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Rule system for formal languages
theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar whose production rules can be applied to a nonterminal symbol regardless of its context. In particular
Context-free_grammar
Formal language generated by context-free grammar
theory, a context-free language (CFL), also called a Chomsky type-2 language, is a language generated by a context-free grammar (CFG). Context-free languages
Context-free_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Context-free may refer to: Context-free grammar Deterministic context-free grammar Generalized context-free grammar Probabilistic context-free grammar
Context-free
Abstract language theory concept
Generalized context-free grammar (GCFG) is a grammar formalism that expands on context-free grammars by adding potentially non-context-free composition
Generalized context-free grammar
Generalized_context-free_grammar
Formal grammar derived from a deterministic pushdown automaton
the deterministic context-free grammars (DCFGs) are a proper subset of the context-free grammars. They are the subset of context-free grammars that can
Deterministic context-free grammar
Deterministic_context-free_grammar
Non-language factors that enhance understanding of communication
depend on the surrounding context of symbols. Unlike context-free grammars, which can apply rules regardless of context, context-sensitive grammars allow
Context
Type of context-free grammar
a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation or parse tree. Every non-empty context-free language
Ambiguous_grammar
Subset of languages in formal theory
language theory, deterministic context-free languages (DCFL) are a proper subset of context-free languages. They are context-free languages that can be accepted
Deterministic context-free language
Deterministic_context-free_language
Hierarchy of classes of formal grammars
the paper "The algebraic theory of context free languages" describes the modern hierarchy, including context-free grammars. Independently, alongside linguists
Chomsky_hierarchy
Type of pumping lemma
pumping lemma for context-free languages, also known as the Bar-Hillel lemma, is a lemma that gives a property shared by all context-free languages and generalizes
Pumping lemma for context-free languages
Pumping_lemma_for_context-free_languages
Type of a context-free grammar
In formal language theory, an LL grammar is a context-free grammar that can be parsed by an LL parser, which parses the input from Left to right, and constructs
LL_grammar
Grammar model in linguistics
linguistics and computational linguistics, probabilistic context free grammars (PCFGs) extend context-free grammars, similar to how hidden Markov models extend
Probabilistic context-free grammar
Probabilistic_context-free_grammar
Parsing algorithm for context-free grammars
algorithm (alternatively called CYK, or CKY) is a parsing algorithm for context-free grammars published by Itiroo Sakai in 1961. The algorithm is named after
CYK_algorithm
Term in linguistic syntax
arbitrary number of them are non-context-free. By this fact, Dutch and Swiss-German have been proven to be non-context-free. As Swiss-German allows verbs
Cross-serial_dependencies
Rewriting system and type of formal grammar
grammar. An L-system is context-free if each production rule refers only to an individual symbol and not to its neighbours. Context-free L-systems are thus
L-system
Model of learning
can be noticed without prior experience, what the Skill Model calls "context-free features." Think of the read-outs on the speedometer, tachometer and
Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
Dreyfus_model_of_skill_acquisition
Algorithmic problem with applications to program analysis
Context-free language reachability is an algorithmic problem with applications in static program analysis. Given a graph with edge labels from some alphabet
Context-free language reachability
Context-free_language_reachability
typically handled by a Chomsky Type 2 grammar, also termed a context-free grammar.) Context-free languages are a category of languages (sometimes termed Chomsky
Comparison of parser generators
Comparison_of_parser_generators
Type of formal grammar
may be surrounded by a context of terminal and nonterminal symbols. Context-sensitive grammars are more general than context-free grammars, in the sense
Context-sensitive_grammar
Formal language models
only slightly more powerful than context-free grammars (context-free languages)". He called these grammars mildly context-sensitive grammars and the associated
Mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism
Mildly_context-sensitive_grammar_formalism
Type of automaton
automata can recognize all deterministic context-free languages while nondeterministic ones can recognize all context-free languages, with the former often used
Pushdown_automaton
Form for context-free grammars
In formal language theory, a context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form (GNF) if the right-hand sides of all production rules start with a terminal
Greibach_normal_form
Structure of a formal language
number of times production rule 1 has been applied). This grammar is context-free (only single nonterminals appear as left-hand sides) and unambiguous
Formal_grammar
Theorem concerning occurrences of terminal symbols in context-free languages
looks only at the number of occurrences of each terminal symbol in a context-free language, without regard to their order, then the language is indistinguishable
Parikh's_theorem
Analysing a string of symbols, according to the rules of a formal grammar
is not context-free, some kind of context-free approximation to the grammar is used to perform a first pass. Algorithms which use context-free grammars
Parsing
Computer science and linguistics concept relating to non-terminal production
whether a context-free grammar produces a finite or infinite language. Nederhof, Mark-Jan; Satta, Giorgio (2002), "Parsing Non-recursive Context-free Grammars"
Recursive_grammar
Family of formalisms in natural language syntax
any context-free language can be generated by a basic categorial grammar, recall that any context-free language can be generated by a context-free grammar
Categorial_grammar
Form of source code, without regard to meaning
are constructed. Syntax can be divided into context-free syntax and context-sensitive syntax. Context-free syntax are rules directed by the metalanguage
Syntax (programming languages)
Syntax_(programming_languages)
Notation for context-free formal grammars
In formal language theory, a context-free grammar, G, is said to be in Chomsky normal form (first described by Noam Chomsky) if all of its production rules
Chomsky_normal_form
Synchronous context-free grammars (SynCFG or SCFG; not to be confused with stochastic CFGs) are a type of formal grammar designed for use in transfer-based
Synchronous context-free grammar
Synchronous_context-free_grammar
Language defined by context-sensitive grammar
depend on the surrounding context of symbols. Unlike context-free grammars, which can apply rules regardless of context, context-sensitive grammars allow
Context-sensitive_language
Type of formal grammar
grammars (more precisely: straight-line context-free string grammars) can be generalized to Straight-line context-free tree grammars. The latter can be used
Straight-line_grammar
Social context in understanding culture
high-context and low-context cultures are ends of a continuum of how explicit the messages exchanged in a culture are and how important the context is in
High-context and low-context cultures
High-context_and_low-context_cultures
Text-string-oriented programming language
patterns include a way to express BNF grammars, which are equivalent to context-free grammars and more powerful than regular expressions. The "regular expressions"
SNOBOL
Algorithm for parsing context-free languages
Earley parser is an algorithm for parsing strings that belong to a given context-free language. Named after its inventor Jay Earley, it was first introduced
Earley_parser
Generalization of the pumping lemma for context-free languages
after William F. Ogden) is a generalization of the pumping lemma for context-free languages. Despite Ogden's lemma being a strengthening of the pumping
Ogden's_lemma
Type of grammar for describing formal languages
introduced in the early 1970s. Syntactically, PEGs also look similar to context-free grammars (CFGs), but they have a different interpretation: the choice
Parsing_expression_grammar
Lemma that defines a property of regular languages
and Eli Shamir in 1961, as a simplification of their pumping lemma for context-free languages. Let L {\displaystyle L} be a regular language. Then there
Pumping lemma for regular languages
Pumping_lemma_for_regular_languages
Parameter estimation method for probabilistic context-free grammars
is a way of re-estimating production probabilities in a probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization
Inside–outside_algorithm
Problem in computer programming
make nested conditional statements ambiguous. Formally, the reference context-free grammar of the language is ambiguous, meaning there is more than one
Dangling_else
When formal languages generate the same set of strings
<factor>, respectively for context-free grammars: see Context-free grammar#Context-free language for a formal definition for context-free grammars: concrete syntax
Equivalence (formal languages)
Equivalence_(formal_languages)
Language consisting of balanced strings of brackets
define the Dyck language via a context-free grammar in some situations. The Dyck language is generated by the context-free grammar with a single non-terminal
Dyck_language
Academic subfield of computer science
problem-solving. Context-free grammars specify programming language syntax. Non-deterministic pushdown automata are another formalism equivalent to context-free grammars
Theory_of_computation
Formal grammar
short: t1 ⇒G t2), if there is a context S and a production (A→t) ∈ P such that: t1 = S[A], and t2 = S[t]. Here, a context means a tree with exactly one
Regular_tree_grammar
Visual description of context-free grammar
Syntax diagrams (or railroad diagrams) are a way to represent a context-free grammar. They represent a graphical alternative to Backus–Naur form, EBNF
Syntax_diagram
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
often defined by means of a formal grammar such as a regular grammar or context-free grammar. In computer science, formal languages are used, among others
Formal_language
Grammar formalism
somewhat similar to context-free grammars, but the elementary unit of rewriting is the tree rather than the symbol. Whereas context-free grammars have rules
Tree-adjoining_grammar
Top-down parser utilizing recursion
parsing is possible only for the class of LL(k) grammars, which are the context-free grammars for which there exists some positive integer k that allows a
Recursive_descent_parser
Chemical species structure notation
formal language theory, SMILES is a word. A SMILES is parsable with a context-free parser. The use of this representation has been in the prediction of
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
Simplified_Molecular_Input_Line_Entry_System
Function defined on formal languages in computer science
operators, which are equivalent to context-free grammars. This insight was used to derive parsing algorithms for context-free languages. Implementation of such
Brzozowski_derivative
which, as a consequence, also featured a context-free grammar to describe the resulting ALGOL syntax. Context-free grammars are simple enough to allow the
History of compiler construction
History_of_compiler_construction
Sequence that reads the same forwards and backwards
In automata theory, the set of all palindromes over an alphabet is a context-free language, but it is not regular. The word palindrome was introduced by
Palindrome
Notation techniques for grammars in computer science
context-free grammar would parse "The birds was eating" and "The birds were eating" and "The bird was eating" in the same way. However, context-free grammars
Van_Wijngaarden_grammar
Ability to solve a problem by an effective procedure
problem-solving. Context-free grammars specify programming language syntax. Non-deterministic pushdown automata are another formalism equivalent to context-free grammars
Computability
Top-down parser that parses input from left to right
computer science, an LL parser is a top-down parser for a restricted context-free language. It parses the input from Left to right, performing Leftmost
LL_parser
Formalism to describe programming languages
languages, developed by John Backus and Peter Naur. It is a metasyntax for context-free grammars, providing a precise way to outline the rules of a language's
Backus–Naur_form
Type of parser in computer science
LR parsers are a type of bottom-up parser that analyse deterministic context-free languages in linear time. There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR
LR_parser
Abstract machine in computer science
deterministic pushdown automata accepts the deterministic context-free languages, a proper subset of context-free languages. Machine transitions are based on the
Deterministic pushdown automaton
Deterministic_pushdown_automaton
Formal means of expressing grammar
example, can only express context-free grammars; there is only one argument on the left side of the production. However, context-sensitive grammars can also
Definite_clause_grammar
form. If the rule AB → CD is eliminated from the above, one obtains context-free grammars in Chomsky Normal Form. The Penttonen normal form (for unrestricted
Kuroda_normal_form
Earliest model of generative grammar
describe the structure of natural languages with context-free grammars. His general position on the context-dependency of natural language has held up, though
Transformational_grammar
In computer science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right-hand side of each of its productions. A linear
Linear_grammar
Categories of symbols in formal grammars
non-trivial; not all languages can be generated by context-free grammars. Those that can are called context-free languages. These are exactly the languages that
Terminal and nonterminal symbols
Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols
algorithm for parsing context-free grammars in Chomsky normal form Earley parser: another O(n3) algorithm for parsing any context-free grammar GLR parser:
List_of_algorithms
Representing a given context-free language in terms of two simpler languages
Chomsky and Marcel-Paul Schützenberger in 1959 about representing a given context-free language in terms of two simpler languages. These two simpler languages
Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem
Chomsky–Schützenberger_representation_theorem
Machine-learning process
of inference of context-free grammars and richer formalisms, such as multiple context-free grammars and parallel multiple context-free grammars. Other
Grammar_induction
Common format for concordance lines
acronym for Key Word In Context, the most common format for concordance lines") and the Wikipedia slogan in English ("the free encyclopedia"), searched
Key_Word_in_Context
American philosopher
internal rules, and that, therefore, human behaviour is, to a large extent, context free (see contextualism). Therefore, a truly scientific psychology is possible
Hubert_Dreyfus
Software that translates code from one programming language to another
Backus and used for the syntax of Algol 60. The ideas derive from the context-free grammar concepts by linguist Noam Chomsky. "BNF and its extensions have
Compiler
Processing of natural language by a computer
probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG) (see also stochastic grammar). Lexical semantics What is the computational meaning of individual words in context? Distributional
Natural_language_processing
Index of articles associated with the same name
used to prove that certain languages are not regular Pumping lemma for context-free languages, the fact that all sufficiently long strings in such a language
Pumping_lemma
for a language to be context-free, just like the pumping lemma for context-free languages. It states that for every context-free language L {\displaystyle
Interchange_lemma
Family of metasyntax notations
family of metasyntax notations, any of which can be used to express a context-free grammar. EBNF is used to make a formal description of a formal language
Extended_Backus–Naur_form
used to define context-free grammars: that is, a formal way to describe formal languages. It can express the entire range of context-free grammars. Its
Syntax_Definition_Formalism
Mathematical concept and applications in software development
formal language theory. For instance, if L is a context-free language, then shift(L) is again context-free. Also, if L is described by a regular expression
Circular_shift
Boycott of goods produced by slave labor
individuals, including the disenfranchised, to fight slavery. In this context, free signifies "not enslaved" (i.e. "having the legal and political rights
Free-produce_movement
Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed
with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24 Archived 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine Stallman, Richard M. (2010) [2002]. Free Software Free Society:
Free_software
Compiler-generation system
(parsers) (both deterministic and non-deterministic) for all kinds of context-free grammars (CFGs) as well as some classes of contextual grammars.[citation
SYNTAX
Algorithm that combines tokenization and parsing
language recognized by the parser a single context-free language defined on characters, as opposed to a context-free language of sequences of strings in regular
Scannerless_parsing
General-purpose document processor, derived from TeX
ConTeXt, stylised as ConTeXt, is a general-purpose document processor. Like LaTeX, it is derived from the TeX typesetting system. ConTeXt is especially
ConTeXt
Theorem in algebra
states that a finitely generated group G has context-free word problem if and only if G is virtually free. The theorem was proved by David Muller and Paul
Muller–Schupp_theorem
about the number of words of a given length generated by an unambiguous context-free grammar. The theorem provides an unexpected link between the theory of
Chomsky–Schützenberger enumeration theorem
Chomsky–Schützenberger_enumeration_theorem
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up context-sensitive in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Context-sensitive is an adjective meaning "depending on context" or "depending on circumstances"
Context-sensitive
Study of abstract machines and automata
automata are used in text processing, compilers, and hardware design. Context-free grammar (CFGs) are used in programming languages and artificial intelligence
Automata_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up context (disambiguation) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Context is the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence
Context_(disambiguation)
languages generated by tree-adjoining grammars (TAGs). It is similar to the context-free grammar-parsing pushdown automaton, but instead of using a plain stack
Embedded_pushdown_automaton
Breadth of ideas which can be represented in a formal language
theory mostly studies formalisms to describe sets of strings, such as context-free grammars and regular expressions. Each instance of a formalism, e.g.
Expressive power (computer science)
Expressive_power_(computer_science)
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
regular grammars. But the language of regular expressions itself, is context-free language. Regular expressions consist of constants, which denote sets
Regular_expression
Higher-order function that combines several parsers
parsers for more complex rules. For example, a production rule of a context-free grammar (CFG) may have one or more alternatives and each alternative
Parser_combinator
Formal language in mathematics and computer science
recursive languages are also recursively enumerable. All regular, context-free and context-sensitive languages are recursive. There are two equivalent major
Recursive_language
context-free: Context-free grammar#Subclasses; context-free languages are closed with respect to union and (even general) concatenation: Context-free
Greibach's_theorem
Canadian computer scientist (born 1941)
and the nested-stack automaton as vehicles for extending the power of context-free languages, but retaining many of their decidability and closure properties
Alfred_Aho
American computer scientist
Harrison in context-sensitive parsing using the stack automaton model. Besides establishing the normal form (Greibach normal form) for context-free grammars
Sheila_Greibach
Language theory
Indexed grammars are a generalization of context-free grammars in that nonterminals are equipped with lists of flags, or index symbols. The language produced
Indexed_grammar
Computational problems no algorithm can solve
thereof. Determining if a context-free grammar generates all possible strings, or if it is ambiguous. Given two context-free grammars, determining whether
List_of_undecidable_problems
User interface element
the user has to click again to select a context menu item. This behavior differs from that of macOS and most free software GUIs. In Microsoft Windows, pressing
Context_menu
Type of formal grammar
}, which is not context-free due to the pumping lemma. A context-sensitive grammar for the same language is shown below. Every context-sensitive grammar
Noncontracting_grammar
Formal language
languages in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages. All regular, context-free, context-sensitive and recursive languages are recursively enumerable. The
Recursively enumerable language
Recursively_enumerable_language
Language for controlling a computer
programming languages included greater portability and the first use of context-free, BNF grammar. Simula, the first language to support object-oriented programming
Programming_language
Parser generator
Bison). BNF is a metasyntax used to express context-free grammars: that is a formal way to describe context-free languages. PLY (Python Lex-Yacc) is an alternative
Yacc
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
Boy/Male
Indian
Striving, Contest
Girl/Female
Tamil
Complete, Content
Girl/Female
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
Boy/Male
Sikh
True content
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prineet | பà¯à®°à®¿à®¨à¯€à®¤
Content, Satisfied
Prineet | பà¯à®°à®¿à®¨à¯€à®¤
Boy/Male
Tamil
Content
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Content
Girl/Female
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
Girl/Female
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
Surname or Lastname
Italian
Italian : from the title of rank conte ‘count’ (from Latin comes, genitive comitis ‘companion’). Probably in this sense (and the Late Latin sense of ‘traveling companion’), it was a medieval personal name; as a title it was no doubt applied ironically as a nickname for someone with airs and graces or simply for someone who worked in the service of a count.English : variant of Count, cognate with 1.French : nickname for someone in the service of a count or for someone who behaved pretentiously, from Old French conte, cunte ‘count’ (of the same derivation as 1).French (Conté) : variant of Comté (see Comte).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
Boy/Male
Muslim
Striving, Contest
Boy/Male
Muslim
Satisfied. Content.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Content
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sarnvar | ஸரà¯à®¨à®µà®¾à®°
Content, Best
Sarnvar | ஸரà¯à®¨à®µà®¾à®°
Boy/Male
Muslim
Satisfied. Content.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Content
Girl/Female
Tamil
Content
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Satisfied, Content
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Silver
Girl/Female
Tamil
Krishnakali | கà¯à®°à®¿à®·à¯à®¨à®¾à®•à®²à¯€
A flower
Biblical
Jude, same as Judah
Boy/Male
Hindi
Intelligent; smart.
Boy/Male
Indian
The mornings light
Girl/Female
Tamil
Apane, Consent
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Bream in Worcestershire, which is probably named in Old English as ‘the place where broom grows’, from brÄ“me, an unattested dialect variant of brÅm ‘broom’.English : nickname for a fierce or energetic person, from Middle English brem(e), brim(me) ‘fierce’, ‘vigorous’ (from Old English brÄ“me ‘famous’, ‘noble’).English : variant of Braham.
Boy/Male
Biblical American Greek Latin
Net.
Boy/Male
English
Singer
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the personal name Larry, a pet form of Lawrence.
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
CONTEXT FREE
v. t.
To context.
v. t.
To exchange for some specified equivalent; as, to convert goods into money.
pl.
of Content
n.
A convex body or surface.
n.
Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as, solid contents; superficial contents.
v. t.
To strive or contend about; to contest.
v. t.
To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute.
n.
That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy.
n.
Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as, a man of quick conceit.
v. i.
To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight.
a.
Convex on both sides; double convex. See under Convex, a.
v. i.
To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; -- followed usually by with.
n.
Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as, a concent of notes.
n.
An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also, a member who votes "Content.".
n.
An act or expression denoting contempt.
v. t.
To connect.
n.
Quarrel; contention; contest.
n.
That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as, the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book.
v. t.
To struggle for; to contest.
n. pl.
See Content, n.