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Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/) is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, a region
Ionosphere
Project to analyze the ionosphere
researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument
High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. The global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist
Schumann_resonances
Radio observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico
also known as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) and formerly known as the Arecibo Ionosphere Observatory, is an observatory in Barrio
Arecibo_Observatory
Radio wave transmitter
An ionospheric heater, or an ionospheric HF pump facility, is a powerful radio wave transmitter with an array of antennas which is used for research of
Ionospheric_heater
Storms containing densities of energized electrons
Ionospheric storms are storms which contain varying densities of energised electrons in the ionosphere as produced from the Sun. Ionospheric storms are
Ionospheric_storm
Bay in Cape Découverte, Antarctica
Ionosphere Bay is a small bay bordering the east side of Cape Découverte, Antarctica. It was charted in 1951 by the French Antarctic Expedition and named
Ionosphere_Bay
Eruption of electromagnetic radiation
particular the ionosphere, and does not reach the surface. This absorption can temporarily increase the ionization of the ionosphere which may interfere
Solar_flare
Pseudoscientific conspiracy theory
natural, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic resonances of the Earth–ionosphere cavity - as evidence that "time is speeding up," that a 24-hour day now
Schumann resonances conspiracy theories
Schumann_resonances_conspiracy_theories
Rare transient luminous events that occur over tops of thunder storms
Upper-atmospheric lightning and ionospheric lightning are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown
Upper-atmospheric_lightning
Gas layer surrounding Earth
the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere (formally the ionosphere), and exosphere. Air composition, temperature and atmospheric pressure
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Radio technique
telecommunications and radio science, an ionospheric sounding is a technique that provides real-time data on high-frequency ionospheric-dependent radio propagation
Ionospheric_sounding
Propagation of radio waves beyond the radio horizon
propagation of radio waves reflected or refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere. Since it is not
Skywave
Experimental space-based radio communication project
of the United States military in 1961 and 1963 to create an artificial ionosphere above the Earth. This was done to solve a major weakness that had been
Project_West_Ford
Geometry of global positioning systems
The IPP or Ionospheric Pierce Point is the altitude in the ionosphere where electron density is greatest. These points can change based on factors like
Ionospheric_pierce_point
Earth–ionosphere waveguide is the phenomenon in which certain radio waves can propagate in the space between the ground and the boundary of the ionosphere.
Earth–ionosphere_waveguide
Enhanced ionization of the ionosphere
A sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) is any one of several ionospheric perturbations, resulting from abnormally high ionization/plasma density in the
Sudden ionospheric disturbance
Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance
Horizontal layer that propagates electromagnetic radiation
best known exception is that HF (3–30 MHz.) waves are reflected by the ionosphere. The reduced refractive index due to lower densities at the higher altitudes
Atmospheric_duct
The Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction Experiment (MINIX) is a sounding rocket experiment launched by Japan on 29 August 1983. Its purpose was
Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction Experiment
Microwave_Ionosphere_Nonlinear_Interaction_Experiment
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km);
Aurora
Behaviour of travelling radio waves
shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands), radio waves can refract from the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the atmosphere. This means
Radio_propagation
NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1978–1992)
Electron Temperature Probe investigated the thermal properties of Venus’s ionosphere. It was developed by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) under the
Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter
Brazilian Space Center
Alcântara Ionosphere Success 101 km 26 November 1990 Sonda 2 XV-54 Manival Ionosphere Success 91 km 9 December 1991 Sonda 2 XV-55 Aguas Belas Ionosphere Success
Alcântara_Space_Center
British physicist (1892–1965)
Prize in Physics in 1947 for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar and shortwave radio. A graduate
Edward_Victor_Appleton
Planned Chinese–European satellite
Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) is a spacecraft mission of the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched
SMILE_(spacecraft)
Russian research centre
The Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, located near the small town of Vasilsursk about 100 km (60 miles) eastward from Nizhniy Novgorod in Russia, is
Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
Sura_Ionospheric_Heating_Facility
Radio instrument array in the Canadian Arctic
The Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) is an array of ground-based radio instruments deployed in the Canadian Arctic and operated by the
Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network
Canadian_High_Arctic_Ionospheric_Network
High-altitude atmospheric effect
Moon's orbit, ions should flow from the higher pressure region in the ionosphere out into space. The term "polar wind" was coined in 1968 in a pair of
Polar_wind
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is a defunct NASA satellite designed to investigate changes in the ionosphere of Earth, the dynamic region high
Ionospheric Connection Explorer
Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer
Radio transmissions using wavelengths between 10 m and 100 m
from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected
Shortwave_radio
Highest radio frequency that can be used for skywave radio transmission
used for transmission between two points on Earth by reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or skip) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power
Maximum_usable_frequency
Disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere
magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. During the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, enhanced magnetospheric
Geomagnetic_storm
way of the ionosphere, the frequency at or below which a wave component is reflected by, and above which it penetrates through, an ionospheric layer. At
Critical_frequency
Largest moon of Jupiter
hydrogen is a minor atmospheric constituent. Whether Ganymede has an ionosphere associated with its atmosphere is unresolved. Ganymede's surface is composed
Ganymede_(moon)
Device for measuring the Earth's ionosphere
The tiny ionospheric photometer (TIP) is a small space-based photometer that observes the Earth's ionosphere at 135.6 nm. The TIP instruments were designed
Tiny_Ionospheric_Photometer
Scattering phenomenon in physics
scatter radar is a ground-based radar technique for studying the Earth's ionosphere, first proposed by Professor William E. Gordon in 1958. It is based on
Incoherent_scatter_radar
Ionospheric absorption (ISAB) is the scientific name for absorption occurring as a result of the interaction between various types of electromagnetic
Ionospheric_absorption
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union
International Reference Ionosphere
International_Reference_Ionosphere
3–30 kHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum
bottom of the ionosphere called the D layer at 60–90 km (37–56 mi) altitude, which reflects VLF radio waves. The conductive ionosphere and the conductive
Very_low_frequency
Layer of the Earth's atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions; the bulk of the ionosphere thus exists within the thermosphere. Taking its name from the Greek θερμός
Thermosphere
American Atmospheric Observation Satellite
The TIMED (Thermosphere • Ionosphere • Mesosphere • Energetics and Dynamics) mission is dedicated to study the influences that energetics and dynamics
TIMED
of Earth's magnetic field in space or geospace. It extends above the ionosphere, several tens of thousands of kilometres into space, protecting Earth
Earth's_magnetic_field
Gas layer surrounding Venus
recombine and downwell. Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. This ionized
Atmosphere_of_Venus
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Though physically distinct, space weather
Space_weather
Research facility
Stimulation) Observatory was a research facility, built to study the ionosphere and its influence on radio communications. It was located 25 miles east
HIPAS_Observatory
Detail of the global positioning system
GPS signals as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere, especially the ionosphere. Correcting these errors is a significant challenge to improving GPS position
Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
Error_analysis_for_the_Global_Positioning_System
Broadband electromagnetic impulse
propagate from their lightning source without major attenuation in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide, and can be received thousands of kilometres from their source
Radio_atmospheric_signal
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
planetary perspective, including the oceans, atmosphere, cryosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, as well as solar–terrestrial interactions and analogous
Geophysics
3-30 Hz range of the electromagnetic spectrum
of the world. ELF and VLF waves propagate long distances via a ground–ionosphere waveguide mechanism. Earth is surrounded by a layer of charged particles
Extremely_low_frequency
Random fluctuations in radio waves of celestial origin
modification, in radio waves due to the small scale structures in the ionosphere, known as ionospheric scintillation, was observed as early as 1951 by Antony Hewish
Interplanetary_scintillation
European space weather-monitoring satellite
SWING (Space Weather Ionosphere Nanosat Generation) is a future space weather mission for monitoring Earth's ionosphere, under development by the European
SWING_(satellite)
conductivity of the ionosphere is affected by the presence of strong radio waves. The strength of a radio wave returning from the ionosphere to a distant point
Luxemburg–Gorky_effect
Fifth planet from the Sun
the amount of polar flattening, and vertical plasma measurements of its ionosphere. Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding
Jupiter
Layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere
located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer, which is only present during the day when some ionization
Mesosphere
Star at the centre of the Solar System
Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating its electrically conducting ionosphere. This radiation causes sunburn, and has other biological effects such
Sun
Layer of the Earth's ionosphere
(56 and 93 mi) above the ground — one of several layers in the Earth's ionosphere. It is also known as the E region. It reflects medium-frequency radio
Kennelly–Heaviside_layer
Planned Indian Venus orbiter
and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus's ionosphere. The mission may carry out research on Venus's active volcanic hotspots
Venus_Orbiter_Mission
The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes (I-TSP) is a NASA mission which will study the ionosphere and the thermosphere. This mission is part of the Living
Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes
Ionosphere-Thermosphere_Storm_Probes
A riometer (commonly relative ionospheric opacity meter, although originally: Relative Ionospheric Opacity Meter for Extra-Terrestrial Emissions of Radio
Riometer
Transmission of radio waves intended to reach a wide audience
AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric propagated during the day due to strong absorption in the D-layer of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment
Radio_broadcasting
Second planet from the Sun
of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the ionosphere and the solar wind,[page needed] rather than by an internal dynamo as
Venus
Space research institute in Germany
second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research
Physical magneto-optical phenomenon
Radio waves passing through the Earth's ionosphere are likewise subject to the Faraday effect. The ionosphere consists of a plasma containing free electrons
Faraday_effect
Cubesats studying space weather
The Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment (DICE) is a scientific mission consisting of two Miniaturized Satellites DICE-1 and DICE-2 flying in formation
Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment
Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment
Type of radio-wave propagation
frequency of the ionospheric F layer), refraction is insufficient to return the signal to earth and if it is too low, absorption in the ionospheric D layer may
Near vertical incidence skywave
Near_vertical_incidence_skywave
American physicist
American physicist known for major contributions to the study of the ionosphere, plasma physics and radio science using space vehicles including satellites
Robert_E._Bourdeau
Radio observatory in Lima, Peru
premier scientific facility in the world for studying the equatorial ionosphere. The observatory is about half an hour drive inland (east) from Lima and
Jicamarca_Radio_Observatory
Descriptive quantity of the ionosphere
Total electron content (TEC) is an important descriptive quantity for the ionosphere of the Earth. TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between
Total_electron_content
Gas layer surrounding Uranus
electrons, forming the ionosphere of Uranus. Radio occultation observations by the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the ionosphere lies between 1,000 and
Atmosphere_of_Uranus
Czechoslovak magnetosphere satellite
plasma and electromagnetic phenomena in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. The satellite carried instruments designed to measure plasma parameters
Magion_1
Regional satellite navigation system
the ionospheric behaviour over the Indian region. This has been specially taken up in view of the uncertain nature of the behaviour of the ionosphere in
GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation
GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation
Boundary between the mesosphere and thermosphere
J.M.; Mlynczak, M.G. (2007). "Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere
Mesopause
Joint US-Taiwan meteorological satellite constellation
System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is a program designed to provide advances in meteorology, ionospheric research, climatology, and
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
Constellation_Observing_System_for_Meteorology,_Ionosphere,_and_Climate
Layer of gasses surrounding the moon Titan
approach in Titan's atmosphere. Ionosphere: Titan's ionosphere is also more complex than Earth's, with the main ionosphere at an altitude of 1,200 km (750 mi)
Atmosphere_of_Titan
Atmospheric optical phenomenon, which appears as a light ribbon in the sky
precipitation (electrons or ions) and, as a result, could be generated in the ionosphere. One proposed mechanism for the glow is that excited nitrogen breaks apart
STEVE
Thin layer of gases surrounding Jupiter's moon Io
of the Moon. Io also has an ionosphere with a density of 2.8 × 1010 m−3 at 80 km altitude, comparable to the ionospheres of Mars and Venus. Occultation
Atmosphere_of_Io
Receiver Independent Exchange Format for raw satellite navigation system data
ionosphereic data as broadcast by the satellites. Higher-precision data grids are written in the separate but similar (also ASCII-based) IONosphere-map
RINEX
Very low frequency EM waves generated by lightning
velocity of the lower frequencies through the plasma environments of the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Thus they are perceived as a descending tone which
Whistler_(radio)
Swedish earth observation satellite
Viking was used to explore plasma processes in the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Space was limited underneath the SPOT 1 satellite, and Viking had to
Viking_(satellite)
International collaboration to study the ionosphere
primarily used to map high-latitude plasma convection in the F region of the ionosphere, but the radars are also used to study a wider range of geospace phenomena
SuperDARN
electrons exit the radiation belt and "precipitate" (or travel) into the ionosphere (a region of Earth's atmosphere) where the electrons will collide with
Electron_precipitation
Over-the-horizon radar network in Australia
techniques. The project carried out a series of ionospheric soundings evaluating the suitability of the ionosphere for the operation of an OTHR. Phase 2, Project
Jindalee Operational Radar Network
Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network
Magnetic field around the Jovian system
emission. The total energy input into the ionosphere is 10–100 TW. In addition, the currents flowing in the ionosphere heat it by the process known as Joule
Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter
Anomalous radio echo
Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere at low HF frequencies (1–4 MHz). Some similarities with whistlers. Signals may pass the ionosphere and then be conducted
Long_delayed_echo
Distance a radio wave travels in propagation
is the distance a radio wave travels, usually including a hop in the ionosphere. A skip distance is a distance on the Earth's surface between the two
Skip_distance
Electric current around the E region of ionosphere
an electric current which travels around the E region of the Earth's ionosphere. There are three electrojets: one above the magnetic equator (the equatorial
Electrojet
Seventh planet from the Sun
the ionosphere of Uranus. Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2,000 to 10,000 km (1,200 to 6,200 mi). The Uranian ionosphere is
Uranus
Electricity in planetary atmospheres
movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric_electricity
Ammonium nitrate explosion in Lebanon
Scientific studies noted that the shockwave temporarily disrupted Earth's ionosphere. Adjacent grain silos at the Port of Beirut sustained major damage. In
2020_Beirut_explosion
American writer (born 1947)
fascinating, fabulous, frequency-hopping, wavelength-walking, power punching, ionosphere-scorching, ditting and dahing, ... wide and wonderful world of amateur
Don_Keith
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
series of Geophysics Computational Exploration History Outline Electricity Ionosphere Polar wind Thunderstorms Lightning Fluid dynamics Atmospheric science
Plate_tectonics
Danish engineer and physicist
the Poulsen Arc Transmitter, and his work on electrical currents in the ionosphere. Pedersen became a professor of telegraphy, telephony and radio in 1912
Peder_Oluf_Pedersen
Measures an aircraft's height above the terrain
A radar altimeter (RA), also called a radio altimeter (RALT), electronic altimeter, reflection altimeter, or low-range radio altimeter (LRRA), measures
Radar_altimeter
Former radio telescope in Puerto Rico, United States
3.2 TW (pulse peak) at 430 MHz, and 200 MW at 47 MHz, as well as an ionospheric modification facility operating at 5.1 and 8.175 MHz. The dish remained
Arecibo_Telescope
3–30 MHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum
Because radio waves in this band can be reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere layer in the atmosphere – a method known as "skip" or "skywave" propagation –
High_frequency
Concept relating to waves and signals
Mass spectrum of Titan's ionosphere
Spectrum_(physical_sciences)
Type of electromagnetic radiation
contour of the Earth (ground waves), shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to Earth beyond the horizon (skywaves), while much shorter
Radio_wave
Fourth planet from the Sun
asteroid strikes, so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer
Mars
Outermost layer of an atmosphere
atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere
Exosphere
Magnetar in the constellation Sagittarius
1604. The gamma rays struck Earth's ionosphere and created more ionization, which briefly expanded the ionosphere. The quake was equivalent to a magnitude
SGR_1806−20
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Guru's Shan
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Victory of the Beloved
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worship
Girl/Female
Hindu
Special, Lovely flower
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Unique
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lion
Girl/Female
Tamil
Priyajanani | பà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®œà®¨à®¨à¯€Â
Mother with Love
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Smile
Boy/Male
Australian, Chinese
Cloud
Boy/Male
English Shakespearean
Short.
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE