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Economic model which weighs rewards based on when they are received
In economics, a discount function is used in economic models to describe the weights placed on rewards received at different points in time. For example
Discount_function
Discount function in which future returns are weighted exponentially
In economics, exponential discounting is a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty)
Exponential_discounting
Difference in valuation of a payoff when receiving it earlier versus later
Time preferences are captured mathematically in the discount function. The main models of discounting include exponential, hyperbolic, and quasi hyperbolic
Time_preference
Economics concept
In economics, hyperbolic discounting is a time-inconsistent model of delay discounting. It is one of the cornerstones of behavioral economics and its
Hyperbolic_discounting
Reductions applied to the basic sale price of goods or services
channel members to perform a function, or to otherwise reward behaviors that benefit the discount issuer. Some discounts and allowances are forms of sales
Discounts_and_allowances
Topics referred to by the same term
decrease at a rate proportional to value Exponential discounting, a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time Exponential
Exponential
interest-accumulation protocols, the accumulation function is as follows (with i denoting the interest rate and d denoting the discount rate): simple interest: a ( t )
Accumulation_function
Study of how people choose between payoffs at different times
modelling Decision theory Discount function Discounted utility Intertemporal budget constraint Keynes–Ramsey rule Temporal discounting Fuller, Edward W.; Young
Intertemporal_choice
Utility of a future event as perceived now versus when it occurs
occurring at future time t under utility function u, discounted back to the present (time 0) using discount factor β, is β t u ( x t ) . {\displaystyle
Discounted_utility
Method of valuing a project, company, or asset
The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, in financial analysis, is a method used to value a security, project, company, or asset, that incorporates the
Discounted_cash_flow
Retail establishment
included. Customers generally check out near the front of the store in discount department stores, while high-end traditional department stores include
Department_store
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
with a discount factor only slightly lower than 1, Q-function learning leads to propagation of errors and instabilities when the value function is approximated
Q-learning
Measure of ranking quality
Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality in information retrieval. It is often normalized so that it is comparable across queries
Discounted_cumulative_gain
Type of financial market providing short-term funds
traders through bills of exchange, which are discounted by the bill market. The acceptance houses and discount markets help in financing foreign trade. The
Money_market
Mathematical relation assigning a probability event to a cost
optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one
Loss_function
American academic
are decision-making and intertemporal choice, time preferences and discount functions, and has authored papers with, among others, George Loewenstein of
Shane_Frederick
Rate used for discounting future benefits or costs to society
Social discount rate (SDR) is the discount rate used in computing the value of funds spent on social projects. Discount rates are used to put a present
Social_discount_rate
Nigerian banking services company
FBNQuest. As with all discount houses, trade in governments bonds and treasury bills are the primary business functions. The Discount Houses sub-sector of
FBNQuest_Merchant_Bank
Field of machine learning
this are value function estimation and direct policy search. Value function approaches attempt to find a policy that maximizes the discounted return by maintaining
Reinforcement_learning
Better to receive money now than later
generalized to discount rates that vary over time: instead of a constant discount rate r, one uses a function of time r(t). In that case, the discount factor
Time_value_of_money
Document, paper or electronic, to provide a discount on goods or services
a coupon is a ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product. Customarily, coupons are issued by
Coupon
Concept in financial economics
The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance. The name derives from the price of an asset
Stochastic_discount_factor
Estimation method of company valuation
Valuation using discounted cash flows (DCF valuation) is a method of estimating the current value of a company based on projected future cash flows adjusted
Valuation using discounted cash flows
Valuation_using_discounted_cash_flows
German railway loyalty program
BahnCard (German Bahn – Rail) is a discount subscription programme offered by Deutsche Bahn (DB), the German national railway company. Unlike airline loyalty
BahnCard
Topics referred to by the same term
transition function of a stochastic process Transition kernel, a generalization of a stochastic kernel Pricing kernel, the stochastic discount factor used
Kernel
Professional who buys and sells shares for others
often calculated as a fixed percentage of asset under management (AUM). Discount brokers are platforms that offer cost-efficient trading in stocks and exchange-traded
Stockbroker
Valuation in finance
always be correct based on the cash flow that is being discounted. The second item is that the function will assume the item in the first position of the array
Net_present_value
Mathematical model for sequential decision making under uncertainty
\pi } that will maximize some cumulative function of the random rewards, typically the expected discounted sum over a potentially infinite horizon: E
Markov_decision_process
Mechanism for central bank lending to eligible depository institutions
The discount window is an instrument of monetary policy (usually controlled by central banks) that allows eligible institutions to borrow money from the
Discount_window
American retail company
departments. The format was a response to the 1962 emergence of big box discount retailers including Woolworth's Woolco, Kresge's Kmart, and the Waltons'
Kroger
Machine learning algorithm
only the most recent information. The discount factor determines the importance of future rewards. A discount factor of 0 makes the agent "opportunistic"
State–action–reward–state–action
State–action–reward–state–action
Set-to-real map with diminishing returns
submodular functions naturally model costs of items, since there is often a larger discount, with an increase in the items one buys. Submodular functions model
Submodular_set_function
American multinational retail corporation operating department stores
corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets (also called supercenters), discount department stores, grocery stores, pharmacies, and gas stations in the
Walmart
Business arrangement of rewards and penalties
customer according to their individual claim history. Bonus usually is a discount in the premium which is given on the renewal of the policy if no claim
Bonus–malus
Control flow statement that branches according to a Boolean expression
are skipped. if discount < 11% then print "You have to pay $30." else if discount < 21% then print "You have to pay $20." else if discount < 31% then print
Conditional (computer programming)
Conditional_(computer_programming)
Production scheduling model
is straightforward, factors such as transportation rates and quantity discounts factor into its real-world application. The required parameters to the
Economic_order_quantity
Model for coordination and decision-making among multiple agents
o)=P(o\mid s',a)} , and γ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle \gamma \in [0,1]} is the discount factor. At each time step, each agent takes an action a i ∈ A i {\displaystyle
Decentralized partially observable Markov decision process
Decentralized_partially_observable_Markov_decision_process
Financial transaction and a type of debtor finance
accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount. A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its immediate
Factoring_(finance)
Assorted selection of merchandise
clothing, tools and optical discs, which have been discounted in price. Reasons for the discount can range from the closure of a production company to
Bargain_bin
Monetary damage caused by greenhouse gases
sensitive to a small number of assumptions, especially the discount rate, the climate damage function, and the climate sensitivity parameter. Philosophical
Social_cost_of_carbon
Necessary condition for optimality associated with dynamic programming
an instantaneous utility function u ( c ) {\displaystyle u(c)} where c {\displaystyle c} denotes consumption and discounts the next period utility at
Bellman_equation
the finite action space A {\displaystyle A} , the reward function r {\displaystyle r} , discount factor γ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle \gamma \in [0,1)}
Automatic basis function construction
Automatic_basis_function_construction
American billionaire and businessman
Corporation, he pioneered discount sales of equity securities starting in 1975. His company became by far the largest discount securities dealer in the
Charles_R._Schwab
Central banking system of the US
Used to maintain an ample supply of reserves. Discount window The Fed's lending to banks at the discount rate. Helps put a ceiling on the FFR. The Federal
Federal_Reserve
Type of medieval banking
Lombard lending: one bank sells marketable securities to another (at a discount), with an agreement to repurchase the securities (typically at par) in
Lombard_banking
size in exchange for discounts. Many different companies have used this concept to build business plans. Warehouse clubs function in a similar way by offering
Collective_buying_power
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm
output. The advantage function can be defined as A = Q − V {\displaystyle A=Q-V} , where Q {\displaystyle Q} is the discounted sum of rewards (the total
Proximal_policy_optimization
American discount department store chain
Gold Circle was a discount department store chain based in Ohio. Founded in 1967, it was a division of Federated Department Stores with 76 stores when
Gold_Circle
Theory in actuarial science and applied probability
insurer's surplus through the expected discounted penalty function, which is commonly referred to as Gerber-Shiu function in the ruin literature and named after
Ruin_theory
Fourth generation programming language
amount DECIMAL(10,2) DEFINE discount DECIMAL(10,2) LET amount = 150.00 -- Calling the function LET discount = calculate_discount(amount) DISPLAY "Amount:"
Informix-4GL
Evolutionary algorithm
← ( 1 − c c ) ⏟ discount factor p c + 1 [ 0 , α n ] ( ‖ p σ ‖ ) ⏟ indicator function 1 − ( 1 − c c ) 2 ⏞ complements for discounted variance μ w m k
CMA-ES
certainty. Variable rate loans, by contrast, are anchored to the prevailing discount rate. A fixed interest rate is a specific, fixed interest tied to a loan
Fixed_interest_rate_loan
Mapping involving integration between function spaces
maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might
Integral_transform
reaction function describes how a central bank systematically adjusts its policy instruments in response to changes in economic conditions. This function provides
Monetary policy reaction function
Monetary_policy_reaction_function
Australian multinational retail company
well as the smaller Woolworths Metro chain. The group operates the Big W discount department store chain in Australia. In New Zealand, the group operates
Woolworths_Group_(Australia)
Topics referred to by the same term
call signs in the United Kingdom 'g', the growth rate, in the dividend discount model approach to financial valuation Dominical letter G for a common year
G_(disambiguation)
Exchange rate of a currency on a future date
the parity condition implies that the forward rate includes a premium or discount reflecting the interest rate differential. Forward exchange rates have
Forward_exchange_rate
Difference between the cost and the selling price of a good or service
above and incorporates the ability of discount pricing. For instance cost of an item is 75.00 with 25% markup discount. 75.00/(1 − .25) = 75.00/.75 = 100
Markup_(business)
Valuing firms by changes in book value excluding shareholder transactions
primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches). The secondary use is to estimate the cost
Clean_surplus_accounting
Determination of the economic value of a business
are considered before marketability discounts are applied. The first discount that must be considered is the discount for lack of control, which in this
Business_valuation
Australian discount department store chain owned by Wesfarmers
Limited (/ˈkeɪmɑːrt/ KAY-mart), trading as Kmart, is an Australian chain of discount department stores owned by the Kmart Group division of Wesfarmers. Kmart
Kmart_Australia
Financial institution that accepts deposits and provides loans
advances of various forms, Such as [overdraft] facility, cash credit, bill discounting, money call, etc. They also give demand and term loans to all types of
Commercial_bank
Series of payments made at equal intervals
usually expressed as a present value or future value, calculated by discounting or accumulating the payments at a specified interest rate. Annuities
Annuity
Savings resulting from amortization
factor (or TAB factor) is the result of a mathematical function of a corporate tax rate, a discount rate and a tax amortization period: T A B f a c t o r
Tax_amortization_benefit
Method of calculating an investment's rate of return
NPV is a quadratic function of 1/(1 + r), where r is the rate of return, or put differently, a quadratic function of the discount rate r/(1 + r); the
Internal_rate_of_return
American retail corporation
S. Target Corporation is an American retail chain that operates large discount stores. In 1962, John Geisse and Douglas Dayton founded and launched Target
Target_Corporation
Psychological phenomenon
consequences tend to show lower levels of bedtime procrastination. Temporal discounting is the tendency to favour immediate rewards over delayed benefits. At
Bedtime_procrastination
American multinational technology company
are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts, there are limited or no paths of career advancement. On March 16, 2020
Apple_Inc.
most of these methods fall into three categories: direct capitalization, discounted cash flow, and gross income multiplier. This is simply the quotient of
Income_approach
Computer programming concept
rewards ( R t ) t ∈ N {\displaystyle (R_{t})_{t\in \mathbb {N} }} and discount rate γ {\displaystyle \gamma } under the policy π {\displaystyle \pi }
Temporal_difference_learning
Current worth of a future sum discounted to today
In economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value (PDV), is the value of an expected income stream determined as of
Present_value
Skyscrpaer in Bat Yam, Israel
Tower. The first 5 floors of the building are allocated to the commercial function on the first floor with the next four levels serving as a boutique hotel
Eden_Tower
Systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
that of discounting the wellbeing of future generations by means of the social rate of discount....The green critique of social discounting is easily
Cost–benefit_analysis
Data item stored in a browser by a website
services in an effort to accurately measure real human web traffic and discount various forms of click fraud. With the assistance of client-side scripting
HTTP_cookie
extending the export bounties on corn and flour to the said city, and discounting all inland, canal and coast bounties thereto. (Repealed by Statute Law
List of acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1791–1800
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Ireland,_1791–1800
Retail concept
area for children's furniture and home decor, or a "Macy's Backstage" discount store-in-store within a Macy's department store. Complementary products:
Store-within-a-store
perpetuities method (SPM) is a way of valuing a business assuming that investors discount the future earnings of a firm regardless of whether earnings are paid as
Sum_of_perpetuities_method
Finance model linking expected return to systematic risk
asset-appropriate required return or discount rate—the rate at which future cash flows produced by the asset should be discounted given that asset's relative riskiness
Capital_asset_pricing_model
Reinforcement learning algorithms
_{t=0}^{T}\gamma ^{t}r_{t}\right]} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the discount factor, r t {\displaystyle r_{t}} is the reward at step t {\displaystyle
Actor-critic_algorithm
Compounding sum paid for the use of money
the annual effective interest rate, but more than the annual effective discount rate. It is the reciprocal of the e-folding time. A way of modeling the
Compound_interest
Topics referred to by the same term
Internet Protocol (IP) network 0-coupon bond, or Zero-coupon bond, a type of discount bond 0 copula, or Zero copula, a linguistic phenomenon where a subject
0C
Video-focused social media platform
NBC News reported that surgeons were giving influencers on the platform discounted or free cosmetic surgeries in order to advertise the procedures to their
TikTok
Phenomenon in microeconomics
items end up as closeout items in discount stores or online retailers where they may be offered at deep discounts from original price, bringing into
Snob_effect
2026 video game
わくわく生活」も引換可能" [The "Nintendo Catalog Ticket - Buy 2 for a Discount" sale ends today at 23:59. Tomodachi Collection: Exciting Life is also
Tomodachi Life: Living the Dream
Tomodachi_Life:_Living_the_Dream
2012 Microsoft operating system version
of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for a retail box; afterward the Windows
Windows_8
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial
Wikipedia
Topics referred to by the same term
also nicknamed "The W" World Balance, a shoe company Big W, an Australian discount department store, and subsidiary of Woolworths Group Watt (W), the SI derived
W_(disambiguation)
American multinational technology conglomerate
the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon. Companies like Groupon, eBay and
Amazon_(company)
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
67 per cent in owner-occupiers from 1979 to 1990. The houses were sold at a discount of 33–55 per cent, leading to large profits for some new owners. Personal
Margaret_Thatcher
Federal investigation in the United States
payments received from banks on loans procured through the Federal Reserve's discount window, and from other fees the Federal Reserve charges banks for other
Federal investigation into Jerome Powell
Federal_investigation_into_Jerome_Powell
2021–2025 U.S. presidential administration
Alltucker, Ken. "Biden administration says Medicare negotiated price discounts on 10 prescription drugs". USA Today. Archived from the original on August
Presidency_of_Joe_Biden
Economic theory
the percentage change in net-price per unit of time should equal the discount rate in order to maximise the present value of the resource capital over
Hotelling's_rule
Public holiday in Italy
setting up of the "People's Trains of Ferragosto", which were available at discounted prices. The initiative gave the opportunity to less well-off social classes
Ferragosto
American multinational technology company
to focus singularly on rasterization performance, and you have largely discounted all of the other technologies we offer gamers. It is very clear from your
Nvidia
Global intergovernmental organization
approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest
United_Nations
British statesman and writer (1874–1965)
he had an affair in the 1930s with Doris Castlerosse, although this is discounted by Andrew Roberts. The Churchills' first child, Diana, was born in July
Winston_Churchill
Mathematical theorem regarding operators
utility function, ∑ t = 0 ∞ β t c t 1 − σ 1 − σ {\displaystyle \sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\beta ^{t}{\frac {c_{t}^{1-\sigma }}{1-\sigma }}} , with discounting factor
Blackwell's contraction mapping theorem
Blackwell's_contraction_mapping_theorem
Country in Central Europe
terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). Swiss French, while generally close to the French
Switzerland
than 100 million members from sister clubs to access discounts within this worldwide "discount" web. ARC Europe Show your Card! partners include companies
ARC_Europe
Chris (2025-04-22). "The Detroit News Subscription Offers, Specials, and Discounts". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2025-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated
Glossary_of_baseball_terms
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
Male
Egyptian
, the son of the functionary Heknofre.
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian functionary.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a dresser of cloth, Old English fullere (from Latin fullo, with the addition of the English agent suffix). The Middle English successor of this word had also been reinforced by Old French fouleor, foleur, of similar origin. The work of the fuller was to scour and thicken the raw cloth by beating and trampling it in water. This surname is found mostly in southeast England and East Anglia. See also Tucker and Walker.In a few cases the name may be of German origin with the same form and meaning as 1 (from Latin fullare).Americanized version of French Fournier.Samuel Fuller (1589–1633), born in Redenhall, Norfolk, England, was among the Pilgrim Fathers who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a deacon of the church and until his death functioned as Plymouth Colony’s physician.
Biblical
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Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by the gates of a medieval walled town. The Middle English singular gate is from the Old English plural, gatu, of geat ‘gate’ (see Yates). Since medieval gates were normally arranged in pairs, fastened in the center, the Old English plural came to function as a singular, and a new Middle English plural ending in -s was formed. In some cases the name may refer specifically to the Sussex place Eastergate (i.e. ‘eastern gate’), known also as Gates in the 13th and 14th centuries, when surnames were being acquired.Americanized spelling of German Götz (see Goetz).Translated form of French Barrière (see Barriere).In New England, Gates was the preferred English version of the name of an extensive French family, called Barrière dit Langevin.
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian functionary.
Male
Celtic
, great justiciary, or functionary.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from the animal, Middle English catte ‘cat’. The word is found in similar forms in most European languages from very early times (e.g. Gaelic cath, Slavic kotu). Domestic cats were unknown in Europe in classical times, when weasels fulfilled many of their functions, for example in hunting rodents. They seem to have come from Egypt, where they were regarded as sacred animals.English : from a medieval female personal name, a short form of Catherine.Variant spelling of German and Dutch Katt.
Male
Egyptian
, a high Egyptian functionary.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Kent and Sussex)
English (chiefly Kent and Sussex) : occupational name for a designer or engineer, from a Middle English reduced form of Old French engineor ‘contriver’ (a derivative of engaigne ‘cunning’, ‘ingenuity’, ‘stratagem’, ‘device’). Engineers in the Middle Ages were primarily designers and builders of military machines, although in peacetime they might turn their hands to architecture and other more pacific functions.German : from the Latin personal name Januarius (see January 1). Jänner is a South German word for ‘January’, and so it is possible that this is one of the surnames acquired from words denoting months of the year, for example by converts who had been baptized in that month, people who were born or baptized in that month, or people whose taxes were due in January.
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Indian, Japanese
Mysterious Function
Male
Egyptian
, a great functionary.
Male
Egyptian
, Functionary of the Interior.
Surname or Lastname
Southern French and German
Southern French and German : from Occitan astor ‘goshawk’ (from Latin acceptor, variant of accipiter ‘hawk’), used as a nickname characterizing a predacious or otherwise hawklike man. The name was taken to southwestern Germany by 17th-century Waldensian refugees from their Alpine valleys above Italian Piedmont.English : variant spelling of Aster.Astor is the name of a famous American family of industrialists and newspaper owners. John Jacob Astor I (1763–1848) was born at Walldorf near Heidelberg, Germany, the son of a butcher. He followed his brother Henry to New York and made a fortune in the fur trade, which was greatly increased by his descendants in industry, hotels, and newspapers. They built the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York. The great-grandson of John Jacob I, William Waldorf Astor (1848–1919), moved to England in 1890, becoming an influential newspaper proprietor and taking British citizenship in 1899. In 1917 he was created Viscount Astor of Hever. His son, the 2nd Viscount (1879–1952), married Nancy Shaw (née Langhorne) (1879–1964), daughter of a VA planter. She became the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons as a member of Parliament.
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Creepering Plant
Female
Ukrainian
, God's gift.
Girl/Female
British, English, German
Intelligent
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Riverbank; Surnames Derived from Place Name Deverel
Boy/Male
Italian American
God has shown favor.' See also Jovan.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Greek, Scandinavian
Dweller at the Hall Meadow; The Sea; Heroine
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
The Sole Lord; The Supreme Being
Girl/Female
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Revell.French : habitational name from any of the places so named, for example in Isère and Haute-Garonne.French and southern French : nickname from Old French, Occitan reveau ‘rebel’.
Girl/Female
Indian
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
DISCOUNT FUNCTION
n.
One who discounts; a discount broker.
imp. & p. p.
of Dismount
v.
To deduct from an account, debt, charge, and the like; to make an abatement of; as, merchants sometimes discount five or six per cent for prompt payment of bills.
v.
To lend money upon, deducting the discount or allowance for interest; as, the banks discount notes and bills of exchange.
n.
The wife of a viscount.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Dismount
n.
See Viscount.
v. t.
To separate at junctures or joints; to break where parts are united; to break in pieces; as, disjointed columns; to disjoint and edifice.
v. t.
An exorbitant discount on a note.
v. t.
To dismount.
v. i.
To lend, or make a practice of lending, money, abating the discount; as, the discount for sixty or ninety days.
v. i.
Same as Discoast.
v. t.
To disjoint.
v. i.
To dismount.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Discount
v. t.
To discount. See Discount.
imp. & p. p.
of Discount
v. t.
To separate the joints of; to separate, as parts united by joints; to put out of joint; to force out of its socket; to dislocate; as, to disjoint limbs; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving.
n.
The quality, rank, or office of a viscount.