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Reproduction by closely related organisms
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. By analogy, the
Inbreeding
Reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness caused by loss of genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding, or mating between closely related
Inbreeding_depression
Mathematical estimate of inbreeding
The coefficient of inbreeding (COI) is a number measuring how inbred an individual is. Specifically, it is the probability that two alleles at any locus
Coefficient_of_inbreeding
Evolutionary biology concept of prevention of negative inbreeding effects
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the harmful effects
Inbreeding_avoidance
Practice in academia
Intellectual inbreeding or academic inbreeding is the practice in academia of a university hiring its own graduates who have not had experience as professors
Intellectual_inbreeding
Mating of closely related individuals in fish
Inbreeding in fish is the mating of closely related individuals, leading to an increase in homozygosity. Repeated inbreeding generally leads to morphological
Inbreeding_in_fish
Sexual activity between close relatives
biological costs of inbreeding. This fact probably explains why inbreeding between close relatives, such as siblings, is less common than inbreeding between cousins
Incest
Measure of biological relationship between individuals
of the coefficient of inbreeding of 1921. The measure is most commonly used in genetics and genealogy. A coefficient of inbreeding can be calculated for
Coefficient_of_relationship
Tiger morph
India. The vast majority of white tigers are a result of intentional inbreeding for human entertainment, a practice which is banned by the Association
White_tiger
Electress of Bavaria from 1685 to 1692
Antonia and her sons, which were likely indirectly due to generations of inbreeding, left the Kingdom of Spain without a ruler upon the death of Charles II
Maria_Antonia_of_Austria
Degradation of AI models trained on synthetic data
Model collapse, also known by other names such as "AI inbreeding", "AI cannibalism", "Habsburg AI", and "model autophagy disorder" or "MAD" is a phenomenon
Model_collapse
Sexual reproduction in canine species
dispersal reduces inbreeding. Grey wolves and Arctic foxes also exhibit inbreeding avoidance. It is evolutionarily advantageous to avoid inbreeding because it
Canine_reproduction
Reduction in frequency of deleterious alleles through inbreeding
pressure of natural selection against deleterious alleles prompted by inbreeding. Purging occurs because deleterious alleles tend to be recessive, which
Genetic_purging
Reproductive physiology of fishes
magnify the deleterious effects of inbreeding. Inbreeding ordinarily has negative fitness consequences (inbreeding depression), and as a result species
Fish_reproduction
Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits
previous levels of inbreeding: the change in inbreeding (δft). Notice, that this change in inbreeding (δft) is equal to the de novo inbreeding (Δf) only for
Quantitative_genetics
European dynastic family
significant correlation with the degree of inbreeding. A correlation between maxillary deficiency and degree of inbreeding was also present but was not statistically
House_of_Habsburg
Sexual behavior of non-human animals
the avoidance of inbreeding. When mating does occur between meerkat relatives, it often results in inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression was evident
Animal_sexual_behaviour
Individuals nearly identical in genotype due to long inbreeding
species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. A strain is generally defined to be inbred once it has undergone at least
Inbred_strain
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours. Inbreeding causes early death (inbreeding depression) in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata. Embryo
Bird
1998 studio album by Deeds of Flesh
Inbreeding the Anthropophagi is the second full-length album by the American death metal band Deeds of Flesh. It was originally released in 1998 on CD
Inbreeding_the_Anthropophagi
early modern human populations, natural catastrophes, climate change, and inbreeding depression. It is likely that multiple factors caused the demise of an
Neanderthal_extinction
Statistically expected level of heterozygosity in a population
bottleneck, genetic hitchhiking, meiotic drive, mutation, gene flow, inbreeding, natural selection, or the Wahlund effect, but it was originally designed
F-statistics
Property of being from the same kinship as another person
history Inbreeding – Reproduction by closely related organisms Inbreeding avoidance – Evolutionary biology concept of prevention of negative inbreeding effects
Consanguinity
Cultural rule that prohibits incest
preference for sexual partners with whom one is unlikely to share genes, since inbreeding may have detrimental outcomes. The most widely held hypothesis proposes
Incest_taboo
Class of models about the dynamics of extinctions of species
loss etc. The second two (F and A) deal with genetic factors such as inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression, genetic drift etc. This concept
Extinction_vortex
Smallest size a biological population can exist without facing extinction
of inbreeding, which can result in inbreeding depression, in which a population made up of genetically similar individuals loses fitness. Inbreeding in
Minimum_viable_population
Type of small omnivorous rodent
that involve inbreeding, the number of weaned juveniles in litters is significantly fewer than that from noninbred litters, due to inbreeding depression
Vole
Species of tropical fish
Inbreeding ordinarily has negative fitness consequences (inbreeding depression), and as a result species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding.
Guppy
Biological kingdom
mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful
Animal
Social arrangement which only allows marriage outside a social group
defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the
Exogamy
Species of snake
and limited geographic distribution of B. insularis, a high level of inbreeding occurs in the in situ population on the island. This threatens to produce
Golden_lancehead
Sex change as part of the normal life cycle of a species
function is first male then female. It used to be thought that this reduced inbreeding, but it may be a more general mechanism for reducing pollen-pistil interference
Sequential_hermaphroditism
Species of bird
change, character displacement, changes in the finch's habitat and range, inbreeding and nesting, parasites, and viruses, medium ground finches have gone through
Medium_ground_finch
Species of mite
later generations are red; mated females survive the winter in diapause. Inbreeding is detrimental for fitness in T. urticae. Inbred progeny mature more slowly
Tetranychus_urticae
Aquarium disease
gourami, a popular fish in the aquarium trade. It is the result of severe inbreeding. Despite being unable to develop the disease, other gourami become prone
Iridovirus dwarf gourami disease
Iridovirus_dwarf_gourami_disease
Common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae
recognize kin. Kin recognition thus allows avoidance of inbreeding and consequent inbreeding depression. In the United Kingdom, common toads often climb
Toad
Species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae
indication of inbreeding depression measured as seedling survival. However, when the seedlings were subject to drought stress conditions, inbreeding depression
Red_tajinaste
Domesticated species of canid
found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival. Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient
Dog
Species of mongoose from Africa
under random mating. Inbreeding depression is largely caused by the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Inbreeding depression appears
Banded_mongoose
Domesticated subspecies of red junglefowl
for them until they are several weeks old. Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg number and
Chicken
Breed of cattle
remarkably genetically isolated for hundreds of years, surviving despite inbreeding depression due to the small population. There is also a small reserve
Chillingham_cattle
Blood relatedness that makes certain actions illegal
matings between close relatives lead to progeny that tend to experience inbreeding depression, due largely to the increased expression of recessive deleterious
Prohibited_degree_of_kinship
Manner in which humans engage sexually
activity also includes the adaptive constraint of avoiding close inbreeding, since inbreeding can have deleterious effects on progeny. Charles Darwin, who
Human_sexual_activity
Protrusion of the upper or lower human jaw
and a crossbite. In both humans and animals, it can be the result of inbreeding. Unlike alveolar or maxillary prognathism, which are common traits in
Prognathism
Principle in genetics
meiotic drive, genetic hitchhiking, population bottleneck, founder effect, inbreeding and outbreeding depression. In the simplest case of a single locus with
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Difference in a quantitative trait between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes
'heterosis' be adopted. Heterosis is often discussed as the opposite of inbreeding depression, although differences in these two concepts can be seen in
Heterosis
American geneticist (1889–1988)
the inbreeding coefficient and methods of computing it in pedigree animals. He extended this work to populations, computing the amount of inbreeding between
Sewall_Wright
Effect in population genetics
{\displaystyle f} equals inbreeding coefficient and N {\displaystyle N} equals population size. This consequence of inbreeding makes the colony more vulnerable
Founder_effect
Mating selected dogs for specific qualities
specific desired traits in offspring. Line breeding is differentiated from inbreeding by excluding pairings between parents and offspring, and between full
Dog_breeding
Species of mammal
in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression increases genetic incompatibilities, levels of
House_mouse
End of viability for a population
population of breeding individuals will not be able to sustain itself due to inbreeding depression and genetic drift, which leads to a loss of fitness. In plant
Functional_extinction
Consanguineous relationships in the Middle East
increased numbers of people with recessive genetic disorders, due to inbreeding. Prior to the origins of Islam, cousin marriage was an acceptable practice
Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East
King of Spain from 1665 to 1700
Alvarez, Gonzalo; Ceballos, Francisco; Celsa, Quintero (2009). "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty". PLOS ONE. 4 (4) e5174
Charles_II_of_Spain
Dog breed
Animals. DNA research has shown that Schipperkes have a rising rate of inbreeding in their population. The earlier common references to Schipperkes suggest
Schipperke
Animal reproduction in a natural habitat
reviewed the effects of inbreeding in wild-populations. Evidence from mammalian and bird populations indicated that inbreeding depression often significantly
Breeding_in_the_wild
Growth of an additional part of the body and a deviation from the body plan
condition may also be a symptom of repeated occurrences of continuous inbreeding in a genetic line. Specific types of additional body parts include: Accessory
Supernumerary_body_part
Species of lizard
up to ten years. Due to their longevity, they are sometimes prone to inbreeding. The sand lizard is a sexually dimorphic legged lizard. In northwest Europe
Sand_lizard
Ability of an organism to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin
evolved for inbreeding avoidance. While a 2021 meta-analysis of research across 88 diploid species found that animals rarely avoid inbreeding, avoidance
Kin_recognition
two markings. Inbreeding tends to occur in flocks of limited size and where only a single or a few rams are used. Associated with inbreeding is a decline
Domestic_sheep_reproduction
Group of insects in the order Lepidoptera
is subjected to repeated inbreeding in the laboratory, there is a dramatic decrease in egg hatching. This severe inbreeding depression is considered to
Butterfly
Technique of crossing between different breeds
that have many deleterious genes that may be expressed by subsequent inbreeding. There is now a gamut of deleterious genes within each individual in many
Outcrossing
Sharp reduction in the size of a population
to loss of alleles. The chances of inbreeding and genetic homogeneity can increase, possibly leading to inbreeding depression. Smaller population size
Population_bottleneck
Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
When gene flow is impeded, there can be an increase in inbreeding, measured by the inbreeding coefficient (F) within a population. For example, many island
Gene_flow
Species of amphibian
The American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern half of Canada and the United States. It is divided into
American_toad
Discontinuities in an organism's environment causing population fragmentation
result in inbreeding between related individuals. Inbreeding does not always result in negative fitness consequences, but when inbreeding is associated
Habitat_fragmentation
Effort to improve purported human genetic quality
unfit. To population geneticists, the term has included the avoidance of inbreeding without altering allele frequencies; for example, British-Indian scientist
Eugenics
(November 2014). "The effect of inbreeding rate on fitness, inbreeding depression and heterosis over a range of inbreeding coefficients". Evolutionary Applications
Health_of_Adolf_Hitler
Reproductive process
fitness consequences (inbreeding depression), and as a result species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is considered
Sperm_competition
Genus of mammals
baboon population of the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya, inbreeding is avoided by mate choice. Inbreeding avoidance through mate choice is thought to only evolve
Baboon
American actress (born 1978)
Michelle Rodriguez Recently Discovered Her Father's Ancestors Practiced Inbreeding To Keep The Fam 'Light And Bright'". Bossip.com. June 2, 2012. Archived
Michelle_Rodriguez
Intentional breeding of wild organisms by humans
captivity. Inbreeding is when organisms mate with closely related individuals, lowering heterozygosity in a population. Although inbreeding can be relatively
Captive_breeding
genetic diseases. Scholars have attempted to look for the effects of inbreeding depression on the Ptolemaic dynasty, the royal house with the clearest
Incest_in_ancient_Egypt
Species of canine
potential consequences for population persistence. Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Inbreeding may have been selected against evolutionarily because
African_wild_dog
Ecological concept
of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration". This implied two potentially different
Effective_population_size
Species of flowering plant
indicated the occurrence of inbreeding depression in male plants under natural conditions. In female plants, inbreeding depression significantly affects
Silene_latifolia
Species of freshwater fish
in farms and are easily available through the aquarium trade. However, inbreeding in farms has led to genetically weak stock that is vulnerable to disease
White_Cloud_Mountain_minnow
about 500 18th-century founders, genetic disorders that come out due to inbreeding exist in more isolated districts (an example of the founder effect). These
Health_among_the_Amish
Measure in population genetics
of the rate of adaptive evolution. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. In the short run, an increase in inbreeding increases the probability with which
Genetic_load
Sense that detects smells
cortices, or the related piriform cortex or orbitofrontal cortex. Since inbreeding is detrimental, it tends to be avoided. In the house mouse, the major
Sense_of_smell
Duke of Anjou
of 4 months and 21 days old. The death of Louis may have been due to inbreeding. Louis François was born on 14 June 1672 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Louis_François,_Duke_of_Anjou
Biological term with multiple meanings
Homogamy is used in biology in four separate senses: Inbreeding can be referred to as homogamy. Homogamy refers to the maturation of male and female reproductive
Homogamy_(biology)
Marriage between those with common grandparents or other recent ancestors
some jurisdictions such marriages are prohibited due to concerns about inbreeding. Worldwide, more than 10% of marriages are between first or second cousins
Cousin_marriage
Dog of mixed breeds
to be less susceptible to the genetic health problems associated with inbreeding (following the concept of heterosis or "hybrid vigor"). Estimates place
Mongrel
Breeding for desired characteristics
breeding artificial selection is often combined with techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing. In plant breeding, similar methods are
Selective_breeding
Concept in genealogy
great-grandparents, but again some of these contribute no additional genes (see Inbreeding). Small, isolated populations such as those of remote islands represent
Pedigree_collapse
Process by which people befriend similar people
existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and Inbreeding homophily: the amount of homophily over and above this expected value
Homophily
Organism with chromosomes from inbreeding
progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding. Families of recombinant inbred strains numbering from 25 to 5000 are
Recombinant_inbred_strain
American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
such inbreeding. Somethingroyal is one of the key influences tracked by the Rasmussen Factor, a Thoroughbred breeding theory that measures inbreeding to
Somethingroyal
Breeding theories to produce better Thoroughbred racehorses
implemented from other animal breeding stock practices, such as the use of inbreeding to "fix a type". Some breeding theories are qualitative, relying on judgement
Thoroughbred breeding theories
Thoroughbred_breeding_theories
Reduced biological fitness
populations result in a reduction of fitness. The concept is in contrast to inbreeding depression, although the two effects can occur simultaneously on different
Outbreeding_depression
Species of bird
birds leave the nest after 14–21 days, most commonly after 15–17 days. Inbreeding depression occurs in S. canaria and is more severe during early development
Atlantic_canary
Tendency of animals to return to an area, especially to reproduce
If the optimal-inbreeding hypothesis was correct, the benefits of inbreeding should result in philopatry among all species. Inbreeding depression is a
Philopatry
Male horse usually below 4 years old
the age of one and two. This may be, in part, an instinct to prevent inbreeding. When driven out, they usually join with other young stallions in a bachelor
Colt_(horse)
Canadian Holstein breeding bull
world's dairy cows were related to Starbuck, contributing significantly to inbreeding. Following its death in 1998, Starbuck was one of the first animals cloned
Hanoverhill_Starbuck
Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled Egypt
dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty eventually adopted the practice of inbreeding including sibling marriage; this did not start in earnest until nearly
Ptolemaic_dynasty
1876 book by Charles Darwin
poorer in most species and for most traits measured. Thus he showed that inbreeding may have severe detrimental effects on progeny. While this idea was accepted
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom
Species of butterfly
adults born from inbreeding have a high probability of being crippled and having low fecundity. Even though B. anynana suffers from inbreeding depression when
Bicyclus_anynana
distance Genetic diversity Genetic sexual attraction Inbreeding Inbreeding avoidance Inbreeding depression Incest taboo Jetyata Jewish views on incest
Legality of incest in the United States
Legality_of_incest_in_the_United_States
Species of beetle
and the subsequent rounds of inbreeding, these populations persist. This ability to withstand a high degree of inbreeding has likely contributed to this
Callosobruchus_maculatus
Informal name for a mummy found in tomb KV35
towards this identification due to DNA degradation and the fact that inbreeding in the late 18th dynasty might have make some readings inconclusive, and
The_Younger_Lady
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Conquerer of Seasons
Girl/Female
Scottish Irish
Abbreviation of Christine. Follower of Christ.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Moon of Autumn
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
To Bring Wealth
Boy/Male
Hindu
God of gods
Boy/Male
Muslim
Praise, Lauding
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, Greek
Alexander's Son; Man's Defender
Boy/Male
English
Beauty
Girl/Female
Indian
Hope, Expectation, Wish
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Vishnu
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
INBREEDING
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Inbreed