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Codon reassignment is the biological process via which the way the genetic code of a cell is read is changed as a response to the environment. Typically
Codon_reassignment
Modified genetic code
is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22
Expanded_genetic_code
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
"Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution
Genetic_code
Inability to synthesize an organic compound required for growth
is not performed by codon manipulation at the DNA level (e.g. oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis), but by codon reassignments at the level of protein
Auxotrophy
Class of enzymes
phenylalanine during tryptophan depletion, essentially inducing a W>F codon reassignment. Depletion of the other substrate of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the
Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase
Standard and alternative genetic codes
involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the DNA and RNA codon tables. Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using
List_of_genetic_codes
Genetic code in mitochondria of various organisms and in mycoplasma/spiroplasma
with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon. AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
Mold,_protozoan,_and_coelenterate_mitochondrial_code_and_the_mycoplasma/spiroplasma_code
Alternative genetic code in some invertebrates
PMID 11027335. Sengupta S, Yang X, Higgs PG (June 2007). "The mechanisms of codon reassignments in mitochondrial genetic codes". Journal of Molecular Evolution.
Invertebrate mitochondrial code
Invertebrate_mitochondrial_code
Croatian chemist
non-canonical) amino acid analogs in proteins, preferably by sense codon reassignment. His methodology allows for fine chemical manipulations of a few amino
Nediljko_Budisa
Nuclear genetic code in some ciliates
"Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution
Condylostoma_nuclear_code
Genus of ascomycete fungi
in both the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes, involving the reassignment of a sense codon. This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation
Candida_(fungus)
Concept in genetics
symbionts and parasites, which commonly experience rapid evolution, codon reassignments, biases for AT nucleotide compositions, and elevated levels of protein
Minimal_genome
Genetic Code of an Organism Revised in a Research Laboratory - RIKEN Codon reassignment in the Escherichia coli genetic code - 2010 Riken Systems and Structural
Alloprotein
Alternative genetic code in some yeasts
novel nuclear genetic code alteration in yeasts and the evolution of codon reassignment in eukaryotes". Genome Research. 26 (7): 945–955. doi:10.1101/gr.200931
Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
Pachysolen_tannophilus_nuclear_code
Alternative genetic code in some pterobranchians
UAA for tyrosine rather than as a stop codon. This code shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG
Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
Cephalodiscidae_mitochondrial_code
Sarah; Salmond, George P. C.; Chin, Jason W. (4 June 2021). "Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis". Science.
List_of_model_organisms
Science of synthetic life forms
change the code is the reassignment of seldom used or even unused codons. In an ideal scenario, the genetic code is expanded by one codon, thus having been
Xenobiology
Award
Badran (The Scripps Research Institute, USA), Project: Universal Codon Reassignment Using a de novo Orthogonal Genetic Code Johannes Bintinger (Linköping
Dream_Chemistry_Award
symbionts can involve genome reduction, rapid protein evolution, and codon reassignments. In contrast, the host's changes can involve acquiring bacterial
Developmental_symbiosis
Alternative genetic code
mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than arginine. The initiation codons in Rhabdopleura
Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
Pterobranchia_mitochondrial_code
Alternative genetic code in some ciliates
"Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution
Mesodinium_nuclear_code
Species of fungus
reassigned to the Boletinellus genus due to its closer genetic relation. This reassignment was reinforced by R. Watling in 1997 who analyzed the description of
Boletinellus_monticola
Genus of protists
"Novel Ciliate Genetic Code Variants Including the Reassignment of All Three Stop Codons to Sense Codons in Condylostoma magnum". Molecular Biology and Evolution
Condylostoma
Genus of protists in the ciliates phylum
translation table 27 and involves the unusual reassignment of the three standard termination codons to sense codons: In some publications, the genus name is
Parduczia
Class of protists belonging to the ciliates phylum
This code corresponds to translation table 27 and involves the reassignment of three codons: UAA into Gln (Q) ; UAG into Gln (Q) ; UGA into Trp (W) or Termination
Karyorelictea
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
6-phosphofructo-1-kinase gene has an additional intron upstream of start codon". Gene. 76 (1): 167–9. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90019-X. PMID 2526044. Sharma
PFKM
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from the personal name Jean, French form of
John.English : variant of Jayne.A Vivien Jean, recorded in Canada in 1681, was also known as
Surname or Lastname
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón)
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón) : from Old French cordon ‘cord’, ‘ribbon’, a diminutive of corde ‘string’, ‘cord’; Spanish cordón, hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of cord or ribbon.English : metonymic occupational name for a worker in fine Spanish kid leather, from Old French cordoan (so named with being originally produced at Córdoba).
Surname or Lastname
English (now found chiefly in Ireland)
English (now found chiefly in Ireland) : occupational name from Anglo-Norman French cordewaner ‘cordwainer’, ‘shoemaker’.English (now found chiefly in Ireland) : from an agent derivative of Old French cordon ‘ribbon’, hence an occupational name for a maker or seller of cord or ribbon.English (now found chiefly in Ireland) : occupational name for a worker in fine Spanish kid leather, from an agent derivative of Old French cordoan (see Cordon 2).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place.John Dixwell (c. 1607–1698/9), a regicide who signed Charles I’s death warrant, fled from England to Hanau, Germany. From Hanau he migrated to New England, where he was first mentioned as being in America in 1664/5. The son of William Dixwell of Coton Hall, near Rugby, Warwickshire, John settled in New Haven, CT, where he assumed the name of James Davids.
Boy/Male
Celtic
Dark haired wise man.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cordon.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy defender.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of numerous places named from Old English cotum (dative plural of cot) ‘at the cottages or huts’ (or sometimes possibly from a Middle English plural, coten). Examples include Coton (Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire), Cottam (East Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire), and Cotham (Nottinghamshire).French : from a diminutive of Old French cot(t)e ‘coat (of mail)’ (see Cott).John Cotton (1584–1652) was a noted Puritan preacher, who landed at Boston, MA, from London in 1633 and became leader of the Congregationalists in America.
Boy/Male
Latin
Dove.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic (Cocke’s son) from Cocke.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Coxon.
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
Girl/Female
Muslim
Heaven
Girl/Female
Tamil
Prishita | பà¯à®°à¯€à®·à¯€à®¤à®¾
Girl/Female
Latin
Femininefrom the Roman family name Fabius.
Boy/Male
Celtic American Irish
Song.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Fragrance
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Telugu
Dawn; Auspicious Dawn; Morning Glory; First Ray of Light
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God Light
Girl/Female
Biblical
Changing, extension of the mouth.
Female
Welsh
Pet form of Welsh Siân, SIANA means "God is gracious."
Female
Dutch
, pearl.
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
CODON REASSIGNMENT
n.
The act of reassigning.
n.
The cord worn by a Franciscan friar.
n.
A disease attended with inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum, and characterized by griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, and the discharge of mucus and blood.
a.
Situated upon or over the colon; -- applied to the region of the abdomen adjacent to the colon.
n.
A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction.
a.
Of or pertaining to the colon; as, the colic arteries.
n.
The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the colon.
a.
Ordibary course of procedure; usual way; comon state or condition of things; as, it is a rule to which there are many exeptions.
n.
An operation for opening the colon
a.
Within the colon; as, the intracolic valve.
n.
That part of the large intestines which extends from the caecum to the rectum. [See Illust of Digestion.]
n.
A North American nocturnal carnivore (Procyon lotor) allied to the bears, but much smaller, and having a long, full tail, banded with black and gray. Its body is gray, varied with black and white. Called also coon, and mapach.
a.
Pertaining to the ileum and colon; as, the ileocolic, or ileocaecal, valve, a valve where the ileum opens into the large intestine.
n.
A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon.
n.
The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches.
n.
A raccoon. See Raccoon.
a.
Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon; as, the gastrocolic, or great, omentum.
n.
A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state.
n.
A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing.