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Simplifying data to facilitate analysis
The purpose of data reduction can be two-fold: reduce the number of data records by eliminating invalid data or produce summary data and statistics at
Data_reduction
Non-parametric classification method
boundary complexity. Data reduction is one of the most important problems for work with huge data sets. Usually, only some of the data points are needed
K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm
Unit of information
Dark data Data (computer science) Data acquisition Data analysis Data bank Data cable Data curation Data domain Data element Data farming Data governance
Data
Data values of standard electrode potential
The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at: Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C;
Standard electrode potential (data page)
Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)
Method for analysing qualitative data
as both data reduction and data complication. Data complication can be described as going beyond the data and asking questions about the data to generate
Thematic_analysis
Process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration
Dimensionality reduction, or dimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the
Dimensionality_reduction
Type of data compression
opposed to lossless data compression (reversible data compression) which does not degrade the data. The amount of data reduction possible using lossy
Lossy_compression
Gathering information for analysis
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables
Data_collection
marketing scientist. For over half a century, he made contributions to data reduction/analysis and presentation, and to understanding buyer behaviour and
Andrew_S._C._Ehrenberg
Topics referred to by the same term
in A? Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression method Data reduction, simplifying data in order to facilitate analysis Graph reduction, an efficient version
Reduction
American inventor and businessman
from his early developments of graphical-numerical computing devices, data-reduction tools, and plotters. He was awarded America's National Medal of Technology
Joseph_Gerber
Compact encoding of digital data
In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original
Data_compression
Measure of the asymmetry of random variables
of a typical center of the data. A right-skewed distribution usually appears as a left-leaning curve. Skewness in a data series may sometimes be observed
Skewness
Projection of data onto lower-dimensional manifolds
dimensionality reduction (NLDR), also known as manifold learning, is any of various related techniques that aim to project high-dimensional data, potentially
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Nonlinear_dimensionality_reduction
Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables
which data can be sorted but still does not allow for a relative degree of difference between them. Examples include, on one hand, dichotomous data with
Level_of_measurement
Study of collection and analysis of data
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it
Statistics
Approach of analyzing data sets in statistics
the "seven positions"). Andrew Ehrenberg articulated a philosophy of data reduction (see his book of the same name). The Open University course Statistics
Exploratory_data_analysis
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
for data analysis across a wide range of fields. In the natural sciences, techniques such as hierarchical clustering, k-means,dimensionality reduction, principal
Cluster_analysis
Concept in inferential statistics
{\displaystyle p\leq \alpha } . The significance level for a study is chosen before data collection, and is typically set to 5% or much lower—depending on the field
Statistical_significance
Class of statistical survival models
any consideration of the full hazard function. This approach to survival data is called application of the Cox proportional hazards model, sometimes abbreviated
Proportional_hazards_model
Apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
allows surveys of completely random groups of people to provide realistic data that is reflective of the population. Common methods of doing this include
Randomness
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of simpler or more
Reductionism
Process of using data analysis for predicting population data from sample data
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis
Statistical_inference
Statistical concept
statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence
Missing_data
Selection of data points in statistics
population. Sampling has lower costs and faster data collection compared to a census recording data from the entire population (in many cases, collecting
Sampling_(statistics)
Algorithmically generated data that have a similar distribution as sampled data
Synthetic data are artificially generated data not produced by real-world events. Typically created using algorithms, synthetic data can be deployed to
Synthetic_data
Class of statistical models
changes. As an example, suppose a linear prediction model learns from some data (perhaps primarily drawn from large beaches) that a 10 degree temperature
Generalized_linear_model
Organized raw data that has not been otherwise processed or transformed
Grouped data are data formed by aggregating individual observations of a variable into groups, so that a frequency distribution of these groups serves
Grouped_data
Collection of statistical models
analysis of experimental data or the development of models. The method has some advantages over correlation: not all of the data must be numeric and one
Analysis_of_variance
Measure of statistical dispersion
(IQR) is a measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data. The IQR may also be called the midspread, middle 50%, fourth spread, or
Interquartile_range
Type of statistics
aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent. This generally means
Descriptive_statistics
Statistical relationship
type of statistical relationship between two random variables or bivariate data. It usually refers to the extent to which a pair of quantities are linearly
Correlation
Velocity of an object as the rate of distance change between the object and a point
relative to the telescope's motion. So an important first step of the data reduction is to remove the contributions of the Earth's elliptic motion around
Radial_velocity
Statistical modeling method
predictor functions whose unknown model parameters are estimated from the data. Most commonly, the conditional mean of the response given the values of
Linear_regression
Nonparametric measure of rank correlation
are correlated. It could be used in a situation where one only has ranked data, such as a tally of gold, silver, and bronze medals. If a statistician wanted
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Spearman's_rank_correlation_coefficient
Method of data analysis
linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing. The data are linearly transformed
Principal_component_analysis
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable
important role in data analysis and has wide application in Omics fields. Multivariate hypothesis testing Dimensionality reduction Latent structure discovery
Multivariate_statistics
Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution
the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution. For a data set, it may be thought of as the "middle"
Median
Software collection for astronomical data reduction and data analysis
Observatory (NOAO) geared towards the reduction of astronomical images and spectra in pixel array form. This is primarily data taken from imaging array detectors
IRAF
Measure of variation in statistics
standard deviation of a random variable, sample, statistical population, data set or probability distribution is the square root of its variance (the variance
Standard_deviation
Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
some observed data. This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that, under the assumed statistical model, the observed data is most probable
Maximum_likelihood_estimation
Approximation method in statistics
procedure for fitting linear equations to data and Legendre demonstrates the new method by analyzing the same data as Laplace for the shape of the Earth.
Least_squares
Data combined from several measurements
data are applied in statistics, data warehouses, and in economics. There is a distinction between aggregate data and individual data. Aggregate data refers
Aggregate_data
Measure of linear correlation
correlation coefficient that measures linear correlation between two sets of data. It is the ratio between the covariance of two variables and the product
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion. For example, the method of
Regression_analysis
Method of statistical inference
hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis. A statistical
Statistical_hypothesis_test
Method of plotting numeric data
probability density of the data at different values, usually smoothed by a kernel density estimator. A violin plot will include all the data that is in a box plot:
Violin_plot
Compilation of information about a given population
disseminating data on the structure of agriculture, covering the whole or a significant part of a country." "In a census of agriculture, data are collected
Census
Data visualization
demonstrating graphically the locality, spread and skewness groups of numerical data through their quartiles. In addition to the box on a box plot, there can
Box_plot
Experiment methodology
quasi-experimental or other non-experimental situations—commonplace with survey data, offline data, and other, more complex phenomena. "A/B testing" is a shorthand for
A/B_testing
Bias in causal inference
more other (observed or unobserved) characteristics (e.g., gender). A reduction in the potential for the occurrence and effect of confounding factors
Confounding
Relative measure of dispersion expressed as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean
the population. The coefficient of variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio scale) and hence allow
Coefficient_of_variation
How many standard deviations apart from the mean an observed datum is
deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured
Standard_score
Statistical hypothesis test
the data hold. F-tests are frequently used to compare different statistical models and find the one that best describes the population the data came
F-test
Branch of statistics
uses the Acute Myelogenous Leukemia survival data set "aml" from the "survival" package in R. The data set is from Miller (1997) and the question is
Survival_analysis
Type of statistical measure over subsets of a dataset
mean) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different selections of the full data set. Variations include: simple
Moving_average
Generates a forecast of future values of a time series
moving average (EMA) is a rule of thumb technique for smoothing time series data using the exponential window function. Whereas in the simple moving average
Exponential_smoothing
Statistical measure of variability
quantitative data. For a univariate data set X1, X2, ..., Xn, the MAD is defined as the median of the absolute deviations from the data's median, MAD =
Median_absolute_deviation
Type of chart
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that
Bar_chart
Data missing or collected but not analysed
Dark data is data which is acquired through various computer network operations but not used in any manner to derive insights or for decision making. The
Dark_data
Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data
histogram is a visual representation of the distribution of quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket") the range
Histogram
Statistical property
of population variance. Thus, regression analysis using heteroscedastic data will still provide an unbiased estimate for the relationship between the
Homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity
Homoscedasticity_and_heteroscedasticity
Numeric quantity representing the center of a collection of numbers
attempts to summarize or typify a given group of data, illustrating the magnitude and sign of the data set. Which of these measures is most illuminating
Mean
Type of chart
A radar chart is a graphical method of displaying multivariate data in the form of a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented
Radar_chart
Measurement of the power of a data compression algorithm
Data compression ratio, also known as compression power, is a measurement of the relative reduction in size of data representation produced by a data
Data_compression_ratio
Type of average of a collection of numbers
observed data is equal to the sum of the numerical values of each observation, divided by the total number of observations. Symbolically, for a data set consisting
Arithmetic_mean
Type of statistics
Portnoy (1992). Farcomeni, A.; Greco, L. (2013), Robust methods for data reduction, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4665-9062-5. Hampel
Robust_statistics
Estimator for quality of a statistical model
relative quality of statistical models for a given set of data. Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model, relative
Akaike_information_criterion
Subset of artificial intelligence
aids in data reduction by replacing groups of data points with their centroids, thereby preserving the core information of the original data while significantly
Machine_learning
Sequence of data points over time
In mathematics, a time series is a sequence of data points indexed, listed, or graphed in chronological order. Most commonly, a time series consists of
Time_series
Circular statistical graph of proportionality
such as the size of different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts. Some research has shown pie charts perform well
Pie_chart
Statistical interpretation with many tests
error alone. Suppose we consider the efficacy of a drug in terms of the reduction of any one of a number of disease symptoms. As more symptoms are considered
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Position that there is no relationship between two phenomena
described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally
Null_hypothesis
Statistical method
estimator by resampling (often with replacement) one's data or a model which is estimated from the data. Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy (bias,
Bootstrapping_(statistics)
Statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from measured data
generating informative data for fitting such models as well as model reduction. A common approach is to start from measurements of the behavior of the
System_identification
Geophysics of first tens of meters below surface
geophysics projects typically have the following elements: data acquisition, data reduction, data processing, modeling, and geological interpretation. This
Near-surface_geophysics
Plot using the dispersal of scattered dots to show the relationship between variables
two variables for a set of data. If the points are coded (color/shape/size), one additional variable can be displayed. The data are displayed as a collection
Scatter_plot
Process of removing noise from a signal
Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort
Noise_reduction
Statistical model validation technique
mean-centering, rescaling, dimensionality reduction, outlier removal or any other data-dependent preprocessing using the entire data set. While very common in practice
Cross-validation_(statistics)
Family of statistical methods based on sampling of available data
resampling the original data assuming the null hypothesis. Based on the resampled data it can be concluded how likely the original data is to occur under the
Resampling_(statistics)
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
size (more data tends to provide more power), and the effect size (effects or correlations that are large relative to the variability of the data tend to
Power_(statistics)
Enterprise storage platform
is primarily designed for applications that benefit from its data reduction and copy data management capabilities. It also targets organizations with large
Dell_EMC_XtremIO
Statistical phenomenon
This policy was justified by a perception that there is a corresponding reduction in serious road traffic accidents after a camera is set up. However, statisticians
Regression_toward_the_mean
Model for generating observable data in probability and statistics
it describes a full data-generating process, a generative model can be used to draw new samples that resemble the observed data, a process often referred
Generative_model
Comparison of two distributions
used to compare collections of data, or theoretical distributions. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a non-parametric
Q–Q_plot
Statistical value representing the center or average of a distribution
judge whether data has a strong or a weak central tendency based on its dispersion. The following may be applied to one-dimensional data. Depending on
Central_tendency
Number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary
statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate
Degrees of freedom (statistics)
Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)
European Space Agency scientific satellite
it then becomes connected to many other parts of the sky. The final data reduction can then use these myriad distant sky connections to deduce a single
Hipparcos
Two different methods for presenting tabular data
different presentations for tabular data. The terms used vary by community and software: Wide and long: Common in modern data science and time-series analysis
Wide_and_narrow_data
Study of survey methods
of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving
Survey_methodology
Variable capable of taking on a limited number of possible values
data is the statistical data type consisting of categorical variables or of data that has been converted into that form, for example as grouped data.
Categorical_variable
Facility used to house computer servers
energy savings, reduction in staffing costs, and the ability to locate the site further from population centers, implementing a lights-out data center also
Data_center
Function related to statistics and probability theory
how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model.
Likelihood_function
Statistic quantifying the association between two events
quantify associations are the relative risk (RR) and the absolute risk reduction (ARR). Often, the parameter of greatest interest is actually the RR, which
Odds_ratio
Statistical property quantifying how much a collection of data is spread out
when the variance of data in a set is large, the data is widely scattered. On the other hand, when the variance is small, the data in the set is clustered
Statistical_dispersion
Method used in statistics, pattern recognition, and other fields
reduction, as in PCA. The eigenvectors corresponding to the smaller eigenvalues will tend to be very sensitive to the exact choice of training data,
Linear_discriminant_analysis
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
precede or accompany structural estimates. Viewing factor analysis as a data-reduction technique deemphasizes testing, which contrasts with path analytic appreciation
Structural_equation_modeling
Sampling from a population which can be partitioned into subpopulations
computational statistics, stratified sampling is a method of variance reduction when Monte Carlo methods are used to estimate population statistics from
Stratified_sampling
Class of statistical tests
determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set to be normally
Normality_test
Statistics published by government agencies
research community with a continuing flow of information (...). This bulk of data is usually called official statistics. Official statistics should be objective
Official_statistics
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
Male
Irish
 From Irish Gaelic Mac Dara, DARA means "son of oak." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Russian
 Short form of Russian Yekaterina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Female
English
 English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(लता) Hindi name derived from a plant name, from the Sanskrit word lata, LATA means "creeper," in reference to a creeping plant.
Female
Hebrew
(×“Ö¼Ö¸× Ö¸×”) Feminine form of Hebrew Dan, DANA means "judge." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Male
Iranian/Persian
 Short form of Persian Dârayavahush, DARA means "possesses a lot, wealthy." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Male
Turkish
Turkish name ATA means "ancestor."
Female
Finnish
Variant form of Finnish Aada, AATA means "noble."
Male
English
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark."
Female
English
 Middle English name DARA means "brave, daring." Compare with another form of Dara.
Female
Hebrew
(דִּיתָה) Pet form of Hebrew Yehuwdiyth, DITA means "Jewess" or "praised." Compare with another form of Dita.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Dathan, DATAN means "belonging to a fountain."
Female
Finnish
 Short form of Finnish Katariina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Female
Polish
 Variant spelling of Polish Dyta, DITA means "rich battle." Compare with another form of Dita.
Female
Slavic
 Short form of Slavic Bogdana, DANA means "gift from God." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
Hungarian
 Short form of Hungarian Katalin, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Girl/Female
Hindu
A creeper
Male
Hebrew
(דֶּרַע) Hebrew name DARA means "the arm." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Zerah. Compare with other forms of Dara.
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name MAC DARA means "son of oak." This is the name of a patron saint and is still common in Ireland, especially in Connemara.
Female
Polish
Short form of Polish Edyta, DYTA means "rich battle."
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Upper Forest
Girl/Female
Muslim
Filly, A female pony
Girl/Female
Arabic
Most Beautiful
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Irish, Italian, Latin, Romanian, Swedish, Swiss
Who is Like God; Like the Lord; Feminine of Michael; Gift from God; Who Resembles God; Latinate Female Version of Michael
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Telugu
Unfading Flower
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Telugu
Chosen
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Risen; Elevated
Boy/Male
Norse
A heroic Viking.
Girl/Female
Latin
Unwilling.
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
DATA REDUCTION
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Date
v. t.
To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as, to date the building of the pyramids.
n.
Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date.
n.
That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as, the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc.
n.
The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as, the date of a battle.
v. t.
To date erroneously.
n. pl.
See Datum.
n.
Death; decease; the date of one's death.
a.
Being out of date; antiquated.
n.
The fruit of the date palm; also, the date palm itself.
a.
Without date; having no fixed time.
n.
A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.
v. t.
To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as, to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter.
v. i.
To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; -- with from.
n.
Assigned end; conclusion.
pl.
of Datum
imp. & p. p.
of Date
n.
Given or assigned length of life; dyration.
a.
Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism.