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Pseudoscientific attempts to change sexual orientation or gender identity
Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation, romantic orientation, gender identity,
Conversion_therapy
Legality of sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts
Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. As of December 2023, twenty-eight
Legality of conversion therapy
Legality_of_conversion_therapy
the United States population live in jurisdictions that have banned conversion therapy—a family of widely debunked and abusive medical, spiritual and psychological
Conversion therapy in the United States
Conversion_therapy_in_the_United_States
no scientific demonstration of conversion therapy's efficacy in the last fifty years, finding that conversion therapy is ineffective and potentially harmful
Medical views of conversion therapy
Medical_views_of_conversion_therapy
The history of conversion therapy can be divided broadly into three periods: an early Freudian period; a period of mainstream approval, when the mental
History_of_conversion_therapy
Movement originating within radical feminism
has argued that definitions of conversion therapy and bans against it should not include gender identity conversion therapy on the basis that it risks criminalising
Gender-critical_feminism
statement from the IPS, conversion therapies are still performed in India. These practices usually involve electroconvulsive therapy (which may lead to memory
Homosexuality_in_India
US state–specific LGBTQ rights
and implemented banning conversion therapy state-wide. Some cities within Minnesota had previously banned conversion therapy by local ordinances. In Spring
LGBTQ_rights_in_Minnesota
the originally announced plans to ban conversion therapy, the legislation would not criminalise conversion therapy against transgender people. In response
Transgender rights in the United Kingdom
Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom
became the fifth nation in the world to enact a nationwide ban on conversion therapy for minors. Despite the biggest party being socially conservative
LGBTQ_rights_in_Germany
"painful" and "destructive" experiences with conversion therapy.[excessive citations] Several conversion therapy advocates and licensed professionals have
LGBTQ_rights_in_Israel
2026 United States Supreme Court case
specifically referring to Colorado's Minor Conversion Therapy Law (MCTL) that banned conversion therapy on minors by licensed mental health professionals
Chiles_v._Salazar
Fictional character from Hollyoaks
Hannah Cheers and Angelo Abela placed Lucas at the forefront of a conversion therapy issue-based storyline that saw Lucas subsequently struggling to come
Lucas_Hay
ban conversion therapy. However, as of December 2019, no effective measures have been taken by the Chinese Government to ban conversion therapy, and
LGBTQ_rights_in_China
2025 report by the United States Department of Health
group of people". The report promotes gender exploratory therapy, a form of conversion therapy intended to delay or prevent transition. Advocates as well
Trump administration HHS gender dysphoria report
Trump_administration_HHS_gender_dysphoria_report
the world, and the first in North America, that statutorily banned conversion therapy nationwide for both minors and adults, and made it a crime to subject
LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada
signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy (MoU), a statement opposing conversion therapy for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
Anti-transgender movement in the United Kingdom
Anti-transgender_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom
Form of psychological treatment
Whelan critically examined electric-shock aversion therapy used historically in conversion therapy contexts during the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on survivor
Aversion_therapy
Group promoting conversion therapy
Therapy First, formerly known as GETA, is an organization that advocates gender exploratory therapy, a form of conversion therapy. Originally named the
Therapy_First
Defunct Christian conversion therapy organization
desires. Founded in 1976, Exodus International originally asserted that conversion therapy, the reorientation of same-sex attraction, was possible. In 2006,
Exodus_International
that conversion therapy practices are ineffective and potentially harmful. In July 2018, Health Minister David Clark called conversion therapy "abhorrent"
LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Zealand
Britain canon law legally bans conversion therapy and also called upon the UK government to legally ban conversion therapy. In October 2021, the government
LGBTQ rights in the United Kingdom
LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom
Joint statement against conversion therapy
The Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy (MoU) is a joint publication by a coalition of mental and physical health organisations in the United
Memorandum of Understanding on Conversion Therapy
Memorandum_of_Understanding_on_Conversion_Therapy
several issues within the Korean community including perspectives on conversion therapy, HIV-related stigma, hate crimes, intersex persons, and more. The
LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Korea
Yoga, Conversion Therapy Is A Disturbing Reality Around The World". HuffPost India. Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (2 September 2022). "'Conversion therapy' is
LGBTQ_rights_in_India
2026 British television miniseries
"turned straight", which he claims is what he achieved by undergoing conversion therapy in order to turn his life around. He insists that Ava knows about
Half_Man_(TV_series)
British politician (born 1982)
Cates has claimed that she does not support, and never has supported, conversion therapy; however, she has voted against some versions of legislation that
Miriam_Cates
Indian actress (born 1997)
queerphobic texts to be removed and spoke of the rampant practice of conversion therapy, whereby medical practitioners claim and attempt to “cure” LGBTQIA+
Trinetra_Haldar_Gummaraju
Academic journal
autism is a form of conversion therapy". Xtra. Retrieved February 4, 2026. Bronstein, Scott; Joseph, Jessi (June 8, 2011). "Therapy to change 'feminine'
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis
Activist based in New Zealand
political commentator. Lal is best known for advocating for the ban of conversion therapy in New Zealand. Lal was born in Nausori, Fiji, to a mixed iTaukei
Shaneel_Lal
means into undergoing conversion therapy by family members who wish to "cure" them of their homosexuality. These conversion therapy practices can take various
Homosexuality_in_China
English actor (born 1984)
February 2026. "Coronation Street's James Cartwright praises soap for conversion therapy storyline". Radio Times. Retrieved 28 February 2026. Crutchley, Joe
James_Cartwright_(actor)
American author and LGBTQ activist
part of a fundamentalist family in Arkansas that enrolled him in conversion therapy. The book was adapted for the 2018 film, Boy Erased. Conley was raised
Garrard_Conley
American daytime TV show
episode in November 2012 discussed conversion therapy (under a different term, 'reparative therapy') and "forms of therapy that are designed to turn a gay
Medical claims on The Dr. Oz Show
Medical_claims_on_The_Dr._Oz_Show
orientation. In August 2022, it was reported that within Vietnam conversion therapy became legally banned and it was declared that LGBT individuals "are
LGBTQ_rights_in_Vietnam
British advocacy group founded in 2019
by the inclusion of trans people. The group has opposed a ban on conversion therapy that includes trans people in the UK, opposed the use of puberty blockers
LGB_Alliance
Unscientific healthcare practices
plausible therapies by way of responsible and ethical clinical trials, producing repeatable evidence of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside
Alternative_medicine
Canadian sex researcher
child reaches cognitive maturity. She has also written against anti-conversion therapy laws that include both sexual orientation and gender identity. In
Debra_Soh
American nuclear waste disposal expert
Brinton gained media attention in 2010 for their reported experience of conversion therapy, later testifying at the United Nations on the subject in 2014. Gay
Sam_Brinton
German law prohibiting conversion therapy
against Conversion Treatments (German: Gesetz zum Schutz vor Konversionsbehandlungen) is a German federal law. It prohibits the use of conversion therapy (called
Act to Protect against Conversion Treatments (Germany)
Act_to_Protect_against_Conversion_Treatments_(Germany)
been tracking terms related to conversion therapy online since 2022 when they published their first Conversion Therapy Online: The Ecosystem report. The
Terminology_of_homosexuality
Alternative medicine technique
health by absorbing 5G radiation. Color healing Energy medicine Magnet therapy Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood
Crystal_healing
Banned Australian alternative medicine promoter
Colon cleansing Coffee enema Colorpuncture Conversion therapy Craniosacral therapy Crystal healing Cupping therapy Dental amalgam controversy Detoxification
Barbara_O'Neill
American clinical psychologist (1947–2017)
who advocated and practised "reparative therapy", a form of the pseudoscientific treatment of conversion therapy that he claimed could help people overcome
Joseph_Nicolosi
unacceptable," a figure comparable to Nigeria (96%). Various forms of conversion therapy are widely practiced and openly advertised in Indonesia including
LGBTQ_rights_in_Indonesia
based within common law, since 1 April 2021. Since October 2024, conversion therapy is legally banned in jurisdictions representing approximately 85%
LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia
American politician (born 1969)
gay-to-straight 'conversion' therapy for minors". Los Angeles Times. October 1, 2012. Davis, Aaron C. (December 2, 2014). "D.C. bans gay conversion therapy of minors"
Ted_Lieu
Mormon LGBTQ organization
Gay") were involved in conversion therapy, and board members Preston Dahlgreen and Jeff Bennion defended the Jewish conversion therapy organization JONAH
North_Star_(organization)
UK-based anti-transgender group
the Labour Party published a manifesto including a promise to ban conversion therapy, calling it "abuse" and by banning the practice, create "freedom for
Sex_Matters_(advocacy_group)
American-Canadian psychologist/sexologist
sexologist known for the living in your own skin model, a form of conversion therapy targeted towards pre-pubertal children with the goal of making their
Kenneth_Zucker
Preliminary cancer therapy that precedes a necessary second treatment
by shrinking its volume. This is called conversion therapy; if chemotherapy is used, it is called conversion chemotherapy. Often, it is unclear which
Neoadjuvant_therapy
Mental distress due to gender incongruence
2018). "Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies)" (PDF). American Psychiatric
Gender_dysphoria
Support group for gender-critical parents
Discord server where members discussed putting their children through conversion therapy. It was shortlisted for the 2024 British Journalism Awards. The Bayswater
Bayswater_Support_Group
Attraction between people of the same sex or gender
effects. Major mental health organizations overwhelmingly reject conversion therapy as ineffective, scientifically unsupported and potentially harmful
Homosexuality
PMC 7516798. PMID 32970105. "Conversion Therapy". GLAAD. August 27, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2023. "Conversion "Therapy" Laws". Movement Advancement Project
LGBTQ rights in the United States
LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States
Scientific and professional organization
statement that homosexuality is not a mental disorder. Conversion therapy, also called reparative therapy, is the practice of attempting to change the patient's
American Psychological Association
American_Psychological_Association
Group opposing gender-affirming care
gender exploratory therapy, which experts believe is transgender conversion therapy. Marchiano and O'Malley are on the board of Lisa Littman's Institute
Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine
Society_for_Evidence-Based_Gender_Medicine
Pseudo-scientific alternative medicine
magnet therapy, colorpuncture, and light therapy. Medical techniques involving the use of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radiation therapy or magnetic
Energy_medicine
Academic journal
members of the ex-gay movement who self-reported that conversion therapy (a.k.a. "reparative therapy") changed their sexual orientation. The paper concluded:
Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior
American rabbi and activist
Education, Rafi Peretz, regarding conversion therapies. Lau-Lavie said "there are people whose conversion therapies are their choice, but as the Minister
Amichai_Lau-Lavie
Former US organization promoting conversion therapy
the NARTH Institute, is a United States organization that promotes conversion therapy, a pseudoscientific practice used in attempts to change the sexual
Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity
Alliance_for_Therapeutic_Choice_and_Scientific_Integrity
transition; and that transgender youth require conversion therapies such as gender exploratory therapy. Elected officials in Central and South America
Transgender health care misinformation
Transgender_health_care_misinformation
British actor and model
Hollyoaks, where he was involved in a long-running storyline about conversion therapy. For his role as Lucas, Curtis was longlisted for "Best Young Performer"
Oscar_Curtis
professionals. LGBTQI Koreans risk being recommended or forced to undergo conversion therapy as a proposed way to cure their homosexuality. The government established
LGBTQ_health_in_South_Korea
American Christian evangelist and missionary (born 1952)
ban on conversion therapy. Referencing the biblical text of Leviticus 18:22, he said, "Democrats are proposing a bill to ban conversion therapy in the
Franklin_Graham
measures to outlaw conversion therapy on LGBT minors. The Swiss Federal Council wrote in response that in its view, conversion therapies are "ineffective
LGBTQ_rights_in_Switzerland
Movement discouraging homosexuality
and overt admissions by organizations related to the movement that conversion therapy does not work. A large body of research and global scientific consensus
Ex-gay_movement
Pseudoscience whereby suction is applied to the skin
Cupping therapy (or cup massage) is a pseudoscientific treatment method in which a local suction is created on the skin by using heated cups. As an alternative
Cupping_therapy
century, some conscripts in National Service were encouraged to attend conversion therapy. In the past, some Singaporean conscripts who openly declared their
LGBTQ_rights_in_Singapore
British politician (born 1980)
by the government not to include transgender conversion therapy in its plans to ban gay conversion therapy, with Ozanne describing a speech by Badenoch
Kemi_Badenoch
banning conversion therapy unlikely in Government's lifetime". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 March 2025. "The UK moves to ban conversion therapy. Which
LGBTQ rights in the European Union
LGBTQ_rights_in_the_European_Union
"Poland moves step closer to banning gay conversion therapy". Pink News. "The EU has voted to condemn gay 'cure' therapy, and urged member states to ban it"
LGBTQ_rights_in_Poland
Anti-vaccination myth
Colon cleansing Coffee enema Colorpuncture Conversion therapy Craniosacral therapy Crystal healing Cupping therapy Dental amalgam controversy Detoxification
Turbo_cancer
gender identity. Since October 2018, sex reassignment surgery, hormone therapy or any form of diagnosis are not requirements to alter one's gender on
LGBTQ_rights_in_Uruguay
Changes in sexuality or sexual identity
course." Conversion therapy (attempts to change sexual orientation) is rarely successful. In Maccio's (2011) review of sexual reorientation therapy attempts
Sexual_fluidity
achievements, describing it as a form of violence. In relation to a ban on conversion therapy in Israel, activists such as Maisan Hamdan criticized the conservative
LGBTQ_rights_in_Palestine
Slang term used for a feminine male
chest, leading some to use medicines used in gender-affirming hormone therapy in combination with substances purported to stunt breast growth. The element
Femboy
American transgender girl (1997–2014)
undergo transition treatment, instead sending her to Christian-based conversion therapy with the intention of convincing her to reject her gender identity
Leelah_Alcorn
New Zealand politician
providers. Waititi has supported the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022, which banned conversion therapy. During the Bill's first reading
Rawiri_Waititi
transgender people based on self-determination. On 1 January 2024, conversion therapy became legally banned within Norway. Much like the other Nordic countries
LGBTQ_rights_in_Norway
Sensory deprivation tank
Scientific research with float tank therapy generally uses the term "flotation-REST" (reduced environmental stimulation therapy) to refer to the technique. This
Isolation_tank
Set of ideas and practices adopted by Scientologists
Fischer, Harvey Jay. "Dianetic therapy: an experimental evaluation. A statistical analysis of the effect of dianetic therapy as measured by group tests of
Dianetics
Irish psychotherapist and author
advocates for "exploratory therapy" in response to gender dysphoria and has written and testified about how some conversion therapy bills risk limiting access
Stella_O'Malley
Compulsive sexual behaviour
— Rothman 2021, p. 14 In many cases, sexual addiction therapy applied to gay men is akin to conversion therapy. According to a book published by the evangelical
Pornography_addiction
Fictional character from Pluribus
comparing the hive mind's desire to turn her to her mother sending her to conversion therapy over her sexuality. Over time, Carol's feelings on the hive mind shifts
Carol_Sturka
2025 season of television series
Kennedy as Mildred Newman, a psychologist famously known for conducting conversion therapy to Anthony Perkins Rondi Reed as Mary Hogan, one of Ed Gein's victims
Monster:_The_Ed_Gein_Story
Act to prohibit conversion therapy. The Taiwanese Society of Psychiatry and human rights groups recommended that conversion therapy be banned. Members
LGBTQ_rights_in_Taiwan
Application of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior
began experimenting on the use of ABA techniques in the form of gay conversion therapy. These methodologies often involved the use of punishment procedures
Applied_behavior_analysis
Form of psychotherapy
trauma-focused cognitive and behavioral therapies (TF-CBT), such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). However, bilateral stimulation
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing
American Presbyterian YouTuber and activist (born 2002)
marriage and homosexuality and in the past described conversion therapy as "the only healthy form of therapy." In December 2023, he stated that "Uganda is doing
Redeemed_Zoomer
supported the entry of LGBTQ people in the Brazilian Armed Forces. Conversion therapy has been forbidden by the Federal Psychology Council since 1999. In
LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil
American YouTuber
had been a victim of conversion therapy. He denied attending conversion therapy in a subsequent video titled "Conversion Therapy and God's Truth", stating
Lohanthony
Christian theological positions on homosexuality
affecting the LGBTQ community. Side A and Side B generally oppose conversion therapy and accept LGBTQ identification, including the term "gay Christian"
Side A, Side B, Side X, Side Y
Side_A,_Side_B,_Side_X,_Side_Y
Pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice
Magnetic therapy is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the weak static magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet which is
Magnet_therapy
American politician from Maryland
a bill banning conversion therapy for LGBT teens. In a speech on the House floor, she claimed her parents suggested conversion therapy after she came
Meagan_Simonaire
Pseudoscientific alternative medicine technique
Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative medicine that uses gentle touch to feel non-existent rhythmic movements of the
Craniosacral_therapy
Form of alternative medicine
colonic enemas, chelation therapy, color therapy, cranial osteopathy, hair analysis, iridology, live blood analysis, ozone therapy, psychotherapy, public
Naturopathy
Rights of transgender individuals in Canada
of conversion therapy, and stated that conversion therapy had "no place" in Manitoba's healthcare system. This ban targeted the conversion of homosexual
Transgender_rights_in_Canada
Lack of romantic attraction to others
Shelby D. (2023). Building connection and reducing isolation: a group therapy intervention for LGBTQ+ young adults (PhD thesis). University of Colorado
Aromanticism
Governor of Utah since 2021
Utah's existing conversion therapy ban, previously approved through a 2020 administrative rule. It was the first conversion therapy ban in the country
Spencer_Cox
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
Boy/Male
Biblical
His hand; his confession.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Father of praise; confession.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Evening conversation
Boy/Male
Biblical
Respiration, conversion, taking captive.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Maanhitha | மாநà¯à®¹à¯€à®¤à®¾
Together, Conversation with God, Honored
Maanhitha | மாநà¯à®¹à¯€à®¤à®¾
Boy/Male
Muslim
Speech, Conversation
Boy/Male
Biblical
The God of conversion.
Biblical
praise; confession
Girl/Female
Tamil
Together, Conversation with God, Honored
Girl/Female
Tamil
Together, Conversation with God, Honored
Boy/Male
Indian
Speech, Conversation
Biblical
captivity; conversion; old age
Girl/Female
Muslim
Confidential talk, Secret conversation
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Confidential Talk; Secret Conversation
Girl/Female
Hindu
Together, Conversation with God, Honored
Girl/Female
Biblical
Captivity, conversion, old age.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Confidential talk secret conversation
Biblical
conversion; captivity
Biblical
the God of conversion
Girl/Female
Biblical
Conversion, captivity.
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
Son of Jack
Girl/Female
Biblical
Hairy, goat, demon, tempest.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Handsome
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hargrave.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Goddess Durga
Girl/Female
Indian
Joy
Girl/Female
Welsh
From 'cilun' meaning idol.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for Remembrance of God
Girl/Female
Arabic
Shining
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
CONVERSION THERAPY
n.
Concession; compliance.
v. i.
An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a treaty; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also, a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as, a postal convention between two governments.
n.
An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted.
n.
A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as, a concession to build a canal.
n.
An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one's own, without right; as, the conversion of a horse.
n.
A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life.
n.
A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles.
n.
A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank.
n.
Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.
a.
Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as, a conversational style.
n.
A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as, the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions.
n.
The act of immediate inference, by which we deny the opposite of anything which has been affirmed; as, all men are mortal; then, by obversion, no men are immortal. This is also described as "immediate inference by privative conception."
n.
A second conversion.
n.
Shrift; confession.
n.
A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith.
n.
Conversation; talk.
n.
The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change.
n.
Sexual intercourse; as, criminal conversation.
n.
The act of changing one's views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also, the state of being so changed.
n.
The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary.