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Adverbial form of verb (adverb constructed from verbs)
In theoretical linguistics, a converb (abbreviated cvb) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination: notions like 'when',
Converb
Critically endangered Tungusic language
imperfect converb and the copula verb bi "is", see below). The resulting form ending in -mbime has been described as a separate durative converb, which expresses
Manchu_language
Official language of Mongolia
modality/evidentiality. In sentence linking, a special role is played by converbs. Modern Mongolian evolved from Middle Mongol, the language spoken in the
Mongolian_language
Most widely spoken of all Sámi languages
comitative case of the action noun. The purposive converb expresses "in order to". The simultaneous converb expresses that an action took place "during" or
Northern_Sámi
Northeast Caucasian language
immediate-anterior converbs. From the aorist stem, the aorist, aorist participle, perfect, continuative perfect, aorist converb, and immediate-anterior converb can be
Lezgian_language
Northeast Caucasian language
the temporal converb (C) and the main verb (V): Other non-temporal converbs are: perfective (completive) and imperfective (durative) converbs are identical
Tsez_language
Uralic language of the Mari El Republic, Russia
Vienna. p. 19. Bradley, Jeremy Moss; Pischlöger, Christian (2021-12-16). "Converb constructions in Mari and Udmurt: Russian loanwords as a metric of productivity"
Meadow_Mari_language
Northern Siberian Turkic language
теннистээ, “to play tennis”, created by attaching the suffix -тээ. Sakha converbs end in -(A)n as opposed to Common Turkic -(I)B. They express simultaneous
Yakut_language
Turkic language
grammatical gender. Other notable grammatical features include evidentiality, converbs, and a variety of tenses, aspects, and moods. Turkish phonology is marked
Turkish_language
Language family of Eurasia
the notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack
Turkic_languages
Verb form modifying a noun or noun phrase
'participle' has been applied to forms that are alternatively regarded as converbs (see Sirenik below), gerunds, gerundives, transgressives, and nominalised
Participle
Category of words based on shared grammatical properties in a clause
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Part_of_speech
Language family of Eurasia
as finite predicates. The linking converb -n became confined to stable verb combinations, while the number of converbs increased. The distinction between
Mongolic_languages
Grammatical form
infinitive phrase). Like other non-finite verb forms (like participles, converbs, gerunds and gerundives), infinitives do not generally have an expressed
Infinitive
phonology. Sometimes written энхжин, with the modal converb suffix -н instead of the imperfective converb suffix -ж. Sometimes үүрдэ was also sung. бэхжүүлэж
National_anthem_of_Mongolia
Kipchak Turkic language
to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and
Kazakh_language
Part of speech that conveys an action
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Verb
Language spoken in Central Asia during the time of the Mongol Empire
predicatively without a copula. They are listed in the following table. Converbs are used as modifiers of the finite verb and their subject is normally
Middle_Mongol
Grammatical use indicating possession
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Possessive
Kipchak Turkic language
a teacher." Converbs Converbs, a characteristic of many Turkic languages, express sequential or dependent action. Present tense converbs are formed by
Crimean_Tatar_language
Word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Pronoun
Semitic language spoken in northeastern Ethiopia
different conjugations: the perfective, imperfective, jussive and the converb. The main stem of the verb already consists of all the bases needed to
Argobba_language
Grammar of the English language
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
English_grammar
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns
Verbs that can't complete a clause (such as "going" or "to live")
independent clause. Nonfinite verb forms in some other languages include converbs, gerundives and supines. The categories of mood, tense, and voice may be
Nonfinite_verb
Type of verb, such as "might", that is used to indicate modality
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Modal_verb
Language family
(cross-linguistically even rarer) phenomenon where a converb agrees with an argument which lies outside the converb's own clause. This is seen in the following example
Northeast_Caucasian_languages
Part of speech that defines a noun or pronoun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Adjective
Dialect of Armenian spoken in Yerevan
three degrees of consonants: Armenian grammar has a standard simultaneous converb (համակատար դերբայ) form for every verb, the formation of which is realised
Yerevan_dialect
Type of determiner that indicates quantity
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Quantifier_(linguistics)
Grammar of the Telugu language
vin- " to hear", -nā (with /aː/) is used instead. Telugu has two types of converbs, present and past. These are heavily used to form compound sentences. ఇంటికి
Telugu_grammar
Words that indicate a question is being asked, as a grammatical category
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Interrogative_word
Linguistic category
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Discourse_marker
Pronoun that is associated with a particular grammatical person
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Personal_pronoun
Language family of Siberia and Manchuria
African Studies 80(1). 97–117. Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2017b. From converb to classifier? On the etymology of Literary Manchu nofi. In Michał Né meth
Tungusic_languages
Grammar of the Kannada language
the table can be used adverbially to modify other verbs (also known as a converb) and adjectivally by affix -a (ex. bare "to write" -> baredu + a -> bareda
Kannada_grammar
Ugric language spoken in Siberia
tense-(passive.)number-person. The non-finite verb forms are the infinitive, the converb and four participle verb forms. Infinitive can complement a modal verb
Khanty_languages
Word or expression used to express an emotion or sentiment
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Interjection
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Latin_interjections
Language family of Ethiopia and Sudan
Person+Femininum “they go” Fusional: Aari ʔíts-eka eat+3. Person Pl. Converb "by eating" Inflection through suprasegmental morphemes is found in individual
Omotic_languages
Munda language of South Asia
partially finite and non-finite, in which they can take the infinitive, converb, or a case marker. noa-rɛakˀ this-GEN mitˀ one ʈaŋ CLF kəhəni story ləi-ad-iɲ-a=e
Santali_language
Type of noun referring to collections as a unit
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Collective_noun
Turkic language spoken in western Iran
Tense/Aspect + Agreement Due to Persian influence, Khalaj has, like Qashqai, lost converb constructions of the form -Ib/-Ip. Khalaj employs subject–object–verb word
Khalaj_language
Khoe dialect continuum of the Okavango Delta, southwestern Africa
(SVC) and converb constructions. An SVC expresses a complex event composed by two or more single events that happen at the same time, and a converb construction
Khwe_language
Grammar of the Uyghur language
including the use of infixes and auxiliary verbs. The addition of the converb suffix -(I)p to the main verb, then followed by an auxiliary inflected
Uyghur_grammar
Yukaghir language of northeastern Russia
forms is illustrated below, with jaqa (“to arrive”): Nonfinite verbs and converbs Kolyma Yukaghir has a richly developed system of nonfinite verb forms,
Southern_Yukaghir_language
Latest stage of the Egyptian language
Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-570-3. Reintges, Chris H. (2010). "Coordination, converbs, and clause-chaining in Coptic Egyptian typology". In Bril, Isabelle (ed
Coptic_language
Type of pronoun that marks a relative clause
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Relative_pronoun
Linguistic category tracking areal features of European languages
by intonation and word order; word order subject–verb–object; only one converb (e.g. English -ing form, Romance gerunds), preference for finite rather
Standard_Average_European
Classification of verbs by regularity of inflection
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Regular_and_irregular_verbs
Indo-Aryan language of India
Agentive Likhü̃ta np/Likhüra mi/Likhüri fi Khaüta np/Khaüra mi/Khaüri fi Converb Likhü̃te Khaü̃te Progressive Likhü̃te likhü̃te Khaü̃te khaü̃te Reason Likhat
Assamese_language
Concept in linguistics
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Modal_particle
Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Animacy
Grammatical construct in which a noun modifies another noun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Noun_adjunct
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Captative_verb
Word used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Article_(grammar)
Words indicating which object is being referred to
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Demonstrative
Term of linguistic morphology
(přechodník) is distinctive within the Slavic linguistic family and among converbs in general. Nowadays it is used only occasionally for artistic purposes
Transgressive_(linguistics)
Pronoun having no referent
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Dummy_pronoun
Word or form that substitutes for another word
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Pro-form
Determiner which modifies a noun by attributing possession
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Possessive_determiner
Mongolic language
innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well. It is estimated that out of Dagur's entire language vocabulary
Dagur_language
Verb adding grammatical meaning rather than content meaning
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Auxiliary_verb
Concept in English grammar
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
English_phrasal_verbs
Type of pronoun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Intensive_pronoun
Functional part of speech in most languages
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Copula_(linguistics)
Grammar of the Turkmen language
actions in some parts of Turkmenistan), it is used with verb stem plus the converb suffix -yp/-ip. These forms can also be used alone, and past continuous
Turkmen_grammar
Verb that entails a transitive object
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Transitive_verb
Class of intransitive verb
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Unergative_verb
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Exceptional_case-marking
Nonfinite verb form
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Gerund
Multi-word compound that functions as a single verb
the ditransitive paradigm in Dravidian. Auxiliary verb Compound modifier Converb Modal verb Periphrasis Phrasal verb Stretched verb Serial verb Verb phrase
Compound_verb
Verbs that behave as an adjective
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Predicative_verb
Words supplying mainly grammatical information, rather than content information
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Function_word
Lack of requirement for morphological agreement with respect to gender in some languages
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Gender neutrality in genderless languages
Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages
Noun whose quantity is treated as an undifferentiated unit
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Mass_noun
Nouns that follow weak inflection
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Weak_noun
Adverb connecting two independent clauses
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Conjunctive_adverb
Oghur Turkic language of Volga region
noun: ҫыр-нӑ; 'written' > ҫыр-н-и 'writing'. II. Adverbial participles (converbs) -са (default: doing, having done, while about to do') (-сар after a negative
Chuvash_language
Cause or initiator of an event
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Agent_(grammar)
Anaphoric pronoun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Reflexive_pronoun
Noun or noun phrase whose quantity is discrete and usually an integer
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Count_noun
Structured vocabulary for voice communication
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Procedure_word
Proposed family of Native African languages
cases verb-final (SOV or OSV) word order coverb + light verb constructions converbs By 2023, Blench had slightly revised the model for a deep primary split
Nilo-Saharan_languages
Stressed form of a personal pronoun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Disjunctive_pronoun
Sentence that resists simple formalization
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Donkey_sentence
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
causal-final case; causal caus cau, cs, cstvzr causative cc conditional converb clause-chain marker cdm core development cdn conjunct dubitive neutral
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Type of verb indicating more than just grammar
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Lexical_verb
Descriptive word with initial capital letter
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Proper_adjective
Adjective that occurs immediately after the noun or pronoun that it complements
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Postpositive_adjective
Verb that is both transitive and intransitive
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Ambitransitive_verb
Syntactical occurrence
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Preposition_stranding
Linguistic sentence with null subject
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Pro-sentence
Formality distinction feature of some languages
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
T–V_distinction
Latin verb form that functions as an adjective
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Gerundive
Type of pronoun
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Distributive_pronoun
Form of verbal noun used in some languages
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Supine
Grammatical case
veäʹrtää. "I cried for no reason." The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is -ǩâni or -kani: Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam. "He/she
Abessive_case
Verb that does not entail a direct object
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Intransitive_verb
Verb which takes a subject and two objects
adjunct Proper Relational Strong / Weak Verbal Verb Forms Attributive Converb Finite / Nonfinite Gerund Gerundive Infinitive Participle Supine Transgressive
Ditransitive_verb
CONVERB
CONVERB
CONVERB
CONVERB
Boy/Male
Tamil
Shiddharth | ஷீதà¯à®¤à®¾à®°à¯à®¤Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Daughter-in-law of Aditi
Boy/Male
Muslim
Medal, Prize, Honor
Boy/Male
Muslim
Proper name. Ancestor of North Arabia.
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Hebrew
God is My Judge; Feminine Variant of Daniel
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Honesty; True; Truth
Boy/Male
African, French, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew
Happy; Ornament; King of the Road
Boy/Male
Sikh
Master
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Silent; Self Confidence
Boy/Male
Hindu
Embellishment
CONVERB
CONVERB
CONVERB
CONVERB
CONVERB