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Concrete manifestation of an element (type) in computer science
In computer science, an instance or token (from metalogic and metamathematics) is a specific occurrence of a software element that is based on a type
Instance_(computer_science)
Topics referred to by the same term
algorithm Instance (computer science), referring to any running process or to an object as an instance of a class Table instance (or database instance), a concept
Instantiation
This glossary of computer science is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in computer science, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including
Glossary_of_computer_science
Semantic instance with state, behavior, and identity
transfer object Declaration (computer programming) Distributed object Instance (computer science) Metaobject Method (computer programming) Object-capability
Object_(computer_programming)
State in which members are blocking each other
Circular reference Dining philosophers problem File locking Global state (computer science) Gridlock (in vehicular traffic) Hang (computing) Impasse Infinite
Deadlock_(computer_science)
Of a function, an additional effect besides returning a value
In computer science, an operation or expression is said to have a side effect if it has any observable effect other than its primary effect of reading
Side effect (computer science)
Side_effect_(computer_science)
Specification of a conceptualization
Knowledge Sharing" by Tom Gruber used ontology as a technical term in computer science closely related to earlier idea of semantic networks and taxonomies
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
Programmable machine that processes data
Computability theory Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computer science List of computer term etymologies List of computer system manufacturers
Computer
Sequence of characters, data type
formal languages, which are used in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science, a string is a finite sequence of symbols that are chosen from a set
String_(computer_science)
Software that provides access that hides details
abstractions (computer science) Refinement for the opposite of abstraction in computing Indirection Integer (computer science) Heuristic (computer science) Colburn
Abstraction (computer science)
Abstraction_(computer_science)
Programming which all objects are created by classes
Function (computer science) – Sequence of program instructions invokable by other softwarePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Instance variable –
Class_(programming)
Sub-field of computer science
Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term
Computer graphics (computer science)
Computer_graphics_(computer_science)
Name that identifies a specific entity
identity of) either a unique class of objects or a unique instance of such objects; the class or instance may be an idea, person, physical countable object (or
Identifier
The philosophy of computer science is concerned with the philosophical questions that arise within the study of computer science. There is still no common
Philosophy of computer science
Philosophy_of_computer_science
Core of a computer operating system
A kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system that always has complete control over everything in the system. The kernel
Kernel_(operating_system)
Algorithmic process of solving equations
In logic and computer science, specifically automated reasoning, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions
Unification (computer science)
Unification_(computer_science)
Use of functions that call themselves
In computer science, recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same
Recursion_(computer_science)
Family of protocols for solving consensus
In computer science, Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors. Consensus is the process of
Paxos_(computer_science)
Concept in computer science
called MSR-type algorithms which have been used widely in fields from computer science to control theory. Bitcoin uses proof of work, a difficulty adjustment
Consensus_(computer_science)
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
solve certain problems faster than classical computers. For instance, it is known that quantum computers can efficiently factor integers, while this is
Quantum_computing
Formal methods terminology
In computer science, reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created
Reification (computer science)
Reification_(computer_science)
Section of code that details a specific command
In computer programming, a statement is a syntactic unit of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out. [vague] A
Statement_(computer_science)
Preexisting value in computer software
default, in computer science, refers to the preexisting value of a user-configurable setting that is assigned to a software application, computer program
Default_(computer_science)
Process of deriving classes from, and organizing them into, a hierarchy
Mixin – Class in object-oriented programming languages Polymorphism (computer science) – Using one interface or symbol with regards to multiple different
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)
Temporary context for interactive information interchange
In computer science and networking in particular, a session is a time-delimited two-way link, a practical (relatively high) layer in the TCP/IP protocol
Session_(computer_science)
Computer memory transformation process
In computer science, marshalling or marshaling (US spelling) is the process of transforming the memory representation of an object into a data format suitable
Marshalling (computer science)
Marshalling_(computer_science)
Resource shortage in computers
starvation-free, lockout-freed or said to have finite bypass. This property is an instance of liveness, and is one of the two requirements for any mutual exclusion
Resource_starvation
Attribute of data
In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible
Data_type
Unused memory in a computer system
In computer science, garbage includes data, objects, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be
Garbage_(computer_science)
Programming language concept
In computer programming, type variance is the relationship between subtypes of a composite type (e.g. List[Int]) and the subtypes of its components (e
Type_variance
Operating system
market of the early 1990s beyond certain targeted deployments. For instance, computer science students at Virginia Tech were obliged to purchase the Amiga 3000UX
Amiga_Unix
Computer composed of organic material
A wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material "wetware"
Wetware_computer
Type of undergraduate qualification
subjects. For instance, Cornell University offers a BS degree in computer science from its College of Engineering and a BA degree in computer science from its
Bachelor_of_Science
First working programmable, fully automatic digital computer
electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The
Z3_(computer)
Synchronization mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource
In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization primitive that prevents state from being modified or accessed by multiple
Lock_(computer_science)
Breadth of ideas which can be represented in a formal language
In computer science, the expressive power (also called expressiveness or expressivity) of a language is the breadth of ideas that can be represented and
Expressive power (computer science)
Expressive_power_(computer_science)
Technique for creating lexically scoped first class functions
the term comes from mathematics use, rather than the prior use in computer science. The authors consider this overlap in terminology to be "unfortunate
Closure (computer programming)
Closure_(computer_programming)
The Diploma in Computer Science is a diploma offered by several post-secondary institutions: Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science – this University of
Diploma_in_Computer_Science
Literary genre
Science fiction in Latin America and Spain explores the concept of authoritarianism. Robots, artificial humans, human clones, intelligent computers,
Science_fiction
Subunit of a computational problem
In computational complexity theory, a gadget is a subunit of a problem instance that simulates the behavior of one of the fundamental units of a different
Gadget_(computer_science)
Variable in a record
in a class whose objects all possess the same copy Mutator method – Computer science method Jensen, Kathleen; Wirth, Niklaus (1974). PASCAL User Manual
Field_(computer_science)
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
societies. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because
Science
Subdivisions of science defined by their scope
formal sciences are the branches of science that are concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, theoretical computer science, information
Branches_of_science
Method in computer programming of forming higher-level object types
In computer science, object composition and object aggregation are closely related ways to combine objects or data types into more complex ones. In conversation
Object_composition
Rule for substituting a set input with a set output
available on virtually all computers, has rendered such an approach superfluous. This was, however, one of the first instances (if not the first) of compiler
Macro_(computer_science)
Special function called to create an object
constructor uses to set required member variables. A constructor resembles an instance method, but it differs from a method in that it has no explicit return
Constructor (object-oriented programming)
Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)
Book by Stephen Wolfram
subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs. In almost any class of a
A_New_Kind_of_Science
Inheritance Initialize Inline function Inner class Instance (computer science) Instance method Instance variable (also called data member) Interaction diagram
Index of object-oriented programming articles
Index_of_object-oriented_programming_articles
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a server) running its own instance of an operating system. In most circumstances, all
Computer_cluster
Logical problem studied in computer science
In computer science and mathematical logic, satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) is the problem of determining whether a mathematical formula is satisfiable
Satisfiability modulo theories
Satisfiability_modulo_theories
Variable that represents an argument to a function
In computer programming, a parameter, a.k.a. formal argument, is a variable that represents an argument, a.k.a. actual argument, a.k.a. actual parameter
Parameter (computer programming)
Parameter_(computer_programming)
English mathematician (1815–1852)
mechanism of the engine...Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition
Ada_Lovelace
Programming language
combined method effective method method option method qualifier instance instance instance variable slot ordering of flavor components class precedence list
Flavors (programming language)
Flavors_(programming_language)
GRASP is a well known SAT instance solver. It was developed by João Marques Silva, a Portuguese computer science researcher. It stands for Generic seaRch
GRASP_(SAT_solver)
Computerized information extraction from images
Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from
Computer_vision
Data structure for reusing strings
In computer science, interning is re-using objects of equal value on-demand instead of creating new objects. This creational pattern is frequently used
Interning_(computer_science)
Member variable of a class that all its objects possess a their own copy of
separate copy, or instance. An instance variable has similarities with a class variable, but is non-static. In C++ or Java language, an instance variable is
Instance_variable
Application of computer graphics to create or contribute to images
In some applications, computer-generated images are used to "reverse engineer" historical buildings. For instance, a computer-generated reconstruction
Computer-generated_imagery
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Subsumption relationship between abstractions
is-a relationship may also be contrasted with the instance-of relationship between objects (instances) and types (classes): see Type–token distinction
Is-a
Expression in computer science which cannot be evaluated further
In computer science and software programming, a value is the representation of some entity that can be manipulated by a program. The members of a type
Value_(computer_science)
Reusable solution template to a commonly-needed software behavior
others followed up on this work. Design patterns gained popularity in computer science after the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented
Software_design_pattern
Setting or re-setting the value associated with a variable name
In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words
Assignment_(computer_science)
Result of multiplying types in type theory
T2, ..., TN). Product (category theory) Cartesian product Record (computer science) Struct (C programming language) Sum type Quotient type product type
Product_type
Set of rules describing computer system
In computer science and computer engineering, a computer architecture is the conceptual design and operational structure of a computer system that define
Computer_architecture
American computer scientist (born 1945)
List of famous programmers List of pioneers in computer science "Leonard M. Adleman | American computer scientist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved
Leonard_Adleman
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
In logic and computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Early electronic digital computing device
rediscovered in the 1960s, amid patent disputes over the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time ENIAC, that had been created by John Mauchly
Atanasoff–Berry_computer
Abstract machine used to study decision problems
be a Turing machine or computer program. The oracle is simply a "black box" that is able to produce a solution for any instance of a given computational
Oracle_machine
to turn it back into plain text is now gone. Although this particular instance of the data has become inaccessible, it's important to note that the information
Vanish_(computer_science)
Entity within a multi-tiered software application
behaviours, a business object usually does nothing itself but holds a set of instance variables or properties, also known as attributes, and associations with
Business_object
Directed graph with no directed cycles
In mathematics, particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it
Directed_acyclic_graph
Principle of computer program design
In computer science, information hiding is the principle of segregation of the design decisions in a computer program that are most likely to change, thus
Information_hiding
Event metadata
and computer security to concurrency control. For instance, a heartbeat network uses timestamping to monitor the nodes on a high availability computer cluster
Timestamping_(computing)
"An Efficient Approach for Instance Selection", Big Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10440, Springer International
Instance_selection
Technique that interweaves different computations
breadth-first approach of visiting each child on the same level of the tree is an instance of dovetailing, where a single step is performed for every program before
Dovetailing (computer science)
Dovetailing_(computer_science)
In programming languages, the object or class the currently running code belongs to
this, self, and Me are keywords used in some computer programming languages to refer to the object, class, or other entity which the currently running
This_(computer_programming)
Property of operations
/ˈaɪdəm-/) is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result
Idempotence
Process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer
Computer simulation is the running of a mathematical model on a computer, the model being designed to represent the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a
Computer_simulation
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet". The
Formal_language
American computer scientist (born 1947)
theoretical computer science, and writings on computing, higher education, and technology. He is Gordon McKay Research Professor of Computer Science at Harvard
Harry_R._Lewis
Classification of objects in programming
A class hierarchy or inheritance tree in computer science is a classification of object types, denoting objects as the instantiations of classes (class
Class_hierarchy
Activity involving calculations or computing machinery
aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology
Computing
Set of methods that extend the functionality of a class
In computer programming, a trait is a language concept that represents a set of methods that can be used to extend the functionality of a class. In object-oriented
Trait_(computer_programming)
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Computer output device
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support electronics
Computer_monitor
Programming language family
of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic
Lisp_(programming_language)
Decision problem in computer science
The subset sum problem (SSP) is a decision problem in computer science. In its most general formulation, there is a multiset S {\displaystyle S} of integers
Subset_sum_problem
Graphics created using computers
film as computer generated imagery (CGI). The non-artistic aspects of computer graphics are the subject of computer science research. Computer graphics
Computer_graphics
Computer resource for recording data on a storage device
handle these operations, but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary. For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and
Computer_file
Computer program that modifies other programs to replicate itself and spread
compression, for instance, is available under Windows at the choice of the user). Any virus will by definition make unauthorised changes to a computer, which is
Computer_virus
Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback
A video game, computer game, or simply game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick,
Video_game
Particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer
In computer science, a data structure is a way to organize and store data that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure
Data_structure
When a process becomes non-responsive
process or system ceases to respond to inputs. A typical example is when computer's graphical user interface (such as Microsoft Windows) no longer responds
Hang_(computing)
Self-replicating program
standard terms for these programs in the computability theory and computer science literature are "self-replicating programs", "self-reproducing programs"
Quine_(computing)
1956 science-fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
fictional computer called Multivac. Through successive generations, humanity questions Multivac on the subject of entropy. The story blends science fiction
The_Last_Question
Storage of digital data readable by computers
Computer data storage or digital data storage is the retention of digital data via technology consisting of computer components and recording media. Digital
Computer_data_storage
Type of extremely powerful computer
A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. Supercomputers play an important role
Supercomputer
Branch of engineering
electricians, computer programmers, and other engineers. Electrical engineering has an intimate relationship with the physical sciences. For instance, the physicist
Electrical_engineering
Sequence of program instructions invokable by other software
In computer programming, a function (also procedure, method, subroutine, routine, or subprogram) is a callable unit of software logic that has a well-formed
Function (computer programming)
Function_(computer_programming)
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Compiler of Hadith
Boy/Male
Hindu
Computer
Girl/Female
Hindu
Insurance
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Unattained; Cannot be Competed with
Boy/Male
Indian
Distance
Female
English
English form of Latin Constantia, CONSTANCE means "steadfast."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Compiler of Hadith
Girl/Female
Latin American English French Shakespearean
Firm of purpose. Constancy, from the Latin Constantia.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Insurance
Girl/Female
Greek
One who will be reborn.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Compiler of the Vedas
Boy/Male
Tamil
Computer
Girl/Female
Muslim
To compete with pride
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from the medieval female personal name Constance, Latin Constantia, originally a feminine form of Constantius (see Constant), but later taken as the abstract noun constantia ‘steadfastness’.English and French : habitational name from Coutances in La Manche, France, which was named Constantia in Latin (see above) in honor of the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus, who was responsible for fortifying the settlement in ad 305.
Female
French
French form of Latin Constantia, CUSTANCE means "steadfast."Â
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
To Compete with Pride
Female
English
Variant spelling of English/Scottish Anstice, ANSTACE means "resurrection."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Latin, Portuguese, Shakespearean, Swedish
Constancy; Steadfastness
Boy/Male
Arabic
Distance
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Instance; Precedent
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Norse
From Thor's Hill
Girl/Female
Tamil
Devi Priya | தேவீ பà¯à®°à®¿à®¯Â
Dear to the gods, Dear to the Goddess
Boy/Male
Arabic
Glory.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Lord
Girl/Female
Muslim
Song of the nightingale
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Sky and the Earth
Girl/Female
Indian
A distinguished woman of her
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Saint; Name of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Smile; Happy; Spread Love
Girl/Female
Muslim
Virgin. Virgo.
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
INSTANCE COMPUTER-SCIENCE
v. t.
To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence, to lessen; to diminish; as, to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares.
n.
The act or quality of being instant or pressing; urgency; solicitation; application; suggestion; motion.
a.
A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as, an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct.
n.
That which is instant or urgent; motive.
n.
One who computes.
n.
A computer.
imp. & p. p.
of Compete
n.
A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology.
imp. & p. p.
of Commute
n.
Instance; urgency.
v. t.
To place at a distance or remotely.
a.
Immediately; instantly; at once; as, he left instanter.
v. t.
To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, n., 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly.
n.
The act of issuing, or giving out; as, the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like.
imp. & p. p.
of Compute
imp. & p. p.
of Instance
v. t.
To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite; as, to instance a fact.
n.
One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling.
v. t.
To impress, as an animating power, or instinct.
v. i.
To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as, to commute for a year's travel over a route.