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Chemical reaction
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Glucuronidation
Sugar acid
multiple drugs/substances whose metabolism and excretion are dependent on glucuronidation. Although most such substances have secondary metabolic routes which
Glucuronic_acid
Class of enzymes
of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule. This is a glucuronidation reaction. Alternative names: glucuronyltransferase UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Glucuronosyltransferase
Class of chemical compounds
via a glycosidic bond. The glucuronides belong to the glycosides. Glucuronidation, the conversion of chemical compounds to glucuronides, is a method
Glucuronide
Enzyme found in humans
glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UDPGT or UGT), an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic (fat-soluble) molecules, such
UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1
UDP_glucuronosyltransferase_1_family,_polypeptide_A1
Benzodiazepine medication
months after birth. Lorazepam may also inhibit fetal liver bilirubin glucuronidation, leading to neonatal jaundice. Lorazepam is present in breast milk
Lorazepam
Blood pressure medication
CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 via aromatic ring oxidation and glucuronidation, then further conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation. The three active metabolites exhibit
Carvedilol
Chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system
Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with
Biotransformation
Enzyme and protein-coding gene in humans
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A4
Chemical compound
One of the metabolites that may result can be formed through the glucuronidation of galantamine. Additionally, galantamine may undergo oxidation or
Galantamine
Allergy medication
3-hydroxydesloratadine in a three-step sequence in normal metabolizers. First, N-glucuronidation of desloratadine by UGT2B10; then, 3-hydroxylation of desloratadine
Desloratadine
Medical condition
body. The bilirubin-UGT enzyme performs a chemical reaction called glucuronidation. Glucuronic acid is transferred to unconjugated bilirubin, which is
Gilbert's_syndrome
Plant secondary metabolite
epicatechin metabolites (SREM). The main metabolic pathways for SREMs are glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation of the catechol group by catechol-O-methyl
Catechin
Medication for pain and fever
nizatidine and cisapride. The effect is explained by these drugs inhibiting glucuronidation of paracetamol. Paracetamol raises plasma concentrations of ethinylestradiol
Paracetamol
Triazolobenzodiazepine
bromazolam glucuronide, were detected as phase II metabolites. Bromazolam N-glucuronidation was found to be catalysed by UGT1A4 and UGT2B10. The formation of
Bromazolam
Cancer medication
irinotecan, is activated by hydrolysis to SN-38, and is then inactivated by glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1). The inhibition
Irinotecan
Dopamine agonist medication
Metabolites formed in all species were generally metabolized further by glucuronidation. 7-Hydroxy ropinirole is the only metabolite of ropinirole previously
Ropinirole
Cholesterol-lowering medication
proteins. Both bempedoic acid and the metabolite are inactivated by glucuronidation of their carboxylic acid groups. Bempedoic acid has a biological half-life
Bempedoic_acid
Chemical compound
possible therapeutic applications. Quercetin is rapidly metabolized (via glucuronidation) after the ingestion of quercetin foods or supplements. Five metabolites
Quercetin
Combination pain relief drug
Metabolism/excretion: Paracetamol is metabolized primarily in the liver via glucuronidation and sulfation to mostly non-toxic metabolites and some highly reactive
Hydrocodone/paracetamol
Chemical compound
needed] NNAL can be detoxified by glucuronidation, producing non-carcinogenic compounds known as NNAL-Glucs. The glucuronidation can take place on the oxygen
NNK
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A8
Chemical compound
Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 70% Metabolism Hepatic acetylation and glucuronidation Elimination half-life 10 hours Excretion Renal Identifiers IUPAC name
Sulfamethoxazole
Corticosteroid
with reduced corticosteroid activity. Conjugation reactions, such as glucuronidation and sulfation, also contribute to the formation of metabolites that
Fluticasone_furoate
Medical condition
isoform 1A1 (UGT1A1) enzyme, which performs a reaction called "glucuronidation". This reaction adds a large sugar to the bilirubin, which makes the
Bilirubin_encephalopathy
Intravenous medication used in anesthesia
only) Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 95–99% Metabolism Liver glucuronidation Onset of action Intravenous: 15–30 seconds Elimination half-life 1
Propofol
Chemical compound
ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs). It is central to the glucuronidation reaction, in which waste molecules in the body, such as heme, are made
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine_diphosphate_glucuronic_acid
Chemical compound
abacavir through induction of glucuronidation. Abacavir is metabolized by both alcohol dehydrogenase and glucuronidation. Ethanol may result in increased
Abacavir
Benzodiazepine medication
require hepatic oxidation, but rather, it is simply metabolized by glucuronidation, so oxazepam is less likely to accumulate and cause adverse reactions
Oxazepam
Veterinary medication
undergoes heavy first-pass metabolism in the liver, which includes the glucuronidation at nitrogen during. Metabolites are mostly excreted in the urine. The
Atipamezole
Anticoagulant medication
hydrolysis, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine moiety of edoxaban is removed. Glucuronidation occurs to a lesser extent via glucuronosyltransferases. In terms of
Edoxaban
Sedating antidepressant
Metabolic enzymes Major: CYP2D6, CYP2C19 Minor: CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 Metabolic pathways N-Demethylation, N-oxidation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation
Doxepin
Benzodiazepine sedative
(CYP2C9, 2C19, 2B6, 3A4, and 3A5), hydroxylation (CYP3A4 and 2C19) and glucuronidation in the liver as part of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. It has several
Diazepam
Steroid medication
6-hydroxy- and 20-dihydro-triamcinolone; most of it probably undergoes glucuronidation, and a smaller part sulfation. Three-quarters are excreted via the
Triamcinolone
Beta blocker drug
(mainly 4-hydroxylation), N-dealkylation, side-chain oxidation, and glucuronidation. The metabolism of propranolol involves cytochrome P450 enzymes including
Propranolol
Topical antibiotic
which can then be systemically absorbed and distributed; it undergoes glucuronidation in the liver and is also excreted unaltered in urine. Only when applied
Silver_sulfadiazine
Chemical compound
hydrolysis of irinotecan by carboxylesterases and metabolized via glucuronidation by UGT1A1. The variant of UGT1A1 in ~10% of Caucasians which leads
SN-38
Chemical compound
formed can undergo further metabolism via glucuronidation or dehydrogenation. If 3HHB undergoes a glucuronidation reaction, via UDP-glucuronosyl transferases
Hexobarbital
Opioid analgesic of benzenoid class
is not metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, but rather through glucuronidation. Due to this, tapentadol has fewer interactions with other medications
Tapentadol
Blood pressure medication
among ARBs (500 liters). Less than 3% of telmisartan is inactivated by glucuronidation in the liver, and over 97% is eliminated in unchanged form via bile
Telmisartan
Stimulant
combination of these three. The main phase II reactions are N-acetylation, glucuronidation and a combination of both. Different cytochrome P450 isozymes are involved
Dimethocaine
Toxic byproduct of acetaminophen
overdose. In adults, the primary metabolic pathway for paracetamol is glucuronidation. This yields a relatively non-toxic metabolite, which is excreted into
NAPQI
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6 is a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A6
NSAID analgesic medication
undergoes metabolism in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid (glucuronidation) by UGT enzymes, hydroxylation of the benzoyl ring by the CYP3A4 and
Ketoprofen
Chemical compound
grapefruit juice). The primary metabolism pathway of pitavastatin is glucuronidation. It is minimally metabolized by the CYP450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C8
Pitavastatin
Intravenous medication used in general anaesthesia
Metabolism of ciprofol occurs primarily in the liver through oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfation, resulting in the formation of the inactive metabolite
Cipepofol
Chemical compound
development and maintenance of sexual characteristics. It is formed by the glucuronidation of 3α-androstanediol, which is the product of reduction of the sex
Androstanediol_glucuronide
Dark greenish-brown fluid aiding in the digestion of fats
cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation. Bile tends to be alkaline on average. The pH of common duct bile (7
Bile
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A9
Anticonvulsant drug
plasma proteins, mostly to albumin. Cenobamate is inactivated mainly by glucuronidation via the enzyme UGT2B7 and to a lesser extent UGT2B4. The enzymes CYP2E1
Cenobamate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
It is responsible for glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine. Due to common hypomorphic alleles of UGT2B10, glucuronidation contributes relatively
UGT2B10
Polyphenol with a stilbene skeleton
resveratrol is about 0.5% due to extensive hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation. Glucuronidation occurs in the intestine as well as in the liver, whereas
Resveratrol
Medication used to treat hair loss
about 90%, is metabolized in the liver via glucuronidation, hydroxylation, and sulfation, with glucuronidation being the primary metabolic pathway and minoxidil
Minoxidil
Chemical compound
further subjected to additional chemical transformations (including glucuronidation, methylation, sulfation, or a combination of them) within the enterocytes
Urolithin_A
Antifungal medication used for dermatophytoses
Bioavailability Highly variable (25 to 70%) Metabolism Liver (demethylation and glucuronidation) Elimination half-life 9–21 hours Identifiers IUPAC name (2S,6'R)-
Griseofulvin
Class of synthetic chemicals used as insecticides
D. J. (2000). "Molecular genetic basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation by cats: UGT1A6 is a pseudogene, and evidence for reduced diversity
Allethrins
Opioid medication
glucuronidated as well). Oxymorphone is also further metabolized, as follows: 3-Glucuronidation to oxymorphone-3-glucuronide predominantly via UGT2B7 6-Ketoreduction
Oxycodone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
on glucuronidation activity of UGT2B7 and especially its clearance of administered drugs, including anticancer therapies. Decreased glucuronidation activity
UGT2B7
Opioid analgesic compound
interactions. During phase II metabolism, phase I metabolites undergo glucuronidation and sulfation to form multiple glucuronide and sulfate conjugates,
Mitragynine
Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism
of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for
Liver
Medication for transthyretin amyloidosis
proteins. Based on preclinical data, it appears to be metabolized by glucuronidation and excreted via bile; in humans, around 59% of a dose is recovered
Tafamidis
Organic chemical used in rubber tires
species may relate to their ability to rid themselves of 6PPD-Q via glucuronidation. The Nisqually and nonprofit Long Live the Kings installed a mobile
6PPD
Inactive metabolite of the neurotransmitter serotonin
deamination by MAO into 5-HIAL, serotonin can also be conjugated by glucuronidation via glucuronyltransferases, conjugated by sulfation via sulfotransferases
5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde
Pain medication of the opiate family
morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7)
Morphine
Substance applied to items to slow burning or delay ignition
(EPA) demonstrated that deiodination, active transport, sulfation, and glucuronidation may be involved in disruption of thyroid homeostasis after perinatal
Flame_retardant
Beta-lactam antibiotic
oxidative deamination, aliphatic chain oxidation, decarboxylation, glucuronidation Metabolites Seven Onset of action ≤1.3–1.5 hours (TmaxTooltip time
Amoxicillin
Drug used to reduce frequency of headaches
Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 78% Protein binding >90% Metabolism N-Glucuronidation Onset of action 5 hours (TmaxTooltip Time to peak) Elimination half-life
Pizotifen
Chemical compound
glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol which is formed in the body by glucuronidation following exposure to ethanol, usually from drinking alcoholic beverages
Ethyl_glucuronide
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain
Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen"
Naproxen
Wakefulness-promoting medication
via aromatic ring hydroxylation and by subsequent conjugation via glucuronidation. The two major circulating metabolites of modafinil are modafinil acid
Modafinil
Chemical compound
metabolism of anastrozole is by N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Inhibition of aromatase is due to anastrozole itself rather than to
Anastrozole
Chemical used in plastics, xenoestrogen
the body first converts BPA into more water-soluble compounds via glucuronidation or sulfation, which are then removed from the body through urine. This
Bisphenol_A
Antiandrogen medication
(R)-bicalutamide, (S)-bicalutamide is metabolized rapidly and mainly by glucuronidation (without hydroxylation). None of the metabolites of bicalutamide are
Bicalutamide
Chemical compound
conjugated with glucuronic acid, creating the 2 glucuronides. This glucuronidation pathway is unique to epirubicin metabolism in humans as epirubicin
Epirubicin
Endogenous steroid hormone
be an inactive metabolite of testosterone, which when conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation allows testosterone to be removed from the body, but
Androsterone
Chemical compound
when compared to tetracyclines. Tigecycline is metabolized through glucuronidation into glucuronide conjugates and a N-acetyl-9-aminominocycline metabolite
Tigecycline
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
P450 enzyme system, into norbuprenorphine (by N-dealkylation). The glucuronidation of buprenorphine is primarily carried out by UGT1A1 and UGT2B7, and
Buprenorphine
Antiviral medication
relapse. Resistance was caused by deactivation of ribavirin through its glucuronidation in AML cells or impaired drug entry/retention in the AML cells. There
Ribavirin
Stimulant designer drug
the O/N-bis-dealkylated metabolite, combinations thereof and further glucuronidation or sulfations. In the United States, 3-fluorophenmetrazine is not explicitly
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
Medication
It is metabolized by hydroxylation via CYP3A4 and subsequently by glucuronidation and sulfation. The medication has an elimination half-life of approximately
Ibrexafungerp
Covalent bond joining a sugar molecule to another group
bonds in order to increase their water solubility; this is known as glucuronidation. Many other glycosides have important physiological functions. Nüchter
Glycosidic_bond
Medication used to treat epilepsy and migraine
remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes
Topiramate
Chemical compound
is 88%. Bimatoprost is metabolized by oxidation, N-deethylation and glucuronidation, forming a variety of metabolites. Biological half-life was measured
Bimatoprost
Addition of a sulfate group to a compound
of the terrestrial ancestors of seagrasses to a new marine habitat. Glucuronidation Methylation Hydrogenation Rosemary Waring Acetylation Anthony, E.J
Sulfation
Thyroid hormone medication
excreted through the kidneys and metabolized through conjugation and glucuronidation and excreted directly into the bile and the gut, where they undergo
Levothyroxine
Chemical compound
found excreted. Hyodeoxycholic acid undergoes glucuronidation in human liver and kidneys. Glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic and hyocholic acids was observed
Hyodeoxycholic_acid
Drug of the fibrate class, mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels
℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 99% Metabolism glucuronidation Elimination half-life 20 h Excretion urine (60%), feces (25%) Identifiers
Fenofibrate
SSRI antidepressant
increase the blood level of lamotrigine, possibly by inhibition of glucuronidation. CYP2C19 inhibitor esomeprazole increased sertraline concentrations
Sertraline
Researcher
new form of drug resistance in patients, inducible drug glucuronidation. Drug glucuronidation impacts 50% of drugs usually through liver mediated drug
Katherine_Borden
Medication of the barbiturate type
Phenobarbital is metabolized by the liver, mainly through hydroxylation and glucuronidation and induces many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Cytochrome
Phenobarbital
Medication for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
by CYP2D6, in addition to a few secondary metabolism pathways (e.g. glucuronidation). At doses of umeclidinium that are above the recommended doses, no
Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
Fluticasone_furoate/umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol
Chemical compound
conjugated by methylation of one hydroxy group, and hydroxy metabolites by glucuronidation or sulfation. Sweden's public health agency suggested that NPDPA be
NPDPA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A7
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
some conditions, other substances may be formed such as myosmine. Glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism of nicotine to cotinine are both inhibited
Nicotine
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
N-didesmethyltamoxifen. Tamoxifen and its metabolites undergo conjugation, including glucuronidation and sulfation. Tamoxifen may inhibit its own metabolism. Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen
Primary female sex hormone
estrogen sulfotransferases (sulfation) and UDP-glucuronyltransferases (glucuronidation). In addition, estradiol is dehydrogenated by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Estrogen
Chemical compound
hydroxylation, hydroxylation followed by oxidation (ketone formation), and glucuronidation. ADB-PINACA is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs
ADB-PINACA
Medication used for opioid withdrawal
data Bioavailability >90% Protein binding 80–90% Metabolism Liver (glucuronidation) Elimination half-life 11 hours Excretion Kidney Identifiers IUPAC
Lofexidine
Chemical compound
LD50 in mice is 2.1 g/kg. In rats, TAA is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation, as well as by oxidation to 2-methyl-2,3-butanediol. It is likely that
Tert-Amyl_alcohol
Xenoestrogens produced by fungi
DNA. In phase-II metabolizing includes glucuronidation and sulfation of the mycoestrogen compound. Glucuronidation is the major phase II metabolic pathway
Mycoestrogen
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
Girl/Female
Arabic
Silver; Sparkling Sunset
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Blessed.
Girl/Female
Australian, Czechoslovakian, French, Hebrew, Polish, Romanian
Devoted to God; God is My Oath; God is Perfection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kusumita | கà¯à®¸à¯à®®à¯€à®¤à®¾
Blossomed, Flowers in bloom
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kornai | கோரà¯à®¨à®¾à®ˆ
Gentle, Soft, Sweet, Beautiful, Beautiful
Boy/Male
Welsh Celtic
Old.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Full of Life
Boy/Male
Hindu
God is gracious, Kirti, Good wishes
Boy/Male
Muslim
A great Man, A chief, A hero
Boy/Male
Hindu
Heaviness
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION