Search references for BRAIN READING. Phrases containing BRAIN READING
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Use of fMRI to decode brain stimuli
Brain-reading or thought identification uses the responses of multiple voxels in the brain evoked by stimulus then detected by fMRI in order to decode
Brain-reading
Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols
cognitive benefits of reading continue into mid-life and the senior years. Research suggests that reading books and writing are among the brain-stimulating activities
Reading
Topics referred to by the same term
Hot reading, a technique used when giving a psychic reading in stage magic performances Brain-reading, the use of neuroimaging techniques to read human
Mind_reading
Slang for poor-quality digital content
In Internet culture, the term brain rot (often written as brainrot) describes digital media deemed to be of low quality or value. More broadly, the term
Brain_rot
Learning disability affecting reading
differences within the brain's language processing. Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, and reading skills. Dyslexia
Dyslexia
Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain
immortality. Artificial brain Artificial consciousness Body swap BRAIN Initiative Brain simulation Brain transplant Brain-reading Chinese room Cyborg Cylon
Mind_uploading
Connection between brain and computer
A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication link between the brain's electrical activity
Brain–computer_interface
Study of reading and its acquisition
Dehaene (2010). Reading in the brain. Penguin Books. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-14-311805-3. "How Left Brain Asymmetry Is Related to Reading Ability". Neuroscience
Science_of_reading
Reading without speaking aloud
reading aloud activates many more parts of the brain due to the dual-route of feedback when pronouncing and reading. Scholars assume that reading aloud
Silent_reading
Philosophical thought experiment
The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it is probably more likely for a brain to spontaneously form, complete with a memory of having existed
Boltzmann_brain
2009 book by Iain McGilchrist
The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World is a 2009 book written by the British psychiatrist Iain McGilchrist
The_Master_and_His_Emissary
Disorder impairing normal brain function
with a definable organic disease. The intended contrast is with an organic brain syndrome, in which a pathology (disease process) affecting the body's physiology
Functional neurological symptom disorder
Functional_neurological_symptom_disorder
Process to create executable computer programs
ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7051953. PMID 32123206. "To the brain, reading computer code is not the same as reading language". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of
Computer_programming
Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain is a 2007 book by Maryanne Wolf. Wolf explains that the title of the book arises from
Proust_and_the_Squid
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
Brain injury, also known as brain damage or neurotrauma, is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. It may result from external trauma, such as
Brain_injury
Austrian academic
ABC Radio National. Keshavan, Meghana (22 March 2022). "With new 'brain-reading' research, a once-tarnished scientist seeks redemption". "The Fall of
Niels_Birbaumer
American animated television series
Pinky and the Brain is an American animated sitcom created by Tom Ruegger for the Kids' WB programming block of The WB, as a collaboration with Steven
Pinky_and_the_Brain
Techniques claiming to improve the ability to read quickly
available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by
Speed_reading
Condition of the human brain
Split-brain or callosal syndrome is a type of disconnection syndrome when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to
Split-brain
Preserved brain of the scientist
The brain of Albert Einstein has been a subject of much research and speculation. Albert Einstein's brain was removed shortly after his death. His apparent
Brain_of_Albert_Einstein
2021 book on neuroscience and epistemology by Iain McGilchrist
"after reading it you will never see the world in the same way again." In March 2022, Nick Spencer writes in Prospect magazine that though left brain–right
The_Matter_with_Things
Theoretical medical procedure in which the brain is placed into a different body
Electroencephalography (EEG) readings showed the brain was later functioning normally. Initially, it was thought to prove that the brain was an immunologically
Brain_transplant
American neurotechnology company
is an American neurotechnology company that is developing implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). It was founded by Elon Musk and a team of eight
Neuralink
New technologies actively in development
"DARPA Program Seeks to Use Brain Implants to Control Mental Illness – MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. "Mind-reading research: the major breakthroughs"
List_of_emerging_technologies
Educational video site
BrainPop (stylized as BrainPOP) is a group of educational websites founded in 1999 by Avraham Kadar and Chanan Kadmon, based in New York City. As of 2024
BrainPop
Discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering
surgery is used to precisely position brain implants. Biomedical engineering Brain–computer interface Brain-reading Cyborg Experience machine Neural engineering
Neuroprosthetics
Performing music at first sight
In music, sight-reading, also called a prima vista (Italian meaning, "at first sight"), is the practice of reading and performing of a piece in a music
Sight-reading
Gazzaniga's split-brain research illustrating the separate functions of the brain's hemispheres. Reading 2: More Experience = Bigger Brain — Mark Rosenzweig
Forty Studies That Changed Psychology
Forty_Studies_That_Changed_Psychology
Hypothesis in cognitive neuroscience
believe brain biology was relevant to their field, and thus never attempted to research the biological mechanisms of such cultural acquisitions as reading and
Neuronal_recycling_hypothesis
How humans use words to communicate
language processing in the brain was the Geschwind–Lichteim–Wernicke model, which is based primarily on the analysis of brain-damaged patients. However
Language processing in the brain
Language_processing_in_the_brain
Loss of character memory in Chinese speakers
while reading utilizes diverse areas of the brain, reading Chinese makes unique usage of distinct parts of the frontal and temporal areas of the brain associated
Character_amnesia
United Kingdom-based charity
neuroscientific‑mixed methods study to investigate the effects of reading fiction on wellbeing, brain health, mental health, concentration, and social connection
The_Queen's_Reading_Room
Educational flashcards
Brain Quest is a series of educational flashcards that quiz children on a variety of subjects including science, math, English, geography, history, and
Brain_Quest
2005 puzzle video game
Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!, known as Dr Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? in the PAL regions, is a 2005 edutainment
Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!
Brain_Age:_Train_Your_Brain_in_Minutes_a_Day!
Brain kept alive in vitro outside of a body
Technology and the University of Reading have created neurological entities integrated with a robot body. The brain receives input from sensors on the
Isolated_brain
British research scientist
of Reading, UK. He pioneered developments in direct neural interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, has developed brain–computer
Mark_Gasson
American writer, educator, and academic
in cognitive neuroscience and developmental psycholinguistics on the reading brain, literacy development, and dyslexia. She received her undergraduate
Maryanne_Wolf
Ability to read and understand text
Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. Reading comprehension
Reading_comprehension
Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow
A stroke is a medical condition in which blood flow to a part of the brain is reduced or blocked causing cell death. There are two main types of stroke:
Stroke
Type of learning disability in which reading is impaired
Neurological Disorders and Stroke defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically
Reading_disability
Hardware implanted in the human body and/or brain
Exosquad, and The Matrix. Biomechatronics Biorobotics Brain–computer interface Brain-reading BrainGate Cybernetics Neural engineering Neuroprosthetics Neurotechnology
Cyberware
Book by Ryuta Kawashima
Train Your Brain: 60 Days to a Better Brain is an English-language version of a Japanese book written by Ryuta Kawashima. The original book sold over a
Train_Your_Brain
Stupor by applied electric current
is a profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain. Electronarcosis may be used as a form of electrotherapy in treating certain
Electronarcosis
Field of research
neuroscience Computational anatomy Systems neuroscience Vision science Brain-reading Human Brain Project Connectogram Neuroethology "Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"
Neuroinformatics
Model of evolutionary neurology proposed by Paul McLean
The triune brain was a once popular model of the evolution of the vertebrate forebrain and behavior, proposed by the American physician and neuroscientist
Triune_brain
Topic of study
of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution. Measuring brain size and
Brain_size
Assessment of statements to reveal deceit
alethiometer, or TARA. Brain-reading uses fMRI and the multiple voxels activated in the brain evoked by a stimulus to determine what the brain has detected, and
Lie_detection
fluid, that is used experimentally to immerse isolated brains, brain slices, or exposed brain regions to supply oxygen, maintain osmolarity, and to buffer
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid
Artificial_cerebrospinal_fluid
Systematic coercive persuasion
term xǐnǎo (traditional Chinese: 洗腦; simplified Chinese: 洗脑 lit. 'wash brain') was originally used by early 20th century Chinese intellectuals to refer
Brainwashing
Japanese academic
slept, enabling them to decode the visual content of their dreams. Brain-reading "ATR - DNI ≫ Yukiyasu Kamitani (Department Head)". Cns.atr.jp. 9 February
Yukiyasu_Kamitani
Type of a reflex seizure
(1998). "The variants of reading epilepsy. A clinical and video-EEG study of 17 patients with reading-induced seizures". Brain: A Journal of Neurology
Reading_epilepsy
2008 magazine article by Nicholas G. Carr
the cause of defending reading and print culture in her book Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, approaching the subject
Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid?
Degradation of functioning of the brain
Aging brain refers to biological and functional changes that occur in the brain as individuals advance in age. It encompasses both the normal alterations
Aging_brain
Interdisciplinary area of psychology and engineering
sophistication of brain-reading technologies has led many to investigate their potential applications for lie detection. Legally required brain scans arguably
Augmented_cognition
Overview of animal and human brain evolution
of the brain is the progressive development and complexity of neural structures over millions of years, resulting in the diverse range of brain sizes and
Evolution_of_the_brain
Set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, and mediums
Cold reading is a set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, and mediums. Without prior knowledge, a practiced cold-reader can quickly
Cold_reading
Hypothetical reconstruction of information from the brain
decoded or brain-derived data are needed. Brain–computer interface Brain-reading Bursting Correlation coding Grandmother cell Independent-spike coding
Neural_decoding
Technique of understanding a limited range of speech when sound is unavailable
PMID 15647358. Hall DA1, Fussell C, Summerfield AQ. 2005 Reading fluent speech from talking faces: typical brain networks and individual differences.J. Cogn Neurosci
Lip_reading
Approach to teaching children to read
Gopnik, Alison (31 December 2009). "Reading in the brain, Dr. Stanilas Dehaene, 2009". The New York Times. Reading at the Speed of Light: How we Read,
Whole_language
Medical condition of the brain
involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain, linked to 4-repeat tau pathology. The condition leads to symptoms including
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive_supranuclear_palsy
Brain healing is the process that occurs after the brain has been damaged. If an individual survives brain damage, the brain has a remarkable ability to
Brain_healing
British neurologist (1895–1966)
Walter Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain (23 October 1895 – 29 December 1966) was a British neurologist. He was principal author of the standard work on neurology
Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain
Russell_Brain,_1st_Baron_Brain
American savant (1951–2009)
possibly resulting from a developmental disability related to congenital brain abnormalities. He was the inspiration for the character Raymond Babbitt
Kim_Peek
Device that connects to a brain
Brain implants, often referred to as neural implants, are technological devices that connect directly to a biological subject's brain – usually placed
Brain_implant
his publication Brain Typing: The Pseudoscience of Cold Reading criticized the validity of Brain Types and claimed "how closely the Brain Typing of Jonathan
Brain_types
Scientific study of brain processes related to music
perceiving, performing, composing, reading, writing, and other related activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics
Neuroscience_of_music
Topics referred to by the same term
Mind reading computers may refer to: Computers that can perform telepathy in science fiction Affective computing Brain–computer interfaces This disambiguation
Mind_reading_computers
Supposed culinary dish
partially, the brain of some species of monkey or ape. While animal brains have been consumed in various cuisines (e.g. eggs and brains or fried brain sandwiches)
Monkey_brains
2010 nonfiction book by Nicholas Carr
effects of the Internet on the brain. The book claims research shows "online reading" yields lower comprehension than reading a printed page. The Shallows
The_Shallows_(book)
Ability of the brain to continuously change
medium of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and rewire
Neuroplasticity
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light, detected with electrodes directly placed on the surface of the brain.
Neural_oscillation
British psychologist and author (born 1958)
have a brain of type E), and typical males on average score higher on systemizing relative to empathizing (they are more likely to have a brain of type
Simon_Baron-Cohen
Retrieved 2015-09-18. "JEI Reading & Writing". Retrieved 2015-09-18. "JEI Problem Solving Math". Retrieved 2015-09-18. "Brain Safari". Retrieved 2015-09-18
JEI_Learning
Failure of the brain to process input from one eye
Amblyopia, also called lazy eye, is a disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favors the other eye
Amblyopia
Discipline in biomedical engineering
coming from outside sources, as a part of their environment. Brain–computer interface Brain-reading Cybernetics Cyberware Experience machine List of neural
Neural_engineering
Act of reading text while in a bathroom
Bathroom Reading Making You Sick?". Fox News. Retrieved September 4, 2018. Rosenbaum, David A. (July 4, 2017). "Bathroom Reading: Your brain probably
Bathroom_reading
reasoning and a few data points. Researchers demonstrated a non-invasive brain-reading method. It can translate a person's neural activity into a continuous
Timeline of computing 2020–present
Timeline_of_computing_2020–present
1968 film by William Castle
for. They extract Gallea's brain from his body, and, while keeping it alive in a nutrient tank, perform the same brain reading exercise on it as they did
Project_X_(1968_film)
Collections of brain regions working together
Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical
Large-scale_brain_network
Activities intended to maintain or improve cognitive abilities
Brain training (also known as a mental exercise or cognitive training) is a program of regular activities purported to maintain or improve one's cognitive
Brain_training
Region of the brain
six months, but reading will still take twice as long as it had before surgery. Electrical brain stimulation to the VWFA causes reading-specific disruptions
Visual_word_form_area
Poem by Annabel Laurance
"My Brain" is a c. 1964 – c. 1966 poem written by Annabel Laurance, then a 10-year-old girl in Uganda. After its 1966 quotation in The New York Times
My_Brain
Novel by Robin Cook
brain, "The subsequent search, chase, and revelation provide undeniably irresistible and exciting reading." Klett, Rex E. (December 15, 1980). "Brain
Brain_(novel)
Long-term effect of playing video games on the human brain
Game brain (ゲーム脳, Gēmu nō) is a term coined by Akio Mori referring to human brains affected by the long-term effect of playing video games. Mori, a professor
Game_brain
Term of art in cryonics
however distant or improbable. Because detailed reading or restoration of information-storing brain structures is beyond current technology, the term
Information-theoretic_death
Condition of having severe reading issues but with all other language skills intact
results from cerebral lesions in circumscribed brain regions and therefore belongs to the group of acquired reading disorders, alexia, as opposed to developmental
Pure_alexia
influence reading fluency, most autistic children have below-average reading ability. Severity of autistic traits is negatively correlated with reading abilities
Reading_and_autism
is set in the world where memory manipulation is commonplace. Brain implant Brain-reading Cyberware Hacker (computer security) Neuroprosthetics Denning
Neurosecurity
Bulgarian writer
the visual stylistics that accompany it. In 2006, she started the blog Brain Pickings, which features her writing on books, the arts, philosophy, culture
Maria_Popova
Inability to comprehend or formulate language
to comprehend or formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard
Aphasia
1988 American horror comedy film
adaptation of Faust", a reading echoed by Los Angeles Times film critic Leonard Klady. Henenlotter rejected the notion that Brain Damage could be reasonably
Brain_Damage_(film)
American neuroscientist
identify children who are at risk for reading difficulties and to understand how reading instruction affects the brain. In 2008 Gabrieli was elected as a
John_Gabrieli
Learning disability that affects reading or writing, or both
differences within the brain's language processing. Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, and reading skills. Dyslexia
Outline_of_dyslexia
Subscription based education program for children 2–13
Susan Lutz (2020). "How Reading Motivation and Engagement Enable Reading Achievement: Policy Implications". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 7 (1): 27–34
Reading_Eggs
Scientific field which is multidisciplinary
Educational neuroscience (or neuroeducation, a component of Mind Brain and Education) is an emerging scientific field that brings together researchers
Educational_neuroscience
Neurological disorder
play a role in reading, deep dyslexics have many reading disabilities. Strong support for this hypothesis comes from studies of split-brain patients who
Deep_dyslexia
Computational neuroscientist and entrepreneur
Gates, Jack (November 7, 2010). "Meet the iBrain". YouTube. NBC. Retrieved February 8, 2025. "Brain-Reading Tech Could Detect Drug Side-Effects". mddionline
Philip_Low_(neuroscientist)
Effect of psychological interference on reaction time
the brain automatically understands the meanings of words as a result of habitual reading. This idea is based on the premise that automatic reading does
Stroop_effect
Type of abnormal brain wave
(IRDA) is a type of brain wave abnormality found in electroencephalograms (EEG). It can be classified based on the area of brain it originates from: frontal
Intermittent rhythmic delta activity
Intermittent_rhythmic_delta_activity
1942 science fiction novel by Curt Siodmak
a Grammy this year (he lost to Orson Welles' 'Donovan's Brain') for an album he did, reading from Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita. Glassman, Steve; O'Sullivan
Donovan's_Brain
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
Surname or Lastname
Dutch
Dutch : from a personal name based on Middle Dutch bruun ‘brown’, or a nickname referring to the color of the hair or complexion. See also Braun.English : of uncertain origin. Reaney suggests that the name may simply reflect a pronunciation of French Brun.Altered spelling of Swiss Bruhin.
Boy/Male
Celtic
Raven.
Male
English
 Short form of English Brandon, BRAN means "broom-covered hill," and other names beginning with Bran-. Compare with other forms of Bran.
Male
Arthurian
, (king; raven); Bran the Blessed.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Irish
High; Noble
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the old Scottish Gaelic personal name Bláán, BLAIN means "little yellow one."
Male
English
 Old French derogatory byname derived from the Old Occitan word brian, BRIAN means "maggot." Compare with another form of Brian.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Gaelic and Welsh bran ‘raven’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : Hebrew acronym consisting of ben-rabi ‘son of’ + the initials of some personal name (for example Nachman, Nahum, Nathan).
Male
Irish
 Irish name BRAN means "raven." In mythology (from Voyage of Bran), this is the name of a mariner who went on a quest to the Other World. Compare with other forms of Bran.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh unisex Bryn, BRIN means "hill."
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : metonymic occupational name for a trapper or hunter, from Middle English trayne, Old French traine ‘guile’, ‘snare’, ‘trap’.English (Devon) : topographic name from Middle English atte trewen ‘at the trees’, or a habitational name from any of the places named with this phrase, for example Train, Traine, or Trewyn, all in Devon.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Rain; Grain
Male
Irish
 Irish name derived from Celtic Brigonos, BRIAN means "high hill." Compare with another form of Brian.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived near an ash tree or ash wood, from Old French fraisne, fresne ‘ash’ (Latin fraxinus).French : habitational name from a place in Vosges named Frain.
Male
Welsh
 Welsh name BRAN means "crow" or "raven." In mythology, this is the name of a giant king of Britain known as Bran the Blessed, who was killed attacking Ireland. Compare with other forms of Bran.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps, as Reaney suggests, a variant of Brand.Possibly a respelling of German Braun.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Dreain ‘descendant of Drean’, a byname possibly from dreán ‘wren’. The name is also found in Scotland.Irish (Cork) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Druacháin (see Drohan).English : from Middle English dreine ‘drain’, ‘ditch’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a ditch digger or a topographic name.English : variant spelling of Drane.French : reduced form of Derain, from Old French dererain ‘last’, hence a nickname for the youngest son of a family.French : habitational name from a place in Maine-et-Loire called Drain.
Male
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese form of Latin Blasius, BRAIS means "talks with a lisp."Â
Female
English
Modern English name, either derived from from the vocabulary word, or a revival of the medieval English personal name Rayne, RAIN means "queen." Compare with masculine Rain.
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, AMBER means "amber," the gem or color. Actually the word is of Arabic origin, from anbargris (ambergris), which refers to an oily, perfumed substance (used in making perfumes) secreted by the sperm whale.
Girl/Female
Indian
A noble hearted, Generous lady, Had this name, She built a religious school (Daughter of al-muzaffar)
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sevak of Lord Siva
Boy/Male
Arabic African
Male
English
(עֵדֶן) Hebrew unisex name EDEN means "delight" or "place of pleasure." In the bible, this is the name of the garden in which Adam and Eve lived.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
An Ascetic and Authority for Hadith; This was the Name of Abu Bakr Muhammad
Boy/Male
Irish
Strong man.
Male
Dutch
, powerful warrior.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Digestive
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Superior
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
BRAIN READING
a.
So tight as to exclude rain; as, a rain-tight roof.
v. t.
To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait.
v. t.
To drain the surface of, as land; as, to top-drain a field or farm.
v. t.
To drain by means of tiles; to furnish with a tile drain.
v. t.
To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.
v. t.
To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat.
a.
A sort of spice, the grain of paradise.
n.
The grain from the mashing tub; as, brewers' drains.
v. t.
To teach and form by practice; to educate; to exercise; to discipline; as, to train the militia to the manual exercise; to train soldiers to the use of arms.
v. t.
To rain upon; to wet with rain.
n.
The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.
v.
A roll train; as, a 12-inch train.
v. i.
To prepare by exercise, diet, instruction, etc., for any physical contest; as, to train for a boat race.
v. t.
To haul up by the brails; -- used with up; as, to brail up a sail.
v.
Regular method; process; course; order; as, things now in a train for settlement.
v. t.
To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).
v. i.
To become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping; as, let the vessel stand and drain.
v. t.
To pour or shower down from above, like rain from the clouds.
n.
The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain.