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For a surface in three dimension the focal surface, surface of centers or evolute is formed by taking the centers of the curvature spheres, which are
Focal_surface
Measure of how strongly an optical system converges or diverges light
vertex of the first optical surface (S1). Some authors refer to this as "front focal length". Back focal distance (BFD) Back focal distance (BFD) (s′F′) is
Focal_length
Six points which determine imaging properties of an optical system
\end{aligned}}} where f is the focal length of the lens, d is its thickness, and r1 and r2 are the radii of curvature of its surfaces. Positive signs indicate
Cardinal_point_(optics)
Set of points equidistant from a center
focal points, and the set of all such centers forms the focal surface. For most surfaces the focal surface forms two sheets that are each a surface and
Sphere
Medical condition
"recurrent focal palmar peeling", "recurrent palmar peeling") is a sometimes harmless, sometimes painful skin condition that can affect the focal surface of the
Keratolysis_exfoliativa
Geometric surface
in the family. A focal surface of the line congruence is a surface that is tangent to the line congruence. At each point on the surface, det ( ∂ u X , ∂
Pseudosphere
Area of mathematics
catastrophes. They can be observed in optics in the focal surfaces created by light reflecting off a surface in three dimensions and are intimately connected
Catastrophe_theory
Locally spherical point on a mathematical surface
distinctly different focal surfaces. A ridge on the surface corresponds to a cuspidal edges so each sheet of the elliptical focal surface will have three cuspidal
Umbilical_point
Optical aberration
also incorporate a curved focal plane like in the case of the human eye in order to improve image quality at the focal surface. Consider an "ideal" single-element
Petzval_field_curvature
Surface able to be flattened without distortion
The other family sweeps out another space surface. These are the two focal surfaces of the original surface. The geodesics of a plane are straight lines
Developable_surface
Optical device which transmits and refracts light
sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different meridians
Lens
Device to reflect radiation back to its source
elements with a reflective surface, arranged so that the focal surface of the refractive element coincides with the reflective surface, typically a transparent
Retroreflector
Property of a lens mount system
the flange focal distance (FFD) (also known as the flange-to-film distance, flange focal depth, flange back distance (FBD), flange focal length (FFL)
Flange_focal_distance
Type of catadioptric telescope
concentric (or monocentric) Schmidt–Cassegrain, where all the mirror surfaces and the focal surface are concentric to a single point: the center of curvature of
Schmidt–Cassegrain_telescope
Mirror with a curved reflecting surface
has a reflecting surface that is recessed inward (away from the incident light). Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point. They are used
Curved_mirror
Geometric inversion of a torus, cylinder or double cone
Equivalently again, both sheets of the focal surface degenerate to conics. It follows that any Dupin cyclide is a channel surface (i.e., the envelope of a one-parameter
Dupin_cyclide
Specialized Cassegrain telescope
low-power lenses in front of the focal plane as a field-corrector to correct astigmatism and flatten the focal surface, as for example the SDSS telescope
Ritchey–Chrétien_telescope
Pairs of conic sections in geometry
surfaces: Dupin cyclides are the only surfaces, where focal surfaces collapse to a pair of curves, namely focal conics. In Physical chemistry focal conics
Focal_conics
Optical device used with a camera to create images
fixed to a camera, or it might be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other properties. While in principle a simple convex
Camera_lens
Model of optics describing light as geometric rays
rectilinear systems of light rays" M. Pasch, "On the focal surfaces of ray systems and the singularity surfaces of complexes" A. Levistal, "Research in geometrical
Geometrical_optics
French company specializing in audio equipment
Focal-JMlab is a French company that has been designing and selling high fidelity audio systems since 1979. Based in Saint-Étienne, the company manufactures
Focal-JMLab
Quadric surface that looks like a deformed sphere
quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three variables. Among quadric surfaces, an ellipsoid
Ellipsoid
Optical aberration
inversely proportional to the third power of the focal length, so it is much more pronounced at short focal ratios, i.e., "fast" lenses. In lens systems,
Spherical_aberration
Lens with a thickness that is negligible
paraxial approximation in techniques such as ray transfer matrix analysis. The focal length, f, of a lens in air is given by the lensmaker's equation: 1 f =
Thin_lens
passing through it. Ridge lines correspond to cuspidal edges on the focal surface. Ridge detection Porteous, Ian R. (2001). "Ridges and Ribs". Geometric
Ridge_(differential_geometry)
Measure of lens speed
ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil ("clear aperture"). The f-number is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop
F-number
Spherical lens
bends parallel rays of light to a focal point. For most glassy materials the focal point is only slightly beyond the surface of the ball, on the side opposite
Ball_lens
Origin point beneath an air explosion
hypocenter or hypocentre, also called ground zero or surface zero, is the point on the Earth's surface directly below a nuclear explosion, meteor air burst
Hypocenter
Proposed space telescope
enough to obtain detailed images of the surfaces of extrasolar planets. Even without using the Sun as the lens, FOCAL could perform various, otherwise impossible
FOCAL_(spacecraft)
Spherically symmetric gradient-index lens
takes a simple and explicit form if one focal point lies at infinity, and the other on the opposite surface of the lens. J. Brown and A. S. Gutman subsequently
Luneburg_lens
Telescope for observations with visible light
telescope, the surface brightness is at 100%. Practically, however, various factors prevent 100% brightness; these include telescope limitations (focal length
Optical_telescope
Process that generates seismic waves in an earthquake
The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event
Focal_mechanism
when the word "focus" is used, it refers to the affine focal set. Similarly, for a smooth surface in 3-space, consider its Dupin indicatrix at a point as
Affine_differential_geometry
Chronic lung condition
are also a number of associated conditions, including bullous emphysema, focal emphysema, and Ritalin lung. Only the first two types of emphysema – centrilobular
Emphysema
Telescope whose mirror is a reflective liquid
constant, showing that the surface is, by definition, a paraboloid. The equation of the paraboloid in terms of its focal length (see Parabolic reflector#Theory)
Liquid-mirror_telescope
Degree to which an optical system converges or diverges light
optics, optical power (also referred to as dioptric power, refractive power, focal power, focusing power, or convergence power) is the degree to which a lens
Optical_power
square degrees of corrected field of view at the prime focus optical focal surface of the telescope. Compensation for atmospheric dispersion is an integral
Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer
Maunakea_Spectroscopic_Explorer
Telescope for detecting orbital debris, located in Exmouth, Western Australia
curved focal surface array sensors are considered to be an innovative design. It encompasses improvements in detection sensitivity, has short focal length
Space_Surveillance_Telescope
Unit of measurement of optical power
using optical power rather than focal length is that the thin lens formula has the object distance, image distance, and focal length all as reciprocals. Additionally
Dioptre
Medical condition
Heck's disease, also known as focal (or multifocal) epithelial hyperplasia, is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple
Heck's_disease
Instrument installed on the Hubble Space Telescope
The FUV detector active area is curved to match the spectrograph's focal surface and is divided into two physically distinct segments separated by a
Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph
Organ found in humans and other animals
some forms of ventricular tachycardia), others by an irritable focus (e.g. focal atrial tachycardia), while others are caused by additional abnormal conduction
Heart
Aspect of a lens or reflector
A focal cloud is the collection of focal points of an imperfect lens or parabolic reflector whether optical, electrostatic or electromagnetic. This includes
Focal_cloud
Reflecting telescope design
there is little stray light in the focal plane. A variation of the Korsch design is the two-mirror three-surface telescope introduced by Shai Eisenberg
Three-mirror_anastigmat
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
and serve as transporters, and peripheral proteins that attach to the surface of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with
Cell_membrane
Proposed NASA space telescope
The 21 individual sensors of the HDXI are laid out along the optimal focal surface to improve the off-axis PSF. The Lynx DRM uses Complementary Metal Oxide
Lynx_X-ray_Observatory
Telescopes which utilize curved mirrors to form an image
its own reflecting surface almost all reflecting telescope designs have a secondary mirror, film holder, or detector near that focal point partially obstructing
Reflecting_telescope
Removal of material from an object's surface
/ c m 2 ) = average power ( W ) focal spot area ( c m 2 ) Peak intensity ( W / c m 2 ) = peak power ( W ) focal spot area ( c m 2 ) Fluence ( J
Ablation
Technology for making moving images
lenticular lens in the example above has focal length 342 μm and back focal distance 48 μm, indicating that the focal plane of the lens falls 48 micrometers
Lenticular_lens
Subsequent surface chemistry steps enable an easy tailoring of recognition molecules specific to the desired analytical application. The robustness of focal molography
Focal_molography
Type of lens
that deviate from definite focal lengths. Multiple focal lengths are accepted in the form of bifocals, trifocals, vari-focals, and cylindrical components
Aspheric_lens
Type of geometry
rectilinear ray systems" (English translation) M. Pasch, "On the focal surfaces of ray systems and the singularity surfaces of complexes" (English translation)
Projective_geometry
Angled mirror or prism used in telescopes
prism. They deteriorate with age as the reflective surface oxidizes[citation needed]. With short-focal length instruments, a mirror diagonal is preferred
Star_diagonal
Methodological basis for 3D CAD/CAM solid modeling and image rendering
pixels. The reflecting surface responsible for a pixel’s value intersects the pixel’s ray. When the focal length, distance between focal point and screen,
Ray_casting
Point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter in an earthquake
be in almost any direction depending on the type of initiating rupture (focal mechanism). The first refinement that allowed a more precise determination
Epicenter
Quadric surface with one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry
reflected to the focal point, F, or vice versa Parabolic reflector Rotating water in a glass The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface: it contains
Paraboloid
Mirror with a flat reflecting surface
A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of
Plane_mirror
Uses of science and technology in photography
materials carefully designed to cancel out chromatic aberrations. Curved focal surface is the dependence of the first order focus on the position on the film
Science_of_photography
European Space Agency scientific satellite
view of about 1° × 1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the focal surface, composed of 2688 alternate opaque and transparent bands, with a period
Hipparcos
Graphic file format
The DirectDraw Surface container file format is a Microsoft format for storing data compressed with the previously proprietary S3 Texture Compression
DirectDraw_Surface
Abnormal thickening of skin in the palms or soles
resembling the spines on a music box, involving the entire palmoplantar surfaces. Type 3: Focal acral hyperkeratosis (also known as "Acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides"
Palmoplantar_keratoderma
Finnish astronomer (1891–1971)
mentioned in lecture notes in 1924 with a footnote: "problematic spherical focal surface". Once he saw Schmidt's publication, he promptly went ahead and "solved"
Yrjö_Väisälä
Branch of physics that studies light
characterized by their focal length: a converging lens has positive focal length, while a diverging lens has negative focal length. Smaller focal length indicates
Optics
Photograph of Earth from the Artemis II mission
was taken using a Nikon D5 camera with an 80–400 mm f/4.5-5.6 lens at a focal length of 400 mm, an aperture of f/8, an exposure time of 1/1000 second
Earthset
Swedish camera manufacturer
Cameras with Titanium Focal Plane Shutter 2000 FC (1977–1982, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FC/M (1982–1984, Titanium Focal Plane Shutter) 2000 FCW
Hasselblad
Model of the torso used for fitting clothing
Victorian. Focal Press. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-0240821337. Sobel, Sharon (2013). Draping Period Costumes: Classical Greek to Victorian. Focal Press. pp. 3–4
Dress_form
Optical arrangement with parallel rays
special application is to determine the focal length of a diverging lens: a light source is placed at twice the focal length of a converging lens on one side
Autocollimation
Optical device for recording images
the light-sensitive surface. The curtains or plates have an opening that is pulled across the film plane during exposure. The focal-plane shutter is typically
Camera
Image also containing data on distances of objects from the camera
distances from a nominal focal plane. Surfaces closer to the focal plane are darker; surfaces further from the focal plane are lighter, (both closer to and
Depth_map
Surface for directing light onto a subject
Lighting Softbox Striplight Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Leslie Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia, (Focal Press, 3rd edn.) p. 689 Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
Reflector_(photography)
Fibroma on oral mucosa
and a half centimeters. They are not true neoplasms, but are instead a focal increase in the amount of connective tissue. The histology of the fibromas
Irritation_fibroma
Concept of using the Sun as a large lens
the same direction that skirt the edges of the Sun would converge to a focal point approximately 542 AUs from the Sun. A probe positioned at this distance
Solar_gravitational_lens
Type of lens used in binoculars and astronomic telescopes
the focal length of a system. The object in designing a field flattening lens is to create a lens that shifts the focal points of the Petzval surface to
Field_flattener_lens
Spontaneous internal bleeding within the hand
is a skin condition characterized by spontaneous focal hemorrhage into the palm or the volar surface of a finger, which results in transitory localized
Paroxysmal_hand_hematoma
Organisms on the ocean's surface
including larval fish and invertebrates at or below the ocean surface. Surface slicks are the focal point for numerous trophic and larval connections that are
Ocean_surface_ecosystem
General relativity model near spacetime singularities
a result of time line coordinates crossing over some 2-dimensional "focal surface". As pointed out in, a synchronous reference frame can always be chosen
BKL_singularity
Type of lens attached to a variety of optical devices such as telescopes and microscopes
focal length is also inadvisable since it renders the dust on the field lens disturbingly in focus. The two curved surfaces face inwards. The focal plane
Eyepiece
Plane curve: conic section
just touches the conical surface along a line, which passes through the apex of the cone. As stated above in the lead, the focal length of a parabola is
Parabola
Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism
producing a monolayer, and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells. In ductal plate, focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer, become surrounded by portal mesenchyme
Liver
Observatory in Azerbaijan
D=350 mm, mirror D=490 mm, spotting scope F=1200 mm. The scale on the focal surface of the telescope is 2.86'/mm. The luminous intensity of the telescope
Shamakhy Astrophysical Observatory
Shamakhy_Astrophysical_Observatory
Distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in focus in an image
called the "circle of confusion". The depth of field can be determined by focal length, distance to subject (object to be imaged), the acceptable circle
Depth_of_field
Type of lens
with different optical power and focal length in two orientations perpendicular to each other. One of the lens surfaces is shaped like a "cap" from a torus
Toric_lens
Spreading of a disease inside a body
spread of a malignancy into body cavities can occur via penetrating the surface of the peritoneal (called peritoneal carcinomatosis), pleural, pericardial
Metastasis
In mathematics, and especially affine differential geometry, the affine focal set of a smooth submanifold M embedded in a smooth manifold N is the caustic
Affine_focal_set
Image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface
image or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. The process and
Photograph
Device for making axially symmetric paraboloids
the focal length, ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the rotation speed, and g {\displaystyle g} is the acceleration due to gravity. On the Earth's surface, g
Rotating_furnace
Aim markings in optical devices, e.g. crosshairs
The reticle may be located at the front or rear focal plane (First Focal Plane (FFP) or Second Focal Plane (SFP)) of the telescopic sight. On fixed power
Reticle
parallels are determined by a pair of focal conic sections. The diagram shows a ring cyclide together with its focal conic sections (ellipse: dark red, hyperbola:
Dupin's_theorem
the object is the magnification. The spatial extent of the image surface and the focal length of the lens determines the field of view of the lens. Image
Image_formation
Reflector that has the shape of a paraboloid
reflective surface used to collect or project energy such as light, sound, or radio waves. Its shape is part of a circular paraboloid, that is, the surface generated
Parabolic_reflector
Condition affecting wind instrument players
severe cases. There are a variety of causes for embouchure collapse, mainly focal dystonia or Embouchure Overuse Syndrome; also, the topic of mouthpiece pressure
Embouchure_collapse
Underwater phenomenon due to Snell's Law
is a phenomenon by which an underwater viewer sees everything above the surface through a cone of light of width of about 96 degrees. This phenomenon is
Snell's_window
3D digital image view
image, and lies beyond the back focal plane. Focal plane Picture plane Projection plane Real image "Definition: Focal Plane; Image Plane; Film Plane;
Image_plane
Contractile actin bundles found in non-muscle cells
Ventral stress fibers are associated with focal adhesions at both ends, are located on the ventral surface of the cell, and function in adhesion and contraction
Stress_fiber
Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile
tenders were invited in 1989. This led to the selection of a new Hughes focal plane array imaging array seeker instead of the more conventional design
ASRAAM
Art and practice of creating images by recording light
a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole
Photography
Country in West Asia
reserves, its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. Iran is a threshold state with one of the most scrutinized
Iran
Type of reflecting telescope
refractors had two surfaces that need figuring. Later achromatic refractor objectives had four surfaces that have to be figured). A short focal ratio can be
Newtonian_telescope
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name
Wikipedia
Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria
by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars in food are these bacteria's primary energy source, and
Tooth_decay
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Vocal Sound of Swan
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Deemer.French : habitational name apparently associated with a specific domain; the source is unclear, because of the wide range of local variants.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Vocal cords
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Irish (Westmeath) : probably a local variant of Leavy (see Dunleavy).
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Vocal Cords
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Prestwich, reflecting the old local pronunciation of the place name.
Boy/Male
Tamil
South india local God
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Vocal sound of swan
Hansdhwani | ஹஂஸà¯à®¤à¯à®µà®¾à®¨à¯€Â
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : possibly a local variant of Annis.
Boy/Male
Hindu
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
South India Local God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Nice Vocal Quality
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Possibly a variant of Marston, reflecting a local pronunciation, or a habitational name from Mastin Moor in Derbyshire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : origin uncertain; possibly an altered spelling of Wheelhouse, reflecting a local pronunciation.
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Nice Vocal Qualities
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Heasley. Today the surname is found chiefly in northern Ireland and Scotland, but seems not to have a local source.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; possibly a variant of Meadows (see Meadow), reflecting a local pronunciation.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
A famous saint, Servant of Tulsi (Basil plant (Sanskrit scholar and poet who created Ramcharitmanas, a version of Valmiki Ramayana in local Avadhi language)
Tulsidas | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®¾à®¸Â
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland and Durham)
English (Northumberland and Durham) : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Scottish Wanders, which Black tentatively derives from a Scottish local pronunciation of Guinevere, name of King Arthur’s queen, who according to local Angus legend was buried in the parish of Alyth.
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Youthful; Resourceful
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Móráin ‘descendant of Mórán’, a personal name meaning ‘great’, ‘large’; the stress is normally on the first syllable.English : variant of Morant, normally pronounced with the stress on the second syllable.Spanish (Morán) : habitational name from places called Morán in Asturies, Galicia (Pontevedra) and Aragon (Zaragoza).
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Beutiful
Boy/Male
Muslim
Stars
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for a miller, who lived ‘at the mill house’ (Middle English mille + hus; compare Mullis), or possibly a habitational name from any of various places so named.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Noble sort
Boy/Male
Tamil
Desired
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Fair Rose
Boy/Male
Arabic Muslim Biblical Hebrew
Peace.
Boy/Male
Native American
Little robe.
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
FOCAL SURFACE
a.
Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, // 199-202.
n.
A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal.
a.
See Fecal.
a.
Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.
n.
On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published.
n.
A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district.
imp. & p. p.
of Foal
n.
A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.
a.
Of or pertaining to the voice or speech; having voice; endowed with utterance; full of voice, or voices.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel; having the character of a vowel; vowel.
n.
A man who has a right to vote in certain elections.
n.
A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.
a.
relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordeure; faecal.
v.i.
To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind.
a.
Not vocal; destitute of tone.
a.
Of or pertaining to a vowel or voice sound; also, /poken with tone, intonation, and resonance; sonant; sonorous; -- said of certain articulate sounds.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Foal
a.
Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.
n.
Vocal expression; articulation; speech.
a.
Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer.