Classical Latin: A Study in Multiple Conditioning and Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change". Indogermanische Forschungen (1986). Sturtevant,
Brevis_brevians
Grammar of the Marathi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Maharashtra, India
Marathi language Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 9788171880577
Marathi_grammar
Canadian linguist from Quebec
Paper, 9th International Conference on Creoles Studies.[26] 2001. "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI
Henri_Wittmann
Historical and contemporary phonology of the Cornish language
and George, suggest that this change took place by a process of lexical diffusion beginning c. 1100, and completed in at least some varieties of Cornish
Cornish_phonology
Psycholinguistic procedure
Ratcliff, Roger; Gomez, Pablo; McKoon, Gail (2004). "A Diffusion Model Account of the Lexical Decision Task". Psychological Review. 111 (1): 159–182.
Lexical_decision_task
Dialect of Veluws
oe. In all of Sallaans and western Achterhoeks (as in Zutphens), lexical diffusion takes place, and words like huus/huis 'house' and moes/muis 'mouse'
Oost-Veluws_dialect
Language family native to Asia
reliance on lexical items, which are not seen as robust indicators of language ancestry. Another study, seeking to identify horizontal diffusion rather than
Sino-Tibetan_languages
Convergence zone and proposed language family
strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages
Altaic_languages
Variety of French spoken in Switzerland
differences between the French of Switzerland and of France are most noticeably lexical, influenced by local substrate languages. While substantial phonological
Swiss_French
Interaction between different languages
Areal feature Calque Code-switching Creole language Diffusion Language island Language transfer Lexical gap Lingua franca Linguistic anthropology Loanword
Language_contact
North American language family
and the rest. He ascribed the similarities between the two groups to diffusion. Daniel Garrison Brinton added the Aztecan languages to the family in
Uto-Aztecan_languages
Method to measure individual sensitivity
stimulus and must choose between one of two alternatives. For example, in a lexical decision task a participant observes a string of characters and must respond
Two-alternative_forced_choice
[Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion. Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A
List of proposed language families
List_of_proposed_language_families
Endangered language family of the Russian Far East
[Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion." Gerhard Jäger, "Support for linguistic
Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages
South Omotic language spoken in southwestern Ethiopia
described as being closely related to its neighbor, Hamer-Banna, with a lexical similarity of 81%, and is considered a dialect of Hamer by Blench (2006)
Karo_language_(Ethiopia)
Group of languages spoken in Mesoamerica
area of Mesoamerica. This sprachbund is defined by an array of syntactic, lexical and phonological traits as well as a number of ethnolinguistic traits found
Mesoamerican_language_area
Sound change in some English dialects
quality around [ɔ̞]. In Standard Scottish English, both the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets are realized with the vowel /ɔ/, producing homophones such as "knotty"
Cot–caught_merger
Phonology of the English language
the dialect under consideration. When considering English as a whole, lexical sets are often used, each named by a word containing the vowel or vowels
English_phonology
Language influencing or influenced by another through contact
England's history, Old Norse served as an adstrate, contributing to the lexical structure of Old English. The phenomenon is less common today in standardized
Stratum_(linguistics)
Variety of French spoken in Quebec
from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the
Quebec_French
Process of language formation
(3 ed.). Routledge. p. 293. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion". Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. Hock, Hans Heinrich
Borrowing_(linguistics)
Proposed language family of South America
among the language families are clearly due to more recent linguistic diffusion, as with Tupian and Jê languages (Timbira; Guajajara, Tembe, Guaja, Urubu-Ka'apor
Jê–Tupi–Carib_languages
Type of database that uses vectors to represent other data
each other. Vector retrieval can be combined with metadata filtering or lexical search to support filtered and hybrid retrieval workflows. Common techniques
Vector_database
Copenhagen. Retrieved 8 July 2021. Rydving, Håkan (2013). Words and varieties: lexical variation in Saami. Suomalais-ugrilaisen seuran toimituksia. Helsinki:
Names_of_the_days_of_the_week
Method of comparative linguistics
method of comparative linguistics that involves comparing the percentage of lexical cognates between languages to determine their relationship. Lexicostatistics
Lexicostatistics
Hypothetical parent family of the Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages
missionary Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906. He showed phonological, morphological, and lexical evidence to support the existence of an Austric phylum consisting of Austroasiatic
Austric_languages
Western Iranian language
Middle Persian origin, New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items, which were Persianized and often took a different meaning and usage
Persian_language
American businessman and software engineer (born 1955)
Schmidt in 1975 was co-author of Lex, a software program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system. In 1983, he joined Sun
Eric_Schmidt
Subgroup of the Algonquian languages
grammatical features, but it shares a number of phonological innovations and lexical features with Maliseet-Passamaquoddy and Eastern and Western Abenaki. The
Eastern_Algonquian_languages
British linguist (born 1946)
[Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion. "Uralic languages | Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic
Michael_Fortescue
Uto-Aztecan language branch of US
in Comanche have inhibited mutual intelligibility. Recent lexical and grammatical diffusion studies in Western Numic have shown that while there are clear
Numic_languages
Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people
The most significant of these was Medieval Greek, which contributed lexically, phonemically, and grammatically to Early Romani (10th–13th centuries)
Romani_language
Method in natural language processing
systems and in cognitive psychology. The notion of a semantic space with lexical items (words or multi-word terms) represented as vectors or embeddings
Word_embedding
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
extent vertically (by ancestry) as opposed to horizontally (by spatial diffusion). In some cases, the shared derivation of a group of related languages
Language_family
Language family
continues to be used for the central Eurasian typological, grammatical and lexical convergence zone. Indeed, "Ural-Altaic" may be preferable[weasel words]
Ural-Altaic_languages
Romance language of Western Europe
and final -t/ch in place of medieval -ll-). There are also significant lexical differences, where some dialects have words cognate with French, and others
Occitan_language
Structured system of communication
linguistic hypotheses, and historical linguistics relies on grammatical and lexical descriptions of languages to trace their individual histories and reconstruct
Language
Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning
including lexical distinction, grammatical structure, adjectival or adverbial content, and discourse functions. At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified
Sign_language
Neuroscience and linguistics-related studies
strings of random letters (in attempt to isolate activation related to lexical processing—the processing of real words), or activations while participants
Neurolinguistics
Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea
relatively recent times.[page needed] Tigrinya is lexically 68% similar to Geʽez, slightly higher than the lexical similarity of Amharic to the ancient language
Tigrinya_language
Loanword that occurs in several languages, with the same or similar meaning and etymology
Zuckermann, the most important languages that should include the same lexical item in order for it to qualify as an internationalism in Hebrew are Yiddish
Internationalism (linguistics)
Internationalism_(linguistics)
Group of varieties of English spoken in New Jersey
of North American English (ANAE) in 2006 and part of the Hudson Valley lexical region by Hans Kurath in 1949. According to the ANAE, the /uː/ vowel remains
New_Jersey_English
Northwest Semitic language
literary work of the Hebrew intellectuals along the 19th century was a lexical modernization of Hebrew. New words and expressions were adapted as neologisms
Hebrew_language
Subgroup within the hypothetical Penutian language family
Anthony; Valenzuela, Pilar (October 2013). "ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity" (ZIP). Version 4. Müller, A.; Velupillai, V.; Wichmann, S.;
Plateau_Penutian_languages
Linguistic comparison
in syntactic and morphological typology while having a small number of lexical resemblances. Observing the said similarities and probable history of Korean
Comparison of Japanese and Korean
Comparison_of_Japanese_and_Korean
Variety of German spoken by youth in multilingual neighborhoods
of ways from Standard German and features a number of grammatical and lexical innovations. It is regularly subject to vehement criticism and described
Kiezdeutsch
Ancient South Semitic language
In one study, Tigre was found to have a 71% lexical similarity to Geʽez, while Tigrinya had a 68% lexical similarity to Geʽez, followed by Amharic at
Geʽez
Reconstructed ancestor of the Uto-Aztecan languages
; Valiñas-Coalla, L. (2002). "Multivariate classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to the Uto-Aztecan
Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language
Increasing homogeneity of accents in British English
in England, collected in the late 1970s, did indeed find a reduction of lexical diversity since Harold Orton's survey. Dialect levelling is a linguistic
Dialect_levelling_in_Britain
Sound system of the French language
French having lexical stress falling on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word to French having no lexical stress at all
French_phonology
and usage; see Japanese honorifics and Korean honorifics), besides a few lexical resemblances. Factors like these led some historical linguists to suggest
Classification of the Japonic languages
Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages
Sociolect of English in the United Kingdom
Ignacio M. "Recent changes in London English. An overview of the main lexical, grammar and discourse features of Multicultural London English (MLE)"
Multicultural_London_English
Overview of Slavic migrations to Southeast Europe
decided to use a limited data, not taking into account dialectological lexical richness which shows much broader distribution of specific words. In her
Slavic migrations to the Balkans
Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans
Inability to comprehend or formulate language
associated with performance on language specific tasks such as naming, lexical processing, and sentence comprehension, and discourse production. Other
Aphasia
Networks with multiple kinds of relations
PMID 18079416. Stella, M.; Beckage, N. M.; Brede, M. (2017). "Multiplex lexical networks reveal patterns in early word acquisition in children". Scientific
Multidimensional_network
Regional varieties of the Italian language
Regional Italian have phonological, morphological, syntactic, prosodic and lexical features which originate from the underlying substrate of the original
Regional_Italian
Branch of the Chinese language family
sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese. Most Mandarin varieties have four lexical tones, alongside unstressed syllables commonly described as having a neutral
Mandarin_Chinese
Extinct Indo-European language of Southeastern Italy
fragmentary evidence that shows common characteristic innovations and notable lexical correspondences, including the partial retention of the Proto-Indo-European
Messapic_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages
been reconstructed. Further lexical resemblances between Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic are listed in Hsiu (2017). Many lexical resemblances are found between
Proto-Hmong–Mien_language
Central Algonquian language of North America
attributed to diffusion of features through borrowing: "Extensive lexical, phonological, and perhaps grammatical borrowing—the diffusion of elements and
Ojibwe_language
Salishan language of British Columbia
or two). Syllabification of stop-fricative sequences may therefore be lexicalized or a prosodic tendency. Fricative-fricative sequences also have a tendency
Nuxalk_language
Accents typical of English in the US
Josef T. (November 11, 2007). "The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
General_American_English
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Hebrew Miyka'el (English Michael), MEICAL means "who is like God?"Â
Boy/Male
Hindu
A cavalier, A Hindu month, Medical God
Girl/Female
Danish, Hindu, Indian, Japanese
Ray of Light; Logical
Girl/Female
Indian
Successful; Logical Thinkers
Boy/Male
Indian
Intelligent, Logical
Boy/Male
Tamil
Intelligent, Logical
Girl/Female
Australian, Mexican
Only One; Unique
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
She was a Dog that Went to Space
Girl/Female
Hindu
Kohl, Medical lotion
Female
English
English short form of Latin Alexia, LEXIA means "defender."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Logical
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Logical Science
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kajali | கஜà¯à®œà®¾à®²à¯€
Kohl, Medical lotion
Kajali | கஜà¯à®œà®¾à®²à¯€
Boy/Male
Egyptian
Medical.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Endowed with Mind; Logical
Surname or Lastname
Hispanic (Mexican)
Hispanic (Mexican) : unexplained.English : unexplained.
Girl/Female
German, Hindu, Indian
Loved One
Girl/Female
Greek
Defender of man.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Love and kindness, Analytical, Logical
Boy/Male
Hindu
Love and kindness, Analytical, Logical
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pulasthya | பà¯à®²à®¸à¯à®¤à¯à®¯
Name of a sage, An ancient name
Girl/Female
Tamil
Dedicated
Boy/Male
Muslim
Second Khalifah, Intelligent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
The Arbitrator; The Judge
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Cloves
Girl/Female
British, English
Bright Fame
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Punjabi, Sikh
Rare; Precious
Girl/Female
Tamil
Best, Noble
Female
Spanish
Spanish feminine form of Latin Angelus, ANGÉLICA means "angel, messenger."
Male
Norse
Old Norse name composed of the elements hróðr "fame" and geirr "spear," hence "famous spear."
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
LEXICAL DIFFUSION
a.
Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as, he is a logical thinker.
a.
Of or pertaining to, or in the form of, a helix; spiral; as, a helical staircase; a helical spring.
a.
Same as Clerical.
v. t.
Consistent; logical.
a.
Of or pertaining to a lexicon, to lexicography, or words; according or conforming to a lexicon.
a.
Alt. of Lyrical
mexcal.
See Mescal.
a.
Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as, the medical properties of a plant.
mexcal.
Alt. of Mexical
a.
Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as, the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence.
n.
A medical fume.
superl.
Not clerical; laic; laical; hence, unlearned; simple.
n.
A medical prescription.
a.
Logical.
a.
Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as, logical subtilties.
a.
Medical.
a.
Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies.
a.
According to the rules of logic; as, a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical.
a.
Alt. of Toxical
n.
A logical deduction.